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The Clinton News-Record, 1898-06-16, Page 3" viy}eo dose, the are exceedingly vela- ergergenoy work, each as washouts, as tnaay roads oP Canada are, water raking the loose material into the ruts A ��• able. For drainage and ditching it is boJrga Culverts and bridges.. If the stands on the road, soaks down through and wheel tracks as Past as they appear, E WANT GOOD R H usually beat to hire the work done by titre roqutred to oversee the statute the read covering, and softens the sof! pearl the samo and will bo acoampltah- men who are accustomed to this class labor In his division is more than would beneath. Thea the trouble begins, ed but less perfectly, and requiring a of work. One of the most necessary be needed for his own Statute labor, There Ls nothing to support the longer time. The first vehicle passing - . RR steps to be taken so as to receive the he should be paid for such excess ua- gruveL so that when a loaded vehi- over the road does comparatively little Jy W Campbell C• • R al greatest benefits from statute labor is der certificate of the supervisor or ole passes over it, the wheels are forced injury ; it is when ruts have been form- • • 4 o to see that the material, whether gram,,, Council, the object being to secure down throu h the ed which hold water, and other wheels . voken atone, is prepared In the proper supervision of all work per- g gravel and Into the follow in these tracks, that the reat- Commis��oner of Ontario• pi or quarr ready to be drawn to formed; the council or 3u ervisor to soil. The soil is plowed up, mixed g Y. P with the grovel and the serviceabtllty eat damage is done, 'the road. IP screening, crushing or determine whether the excess time was w the road is largely destroyed. A 81Vis don ,SURFACE. stripping a pit !s necessary, it should actually necessary to oversee the work The Means s providing r proper be all done before statute labor com of the division, Ln accordance with the crown must depend- on circunzstauces. It }s evident that a smooth surface The Great Need of This Country Is Good Roads--How mences. Gravel may be plentiful, but local by-law of rtiiels and regulations, For an average country road on which Is essential to a good road. A rough of a ve-y inferior quality, Usually no which should be framed so as to laclude a r aurface is aecesaaril such, as will im- t0 Build Them Economieall-y Explained by ail effort is made b the council to screen this matter. g adiai3 machine is usod the beat Y the gravel, remove the aurPaoe soli � method will be to first round up the Peds the flow oP water•. Ruts run- E;xpert-=Useful Hints and Diagrams to the Road from the it or in any wa GRAVLeL ROADS. natural sail giving it a lase crown ring lengthways with the road form p' y prepare the Gravel Is very plentiful Ia many than it is Intended the finished road trenches to cut off the flow of water gravel for being placed on the road. shall have. This com from ties centre to the drains. To Builders of this Country. Teamsters go into the pit,one or two, obtai of Canada, and where •It can be plated, puss the such roads rain is always an in ury. obtained, of a good quality, within ren- grader over ono aide of the contra, j at a time, it is oP inferior quality, but sonable haulin distance, makes a Cutting caf the top and turning the With roads properly built, on the con- they cannot undertake the task of re- g loosened dirt to the aide; then pass g Do we actually want good roads4 Or no two citizens agree d their ideas it cheap but good road surface. As pre- Crary, a cod dash of rain will flush else bad roads s ferable 4 Is the cry what work shoals be dons, or how it mavitng the earth and clay, in order awe the dust which has accumulated ; that has been raised throughout the Should be done. No doubt there are to satisfy their few days of labor. In freefr pointed out, it should be is the the grader book along the other side, y oilier sections there is no ravel, but Ptre from sand and clay, since it ie the turning tics loosened dirt to she side. and which if it retuaina an the road is length and breadth of Canada and oP cases La which one man is right; but •field and g stone, not the earthy materials which This will leave a Flat surface in the! time of steady rain and slush, acts as tthis continent. , We want good roads[" when one man !a right all the rest must quarry stone is to be Leans are needed on the road. Nor should Into of the roadway, along each side a sponge to absorb moisture and soften 'the demand of men in their sober sen- be wrong, Pathmasters are appoint- In abundance, frequently along the ea 4 Or has labor and money been ed in turn from among these to plan road to be Improved. But with this large stones and boulders be mixed of which is a shoulder of loose earth, the surface of the road. stated op aur roads Por a cantor past and superintend tis roadwork. The material unprepared for roadwork, no- `^'ith it, as they will work up, and roll , forming a shallow trench. In this the KEEP THF. ROAD DRY. Y I loosely' under the feet of the horses gravel should be placed, spread with Deep the roads dry, and with very tit- imerely to occupy our time, and keep only result which could reasonabl fol- thing can Ile done by the farmers ex- I a rounded surface and the Loose dirt tle attention they will retrain good Y and the wheels ra vehicles. at the aides levelled off to conform to roada. A little moisture does com- � Lb�r surplus capital in circulation. If low frons such a system is that which cent to plow and scrape the mud, and In the •'"tl�a, do not want good roads, if bad roads we find—waste and bad roads. In other ways, put in their time in Preparation oP gravel it is useless effort, If the council would frequently advisable to place a stone I the shape of the roadway. paratidely little injury. Against some are.preferable, why should we want The pathmasters can make the road jpurohase or otherwise em crusher with screen attachment in the Old gravel roads are Commonly flat, mufsture it Ls falpOSsfbLe to guard, Rut roads at x11,4 z or destroy it; call outs the men or not; ploy a rock pit By passing all ttte gravel through in ridges, with square shoulders at the with proper precautions, the excess crusher to prepare this stone and leave the sand and cls are removed and the g great We meat have roads, That necessity make the roadway 10, 20, 3p or 40 foot It read far haulin cxi a oP Lhe ditches. !n thin case. the moisture can be romuved before having been placed upon us, the ex- wide, as may suit their individual ideas Y g, if they were to large stones broken by the one opera- i better plan is to cut off these shoulders damage is doµe. The means to be tak- purchase screens, strip pits, etc., and tion. If the gravel is fit to be placed throwing the loosened earth outward. en with regard to the actual surface ppertence, whit'y-h has taught us the wis- make the width uniform or of as many see that nothin b do'm of buildl1zg other structures sub- widths as there are pathmasters; was provided, farmers won dl be e.ncour- i n the road without such treatment, i The diLehes are usually very else and mf the road have already been com- . wtaatially, teaches us the economy of crown the grade, make it flat or con- aged and would willingly spend their In nearly every ossa it will be races- flat, the road having been graded by montes upon. ing roads that are good. We want caved as may ocau.r to them; they can time to the fullest extort in haulin Sary to send a man over the road to drawing tine earth out of the ditches THE OPEN DRAIN. Toads which will withstand wear. We notify the ratepayers on the beat oP g rake off large stones and break them Kith a scraper; so that theca ahonl- this material, The open drains at the sides of the want the labor and money spent on the number of days to be performed by hand. road should be sufficiently deep to 'them to be a paying investment. We and instruct them to turn out when A SUPERVISOR. Much carelessness is exercised Ln ! �ii�i���i ��! hold water in times of freshets, and want roads which will lie good no mat- they nee fit; the ratepayers bring such taking gravel out of the pit. In the -,;-.;,,°, , should have a sufficient fall to carry ter what the state of the weather. We ilmplements as they wish, work or do The first and greatest need of every average pit we find the surface layer it quickly away. The fall should be want roads Which will not become rut- not work, so long as they put In the and any system of road construction, is of from two to four feet, composed / . --ti �- - utriform, not a series of rises and falls, ted immediately the fall rains come on time; they haul gravel if they want to have one man ut the head of the of earthy matter; then a layer of four knolls and holes. or wizen the frost leaves the ground to put in three days in one ; haul sand work to act as a general supervisor, He or five feet of clean gravel of excel- � • l* / Must important of ail, in view of in the spring, remaining in rough or turf so long as taken from the must be a practiuul map, and if nos- lent quality; then a stratum of coarse r i t ridges for a considerable part of the township pit; haul one load or ten so sible, experienced in road construe- sand one to two feet thick; and under- r ` ^ g' y' the neglec which it receives, the out- eulirzmer. A road which does this is a Long as the day is sport, and the seta- tion, and acquainted with the grin- lying this another stratum of Fairly X , let must be ample, and always free bad road. The money and labor spent master is satisfied. He is the agent of eiplea underlying it. The advantage of good gravel. The common practice / from obstruction• It is useless to dig on Lt, is largely forced down into th.e the council, and his word is law. If having such un officer, appointed by followed by teamsters is to scr4pe / +• a drain without providing an outlet for d he kee i . "1 � s the water, a thing' very commonly and wasted �vA g od roadtis an soon- luumor,andtis s curia a g ods oast he as that Loft a to nship clerk willoube so 1, clean Lace of the pit, causing the , , , „ „ , 11 , done. The water merely sticiidS in tth-� is a g gravel and sand to anis La ��� trench, soaks into and gufteus the road- bmical road. goad fellow, but can't be kelt in best cxl,lairtod by elating his duties;— gather at the bottom. This is put in bed, Unless a drain cairiea the water In building an economical road, im- office more than two years, The job lat. The supervisor should prepare a the wagons and taken to the road. AN EASILY MADE STONE CULVERT, awe U l useless. • iprovements must be made in such a must be passed around oven if the new Plan of his district, or townships, show- Very few gravel pita provide mater- —Cross-section: y, FOUNDATION. way that they will last. Roads In Can- man destroys the good work of his Ing all roads, and the location on them ial fit in its natural state for use on - .oda have been built on the same prin- predecessor, Pathmasters must car- of all culverts, bridges and water- the road. Screening and orushingare tiers thus turned outward merely wid- The importance of keeping the road- otple as a wagon which breaks down tify to the loads of gravel hauled w•he_ courses, classifying roasts according to often necessary, particularly the form- en the graded roadway without inter- bed dry, cannot be too thoroughly fm- -under t1;e first load, and is used for ther they see them hauted cr not, Coun- their requiroments, er, to remove sand and clay from felling with the drain. If, however, pressed. Clay in thick beds, when dry, nd. Ile should prepare a list of all among the stones, It }a the stone these ditches are sharp and deep, the will support from 4 to 6 tons per �,, culverts and bridges, showing dimen- which is wanted on the road—not the loosened earth may drop down so as square foot, of Surface, according to cions, material used in construction, sand and clay. There is enough sand to obstruct the water Ln which case the quality of the clay, if only moder- their conditions and the direction of and clay alr�ea,dy on the road without' it will have to be thrown across the awly dry it will support only from 2 the watercourses passing through drawing it several miles Prom the grav- drain to the roadside by hand—a pro- to 4 tons per square foot of surface. them, with memoranda as to the course el pit. Road material, to be of its ceeding seldom necessary. if thhe clay is wet and soft it will yield of the water and location of the out- greatest value on the road should be I Vaually a sufficient depth of grav- to almost any load. 's'•' " i .t let. nearly free from sand and clay. Dirty el will be found upon these roads, re- Gravel, iF well compacted, forms a :r,.,.,• 3rd, The plans and records should gravel, while it unites 'readily and quiring only thu,t the centre should much stronger roadbed, is less yield- . show, ,as to roads, whether they are forms a good roadway in dry tseatber,' be raised by cutting off the sides. After ing to the action of moisture and for of gravel, attune or earth, graded or dissolves, turns slushy and ruts with this is done as above described, alight this reason, even for a thin surface •-� F) i1• -;s: ungraded, the system of drainage, and equal readiness in wet weather ; where- totting of clean gravel to fill the ruts coating, strengthens the road suale- nature and extent of traffic upon them. as with clean material the stones as- and deprewi }ns and restore the crown what. But the real strength of the •:+ Ile should carefully study the present sunie a mechanical clasp the one of the w ill frequently mrtke an excellent road. roast must lie in the subsoil. Vegetable l , !I and future requirements of traffic on. other, that will. nut yield to all the' moulds and alluvial soils are weals, bav- •i ' ` I. st' all roads, the class of roads best suit- same extent in wet weather. CONSOLIDATING TIIE MATERIAL. p - � I ing a sustaining power of only one- 4% n,,,,, � ✓�, • uVr n) ed to such traffic, the width and depth Earth and sand attract molature, and. The road covering should be solid half to one ton per square foot; and y J y r Z of metal, width of graded portion, um- after a few hours' rain the road be- and compact in order Co shed the eat- far this zeason it is well to remove such • 'r' j i �. cunt of crown and other details of comes softened. In this sl} ht ruts are g, possible, u v g soils, securin if "• formed which hold water ; the whole °r. Linder present methods, the grav- pineal, +" . t construction. d �� r` i1. 4th, lie should possess full informs- structure becomes saturated, breaking el or stone is dumped in the centra of clay or sand foundation. tion as to location, extent and qua]- the bond and permitting each Succes- the road and left eta it falls, a mound of UNDERDRAINING. sive vehicle to churn these ruts dee lease material, avoided by the users .of In order to keep the roadbod dry, anti sty of material suitable for road con- Iz'• the raid until late in the fall when tho struction, and amount of dank and er until the gravel coatin is cut" scenic a strop &tundatien, it is fie- 1 A CONCRETE CULVERT. I g muddy and rutted state of the side of g timber obtainable from ratelrayers in through. � the road com>ela them to drive atop quently advisable to use file under- ( I g drains. Owing to the weakening effect fire woogd after a year of service. Most ells must pay that account at so much rho township or district, suitable for PURC73ASE OF GRAVEL. I this mound. Gradually it is flattened of water on cls a of the leading roads of Ontario have a load, ri ht or wrou . and repairs. A great many townships buy grav down and, after a ear or so, during Y. lsO to the retentive been made and remade a score of times g g quality 5th, Tie should report to the coon- el by the load. This is very much like which time it bus Ueen mixed tergal nature of clay, that soil is usually most and are still bad roads. They are of of material must not be considered, til a early as possible in ©soh year, y in toed of underdraina e. In gravel the kind that "break up.". A road i The result of this lack of supervis- showing the number and ]oration o[ buying teeter by the pailful instead oP with the sail beneath, iC assumes the g and nand, water Ls not ordinarily so de- on is mismana ement in actual, road culverts anti small brill es to be re- digging a well. Gravel should he' shape of a road. The utility of roads struetive unless when anted upon by that "breaks ills is like anything else g g bought by the pit, or by the acre, and made in this way }s largely wasted. frost; at the same time, these latter that breaks up, a poor investment, construction. A description of the ac- bui:t or repaired, with a detailed should be available at al times for, Roads must be made for traffic, not When road building is rightly under. tual work done sounds like ridicule, statement of all material required for soLts usually provide better natural •stood in this country, township Coun- y nay farmer who wants to Increase the by hi underdrainage, as they are more per- lwwever earnest it ma be, A. statute Lhis work, an,l an est(n,ate of the cost, cillors will no more thinto of building s labor clay is short, of eight hours, but It would also be advztntageous to have value s his land by Improving the This lose staff absorbs the rain es onus, and artificial means of underdrain- L. the men are caret I road past it. Especial caro should bo it falls even'befare it ).s cuC into ridges a roads that break up in the spring,,than! y oa the ground for a probable estim:rte of material re- ge are usually less necessary. they will think of constucting houses' more than six hours, A good art of quired clurin the followin taken by councils to see that, prior it wheels and the feet g horses. \\'hen the six hours is a t P g g year, pre- to Che performance of statute labor. it has been cut into ridges it acts as a L'nrlerdrainfi a mail be had by men ns that break uP in the spring, barna that,. Fent in gossip, in "epics each fall so that, Lf thought a.d- of common field filo. It is usually the pit is stripped and the gravel other- receptacle to hold all the moisture its break up in chs spring, or fences that arguing as to what should be done,and visable, it may be purchased and de- hest to plats two such drains. onR nn break up in the S rip 1 In finding fault with what is bein livered on the wise treated if necessary. surface will receive. In this way the p g, g ground during winter This material is urchased at from whole Surface and foundation of the each aide col the roadway underneath Thr road builders of this country donn, Another part is spent in look- monttr or ether must convenient sea- P tho open drains. One flip drttin placed have not. given sufficient consideration Ing up scrapers and plows that should son, so as to utilize as much as 5 t IO cents tt lead, and when nd old rand is softened, Ls readily cut up and underneath the centre of the roadbed is have been s i1Os- with stn excessive amnunt of sand or. destroyed. to the effect of building had roads. Provided before the work Bible, the labor of ratepayers during sometimes used. The extra cost of tw•o year work of a flimsy,' was commenced, When we consider the tt'ack Season. clay La the must expensive road mater- . Tho beat remedy for this waste in drains is lar el, h 'Year after the class of teams sent out b g Y g, is to spread the road met- the lesser cost of excavation since, on shiftless character is placed on the y the, Gth, Hie report should specify the sal for much travelled hi hwa s. \i'hen roadmakin g v reduced, however, b• roads. The results are only temporary' ratepayers; the wagons which can carry condition of all bridges, indicating the cons}dor the number of pits in some- al. to conform to the required surface' the majorit of road allowance3, deep onl half a load, the bo townships anti their immense size, re of the finished road, and then ttaor y •aad are destroyed by a very little y ys %•ho come to those %•ho require reliair•s or re- open drains now exist, and the soil is k` do a man's work—these and man presenting that thouSanda of loads have oughly consolidate it by the use oP a wear and traffic, fn a very short y oth- construction, together with an estimate been taken out, and then consider the br�av roller. It can be lar el • :eme softer and more cheaply handled than tame the work ha to be donfl over er details, the friends of statute labor oP cost, and Fi stateme.nt dealing with that in the hardened Centre of the road. must , necessaril , short mileage gravelled, we must reads- died also by taking proper cgttr© of the • .again. But the evil does not enol with Y, from° numerous such specialapratection wax� on sl; earns tree that meth'tn • in the t roa ..i It tS ver „unvt•ise ta. excav,ate and sott•- . a "'"- ih.is. 1Pls anntta4' demand"for r0lpatrs nywlogies. 'a,s••he may'7fee'h ivoz=th tht'v' counntC'a ly yr;o g gtality"tSf d, P a eoller..camzot be had. B Cn fhe hardened cRntre 'oP the road ri,'O°a^®•--.• • "ts So great that no township can re Statute labor is performed at, a time consideration. There should also be a? � when it can he avoided, as settlement .Spend to it. The roads instead of be_ of the year .wben every farmer can reference bo tiny neodod, ro-location or _ _ — — �- _mss ` _ - - is very Slow. At the, same time, two Ing i€palred.whea they need it are ne-.� use pis time to good advantage on his deviation of existing roads with a view = _ drains are more effective, carrying r., w to doin awe = f y glected, grow worse and worse4 and 9. n land,. trot instead of remaining g Y with hrfdges, culverts, .—� away water tnnre rapidly and thor- ' ,all the evils of bad roads follow. + tt•here be clan do thc, most profitable eXpensive grades, cuts or other features - oughly ; they intercept the soakage wa- Wh.at hart roads are doing for this work, he, uses his.tir).re Ln ptyfng a road which tend to Prevent permanent TIIE GRAVEL OR BROKEN STONE IN PLACE,—Cross-section. tar from the adjoining lan.i before it 4} I country is only one side of tits evil., tax. A large part of the time spent work and economic maintenance, Pat+ses under the roadhed. The other. side is what• they are not in road work is unquestionably wasted. 7th. He should consult with all path- mtiterEa. and the mode of construction should be rejected. Sandstones are Any thoughtful farmer who knows ia, doin The loss does not arise so much A considerable masters and report to the. council, is radically wrong. In some instances brittle and do not unite well in the the effect of underdraining in his fields g. part oP our own an ahowin the nuinl,er of its much mere than Lha value o a whole road. Granites, which are found in will at once rerognize iCs usefulnrss }n from the money and labor wasted every anal tax bill is also expended on the f3 yc labor in t+ year, as it does from the absence oP the roads. A careful consideration of this each division, the work t.o be undertak- farm has been paid for by gravel pur- many parts of Canada, make good road road-making. In fhe fall, water will ` benefits which good roads would bring.' expenditure will allow that many of en, and the amount of money which chased by the load and taken from metal. Trap rock is the best obtain- be rapidly remover} from the bed of the e Our loss must be measured not so much the leadin roads, far from heir ahould he appropriated b the Caton- a small corner. able. Gneiss La very frequently a road and the destructive action of frost j.. g g good., Y by the money and labor we are throw-' cost much more than first o!ass roads oil to properly utilize the statute Ia- If first-class material were used un- good rock The latter with other lessened, In the spring, the. frost will ing away on bad roads, as by the op- should cost, Nor is this all, the most bar. der ordinary traffic, the annual re- hardstones, are frequently found as come out of the ground more quickly, l 0rtunities which would come to us regrettable is that, through improper Sth, He should arrange with divis- Pairs rendered necessary would he very bonlders scattered over the southern and each of ttinSn lieriods in Pell anri �f the roads were good. ' plans and imperfect construction, the ions desiring to compound statute la- slight• Parrs of Canada. In using field bould- spring are shortened, when, with the One of the greatest obstacles in the most•, expensive form of ' maintenance bor for a term of years, with a view In searcWng•for gravel, the clearest ers, care must be taken to reject such foundation and surface thoroughly tat- way of road Improvement is the narrow ; has been Imposed. to the construction of permanent. and Indications arc+ usually to be found stones as are evidently softener] by ex- urates, the roads are not only impass• view taken of the question by sO many finished work, along the banks of streams, where any posure. Rocks which crumble readily able on account of the mutt, but are citizens of this country. They have been NvASTE OF MONEY. 9th, He should take stock annually, extensive Strata is apt to he exposed. under successive blows of a hammer; injured by traffic more than in till the .accustomed to think 'of roads merely asC Councils commonly appropriate an and report to council. on all machinery A poet-holo auger affords a convenient or which show iron stains when brok- remaining nine or ten months of the Incidental to statute labor; and sta• amount of money each year to be spent and implements, showing their condi- n).eitns of making tests over the sur- en, should be discarded. A little ex- .year, One year's statute lahor with f tate labor they consider as means' on the roads. It this money were spent tion and where kept, � i f the soil for gravel, but the Perience will quickly teach a judicious the annual appropriation, spent in pro- whereby each pathmaster can got a in making complete and durable work 10th. He should carefully examine t mplement Is generally a simple rotdman to detect boulder stone which viding proper drains for the roads of little work done in front of his own it would be of the greatest assistance all parts of the township where gravel form, of drill. There are cases in is unfit for road purposes. the province would do more than can Parm which will be of direct personal in improving the roads. We find, how- and stone exist, and should by borings w'h'ich gravel beds may be entered at There must be sufficient body of be done in five years with the present advantage. i ever, that the money is distributed in and tests, determine the quality and . the level of a stream. bed, and water broken stone to consolidate into a con).- method of merely filling the holes They do not see nor appreciate the small sums among the pathmasters Ls extent, and report thereon to the noun- is thereby obtained for washing the Pact layer. A Sprinkling of stones which appear, with gravel or crushed benefits which would accrue to the , spent in small Burns for repairing tem- ell• All material, stone, plank, gravel, metal by natural drainage, affording over the surface }s useless. it merely stone. towaship,. county and province. They porary culverts-. in doing a little etc., should be purchased by the su- a cheaper means of freeing it from impedes travel ct•n what might other- Underdraining and grading should he overlook the public good. But public draining in front of the farm of some Pervisor in large quantities, anri end- stind and earthy matter than by t,creen- wise, be a god dirt rod. Six inches carried on sirnultanousiy. f'nless good is, merely individual benefit con-. ditscontented ratepayer to appease him; er instructions 'from the council, the Ing• Gravel is still being deposited in of broken stone is tite least which drained, the traffic during the ensuing ferred bn every citizen. Money and in doing no particular work at all, but required amount to be determined by drifts and bars by the agency of should be used in making a durable autumn and spring will usually leave labor spent on the roads of the town-I merely to give some other voter an olr tris estimates referred to above. As far Shapira; this will be found to partake roadway for any purpose; and it should a graded road as shapeless and rough ship will enhance the value of ovary portunity to earn a few dollars. In as possible the material should be pur- of the character of the pit gravel .of Ice the aim of councils to thicken this as a pioneer wa on trade can be. !f i farm by increasing the demand for Such ways as these is Lhe money w•hieb chasers by tender, and dun consideration the locality but generally will contain covering as circumstances will per- drained, there will he a foundation for 'ri, . farm }and ; it will increase the profits should be Spent on durable improve- Should be given to any ratepayer hav- !ess clay, altbough s-ind may easily he mit. the gravel or crushed stone to resp an i;, of the farm by reducing the expense , menus, scattered) wasted and misap- Ing material for wile. When purchas- In excess• This is usually ane of the PLACING THE ROAD METAL. when applied. i of the farm. The dairying industries plied. ed it should be delivered and stored best sources, as t}ze gravel can be To know how gravel or stone should A Porous soil, like a sponge, retain$ would be immensely benefited by' at convenient points, and placed in washed by natural drainage. Lake in its texture, Li Fittrnetion, a,certaio good roads; fruit growin would be-• IMPROVING PRESENT CONDITIONS. charge of, anri used b Lhe tathinaSter, gravel is often a to plviced ea the road, it y necessary y q',, g i y l good metal buL earl- to have a knowledge of why it is pitta amount of water. \Then zvnter in ex- tome more remunerative, sale would be subject to the order of the su pervisor, es greatly. It is apt to be slat nn cess of this is added, it sinks to the first If a supervisor were appointed, if I I y' ed nn the road. 'Phis is a mutter to obtained for produce which is not .now and in emer enc. work, undesirable qualit •: It will be free fm enetrahle strata, and from there pathmasters, (and fewer of Lhem) were g y y t4ltich very few of our rottdmakers have P raised, because of the difficulty of a, llth, fie should prepare specifiva_ cram dlr.t and clay,'hut cOnta,ins sufti- it rises hi her anri hi her until it finds ,; I pointed for a term of years to carry g}ven SIlghtost attention, and very a g reaching the market. out the directions of .the supervisor, trans of all work for which lhn coon- °tent Sharp sand to secure consolida- few• could give nu intelligent answer a Iato al outlet; just as wa- ,,;r, and if to theso 1 ell makes appropriations. Contracts troll, especially if a roller is used. ter - STATUTE LABOR. positions the right men to the question. ']'he popular idea is PCured into a pail will rise high- were appointed, a considerable stC should he awarded to the lowest bidder Gravel which retains a perpendicular that the stone makes a sort of carpet• et• and higher, until it finds an outlet. The great majority of rgads in Can- eon's be taken towardSthe bot ter man if proper security is given, but tile. Puce In the spring, and shows on trace for a while; in a Short time it will be in the side of the pail, or until it flows Lida are under rho control of tottnahilp work should be subject to the approv- Of sliPPing when thawing out may gen- over the to p. Pnderdrainin su , )lies agement of roads in the townships. catcerl down into Lhe soil Lo form a I g i p coouncils, and are built by statute la- a] of the su;iervisor anri all accounts orally be assumed to be sufficiently the ttecessar outlet for this exr.ess y grants, Under systematic management, money clean and free, from cls for use on bottom; on this more gravel or stone the n ce at n ironer de nth frnrn the bor suppiemented b mons Should be certified by hire before pay- 9 will have to be placed ; and that this 1 T and labor could be made to work to- Zvhe statute labor system is suited to a meat. the raid without any treatment other surface ; it. " lowers the water line." ioneer age. It suits the abilities of gather a the best possible advantage, than is nectessar to break stones Process will have to be continued Inde. With p �+�•-• P At precept each ,athmFister Is leen PA•THMASTERS• Y finite] until a ood road is macho. p laet.ic clays the process LS the people making a home in a new 1 g greater than one inch and a half in y g Sligbl,l p eountry, and it suits rho spirit of their a few dollars and u Pew days oP labor, There are men in every township slam°ter. There is even a vory general belief peril onefhalfnts bulk nn t iw'eitht of Cisattmstances. They feel keenly the surrounded by neighbors, Nothing but w'ho are capable of taking the oversight rout it iS hat necessary a drain a Y g need of improving their roast}, and Patchwork can be expected. By con- of road-construction, but the system of RROI�FN STONE. road; but that the anti means o ile water. in drying, it shrinks and fs solidatin. HAS mono and labor, by us- changin the pathmasters ever one or Theo are lcicatitieS in Canada where coraplIshing the desired end is to pile torn in different directions. The Pis- work with a will, earnestly and faith- a y g p Y on ravel ear after ear; and tha6 Sures thus commenced by Fi file drain full Tltat was the history of Statute ing the statute labor in the ways in two years IS not lilrely to produce min gOOd grave( to not: obtainable, but g y Y lienome new drains f.o lead water to lha y' which It can be. turned to the hest ad- w'ho are well qualified in thin respect, where stone can be had, either as bed water, unless it actually floods over labor In the pioneer dayst of what are rock or as field boulders. Some town- the to of the road, has little to do tile, and so the proonss of Contracting now the populous districts of Canada, chasi g by using the money o pur- Appointed in the spring, the pathrunst- P and eraekin chaging material and <lo[n work to er has no time to make a stud of tho butt save used stone broken by haflt_ with the matter; and that Sa long as g continues until n neL Sut where the townships have grown which statat.e labor Is not ads , sub Y tone crusher, with a screen the actual surface of the road does not work of fissures is produced, and the , wealthy and well populated, a different p tad, by jest such as it demands, Nor is the tachment affords a much cheaper t wet it does not matter how bo stiffest cls is thereb \ condition exists. To such an extent seeing that Fill this work is properly fact that he will be succeeded by some tae ggy Y y drained. t. done, and at, the ri ht time much Method. it may be underneath. TIIE EFFECT Or FROST, lies statute hibordogenerated that Some R The stone should be separated into In the intelligent construction of u townahipa find that Lhey can do intro w'°ultl 1'° done to improvo present con- t did}nns, gr+ides according to size, the coarser rat d, the inception of. the ravot or i'he Injury done to roads by front Is im work by commuting al the labor at atone t.o be laced in bottom of the g caused entirely I,y the presenne o[ wa- a �-� p atone coating ie to form a wearing tbirty-five contg per day. UIfILI71NG STATUTE LABOR. f . '; •' rood• and the finer at the top. This surfaco and protect the soil under- ter. "Oratec expands on freezing, and itf statute labor has not outgrown its ' 1p gradin of Lino atono [s done h means the more there is under a roar, and Ono of the most g y neath. Of course, gravel and broken usefulness there is certainly need for profitable methods Of the screen attachment. If the stone cannot as a matter of fact•, be above frost line, the greater is the in- i reform when a man's labor is worth of using statute labor is to utilize it t4 stones pre laded in Lhe road without jury. In freezing, water expands. The '` lose than tbirt five cents a du A in hauling gravel, In this work there w D'" heir P coating of the e m but so far Fis the tarticles of soil in immediate contact y- y• g gradod in this mtnner, the small- tonting oP these materials does lire- l feeling In favor of statute labor still Ia less opportunity for wasting time; THE FINISHED ROADWAY, °r stones wear more rapidly than the vent the water arcing tls'rough to the with the water are first compacted. , holds in some localities,- but is grow- It Is work which is more a. reeable than larger and a rou h surface results. When room for expansion ceases within R li nub-soil, tt Eulf lie the 'greatest par- •- 11trg Weaker. There Is not a country In much of the other work of radia and one else as Lar a stones at the surface, moreover, the body of the Soil itSelP, the surfaco ditchin g g patlemaster tho follominl R tion of irs mission. i a,t �,, t world, charneterized by cod roads, a g; it is work which the aver- year an encourtgepnent to effort in this arc rnnre apL ion ber.ome loose, t.o roll To accomplish this to the greatest t ]nee the ads ,When thawing takes z v fere a System of statute labor is in Be farther understands to be of direct direction. under I he horses' feel or the wheels. possible extent there are several points P u t soil will toe Pnund honey- z use. To a slight, but very slight ex- benefit and is entered into heartily. Road divisions or "beats" should be For i, country road there should )pe which It is necessary to pay attention combed, ready t.o settle anri sink be- pinCe,f i Iho rnadbed, 1sL, a la ler of neath traffic. it is therefore of the tint, It may be Said t:o he used in It follows that it !s better for oth- from three to five miles in longt•h. A n y to, lat, the road must be crowned or ( France, hat with very differenU meth- er means to be used In performin, Stone, such its will ass t.hrou h a 21-2 utmost [ed of he tate the Soil Shoals ' a pathmaster would be a permanent oP- P g raundEsd up In the centre; 2nd, tae ma- , r.; ods of applying }t, If it is to be retain- other work. For the grading of the fiver, and his division should be such Inch ring; 2nd, on this a layer of stones aerial must be as Compact and as solid he relieved s the water of Snturna to ed in Ontario, the present feeling of roads there IS machinery which every that the most of his travel w ill lend Strclt as will pass througgh a one inch as possible; 3rd, the surface of tho is qutakly FiS pCgae c by unse f ni i,A ( j tae people strongly indicates that It township should possess, For the op- him aver the greatest portion of it. ring; ars, on this a Coating of screen- raid must be smooth. age• Thn impassable condition of moil will have to he planed on a basis where- eration of these machines one man He need not receive a salar but Inas—that Is, the dust and chips trent• roads in Cannsa during ta° spring, n[• i z by satisfactory results can he obtained, Should be hired, as skill and experience should, as a slight reeom ense, be pro- ed in crushing. CROWNING. ten axle deep with mud, Is to he at i t ("n re must bo taken in chosin the t.rihuted very largely to a wet sub-soil c There is a prevalent opinion that a are absolutely necessary. 1t cannot he ferred in doing small jolts under the q By having tho road eowned or whLoh has been Bons resident on a concession road knows passed around from farmer to farmer auper•visor, where the work LS not con• stone t.o he used. Some limestones rounded up in the centre, water iA at y-oombed by frust. better than anyone else the re- like a scraper or t plow, These ma- Stdered of sufficient Importance to be make g"d metal; but limestone of a onoo thrn}yn to the sides where It can MAiNTENANCE. quirEtfnenta of that particular road, A chines do not know how a road Should let by contract, He should, in ad- slaty nature, or limestones which de- be°arriecYaway in the drains. If the It Is not mernty necessary to malcn . I;'. remarkable feature, however, Is that be ahnf,erl, hilt in the hands of a man dition, give special attention t:o all Cay rapidly on exposure to the air road is flat on the top, or IP hollow. the roads good; they must be kept god. .. a F It Is not sufficient to provide drain3 ; care moat be exercised to keep the dralas open anti free from obstructions. It is not enough to merely place the gravel or broken stone on the road as It ought to be placed; Care must be taken to see that the covering is kept in place. It is not sufficient to build culverts; it is further necessary that the culverts be kept in order, It is folly to build roads properly If they are afterwards neglected and allowed to remain out of repair. Every farmer. knows that If the repairs of his barns, his outhouses, and his fences were neg- lected as fs the repair of the roads, a great personal loss would result. Probably one of the greatest defects of the present system of road construe- tiun is that the roads are not repaired when the need of repair first arises. Unless in a very dangerous state, work is done on tha roads only once a year at the time of performing statute lab- or; ruts, hollows and other defects are permitted to remain without attention and when these defects Commence, they increase with great rapidity. Culverts are permitted to fall to pieces for want of repair at the proper time. Drains became obstructed, and the roadway Ix. allowed to be flooded and saturated for want of a little timely attention. , Repairs are made once a year and that at a season when least required, having a tendency to destroy the use- fulness of the toad at the only time when our roads can be called service- able. When the weather fs dry for sev- eral months in summer the ordinary clay road baked by the sun, Lp kept in proper shape, is an excel lent roadway ; but our novel system—aa If to check- mate Providence—provides otherwise. As soon as such roads dry ups showing+ signs of being fairly serviceable, it is the duty of each patbrnaster to turn out, say in the month of June„ and to the extent of hie ability, with thet sta- tute labor at his disposal, plow up the sides of the road in the most irregular manner possible and then with drag scrapers brittg the earth towards the centre of the road and there durup! Lt so tua%o�Ch scraner full will stand out separately and alone, making t1re rode aurface as rough and Impassable as possible. 'Wherever such earth is brought from the side of the grads it appears to be unwritten law that it shall be done by gsouging with tha scraper so as to leave depressions and packets, which will hold water. Where a road has been gravelled, but In the spring becomes rutted, with an occa- sional depression, offering an excuse far repairs, it appears bu be the] poli,•y of our roadmakera to fill up the ruts with the coarisest gravel obtainable, Wherever there is a slight depression they dump a load of gravel large en- ougb to form a mound. Should these repairs force the traffic to the sides of the road, the work is considered couz- plete, except that it may be thought a further necessity to lay rails, logs, stumps, etc., Crosswise on the sides of the roadway, obliging the travel to fol- low the centre or take another• road. It fs`absolutely essential to the main- tenance of a good anti economical sys- tem col: road,$ that proviaion he made by the township for thein• repair as soon as signs of wear appear. However ex- travagant it may appear at first sight, to recummend that a man be conatant- ly employe,! to g•o over such a mile.tg•e of Woad" as he can attend to, devoting his whale time to the work, there e.tr lie n,) doubt that it would in the. end he the most ecunmival plan. LL id the same system pursued by railways in tho cure Of their roadbed, and railway corporations are nuttd for their ecuu- omical niethn•}s. A man constantly employed in t.h'ia way euuld fill up ruts and wheel tracks as soon as they appear, before %•Ater has been permitted to stand iu the.m to assist in. steepening thein. A decay- ed plank would be romuved froul the culvert or bridge before an accident was carused thereby; and before the weakening of the bridge at this lf.Aint had caused other portions Lo I,e .1.,- stroyed. An obstruvl.ed drain would tie opened before injury requited Ill the roadway. Loose stupes would he re- moved irotu the road where tli••y are rolling under the wheels anti tli,, feet of nurses. hoose gravel :tnJ Stolle. would hii kopt'Nked inhi pluck• uns it it l-rul become consolidated. Icy these Lind many other simple meaa.� IftM ro-ols would be at all"iintes kcpL in a mare serviceable condition; laud of greal•+r importance, repairs wuuld I,e uta,te in time to terve the road frorn injury which ciould nut be remetited ; sn.l ih time _to save much labor •tn•I ex; ansa in utaking pusaible repairs. Some ruuai,ipalities have ad -opted the Plan of employing a foreutan and a a,puple of lil,orers todevoteth,+ir whale t Lme to the ruftiL4 of a district or t ,,v n- shiv, unit in such cases, a grader• and otter read machinery L -i employed. Whatever the details of the system, the prmcipte should be the saute through- out, that vvear utast be repaixe;l as santt as signs of Lt apiiear, i£ e,vcmomy znd good service is to be had. ROAD) GRAI)ERS. A road grazier is ane oG tho inost. ne- :essary implements fur a LwA rmbip to possess. To depend upon mautot) lab- or for the first grading of rutzls, anri the repair of others that require. re- shaping is a useless waste of lalrur anti atony. Improved road machinery fs es great a saving in roadmaking as iv Abe self hinder or the Stearn thresher n farming operations. To neglect to ase a road grader• is us unty ise as it, ,would be to return to thi•, old time Iradle. and flail, 1f every ratepa. er .oak the Same personal interest. in the 7oadS th'it he does in 1:l.,; farm, no muui- ;f.palities woul.! be without modern iri,t- thinery for road murk. The grader fit he hands of a skilful operator will 10 •the work of fifty to s,event,y-five nen in grading and levelling the roud- vay, A ROAD ROLLER. A most valuable Lniplement in road onslruction is the road roller. On Gal 4 Good Roads own streets it is indispensable. Tie horoughly ronsoRdate the gravel or tone into a smooth, hard layzlr, lieforo t can be mixed up with the sub -snit, enders the surface Coating morn. rztir- ,ble and serviceable in every way• A team rollor of ten tong is toG1 expen- ive for (lie majority of rural Muni- ipalitics, but in some instances town - hips could rent from a to%n in Lhe istrict, %hick owns one. A borne rot 1. r of stx or eight tons is less expensiver nd some munfoipalfties may see fir o purchase. in tile. construction of,, roken stone roads the loose stone con- oliciates under traffic less readily thane oes gravel, and withlout rolling re- tains for Soule time very loose and ouigb, A STONE. CRUSHER, Wherever gond gravel cannot he had, +here stone Air crushing is obtainable, Stone crusher is most useful. Stone ,in be broken by this means at a price It.hin the range of every well-iyopu- tied to%nship, although a very expert- . !ve work when performed by haul. A runhc+r can he operated by the steam nginn users for a threHh'mr innrhine hivh clan generally he rented. A rusher trill prepire from 10 fn 15 Ards per tiny. A rotary acrern altnebed to the rusher will nelotale the stone inlo radon acenrdina to Sive, rea,ltiv In rte In;ed on the mad in hyers. Lha mars - r in I he bot bpm if I he ro•td. (To be Continwi.) d W to — tr .. .A "