The Huron Expositor, 1939-11-17, Page 6r
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L
uacks Thrived
And Killed Many
gi.New France passed under
s ,'-ails in 1763, there were few
h speaking people in the coua-
tre:' In Quebec there were only three
Or four hundred, snostly tra,ders who
and: 'coxae, to .the country in the wake
of the armies. In Nova Scotia there
Were not more than 10,000, of whom,
3,0000 resided in Halifax. So little
was known of the country that, when
peace terms were discussed, at Paris,
there was a divergence of opinion as
to whether Great Britain. should re-
tain Canada or accept Guadeloupe in
the West Indies instead. It is not
surprising, therefore, that the British
people did not turn their eyes with
enthusiasm towards Canada and that
there was no sudden influx of immi-
grants franc the British, Isles.
Under the French regime, the coun-
try had been fairly well supplied with
physicians and surgeons• and a few of
them were 'men of high professional
standing but, following the British
occupation, French fortunes were at,
low ebb and, as all connection with
France was cut off and little oppor-
tunity afforded young men to proceed
to France to study, there was a short-
age of well qualified physicians.
During this period of transition,
the British surgeons who. had accom-
panied the troops flourished, but, as
there were no laws governing the
practice of medicine, many charlat-
ans took advantage and preyed upon
the people. The result was that in
many districts men who were .totally
devoid of the most elementary know-
ledge of medicine and surgery called
themselves "doctors" and practised
medicine.
Blake, who was surgeon of the 34th
Regiment, Quebec, in a letter to the
Comanittee of His Majesty's, Council
on Populationt, deplored the fact that
so many inexperienced and illiterate
men were engaged in the practice of
I medicine and surgery. On one occa-
sion he questioned one of these doc-
tors regarding a remedy he had giv-
en a patient. The doctor told him he
had given two ounces of mercury.
This was enough mercury to kill a
' regiment. In another instance he re-
fers to a doctor who, finding it im-
possible to convplete the delivery of
a child, out off its head and threw it
into a bucket. The father declared
l4
Y�I
• HURON E
li
TOR •'
r4
NOVEMBER 17, 1939.
that his child's ,head appeared to him
like St. Jahn the Baptis't's in a fiery
cauldron. Blake said it was his opin-
ion that this man had killed more
Canadians than the Americans dad in
the War of 1775. He says, "I ooiild
give many instances of murder be-
ing perpetrated by imposters with im-
punity."
In view of the many abuses that
occurred in the practice of medicine
by unqualified persons, a Medical Act
was passed in the year 1788, which
prohibited any person fer3m practising
physic, surgery or midwifery in the
towns of Quebec and Montreal or
their suburbs without a license from
the Government or the Commander -
in -Chief of the Province. To obtain
a medical license it was necessary to
be 21 years of age and to have serv-
ed an apprenticeship of five years
with a practising physician in the
province.
One of the first to obtain a License
under the, Act was La Terrier°, who
had studied at Cambridge. During
the course of his examination La Ter-
rier° objected to the way in which
some of the questions were put to
him by Dr. Fisher, one of the exam-
iners. He said he understood the
purport of the questions and had his
answers ready but wished to have the
questions put scientifically. Dr. Flab-
er replied that be could put the ques-
tions asked to himself in his own
way. Pr. Oliva, another of the ex-
aminers, asked him the difference be-
tween a sick person in a book and a
sick person in bed. La Terriere an-
swered that the 'difference was the
same as that between theory and
practice. Not such a bad answer at
that! La Terriere's remarks when
he was advised that be had passed
his examinations are amusing. He
says, "I thanked them all and, at the
door, the assistants complimented me
and shook hands with me. I called
on my friends throughout the city
with much gratification because it
was generally known that I had' pass-
ed with honour to myself and those
who had graduated pee, and all warm-
ly complimented me" He had a
fairly good opinion of himself!
A quarter of a century had elapsed
from the time of the Treaty of Paris
to the passage of the first Medical Act
and, as there was no control over the
practice of medicine during that
period. one can easily imagine the in-
numerable abuses that existed. Fol-
lowing that period and until the es-
tablishment of the Montreal Medical
Institution in 1824, the only way of
acquiring medical knowledge was
through apprenticeship or by study in
other countries.
L
CAETAiLERS
YOU HAVE RIGHTS !
•
yOU know that a manufacturer includes in the sell-
ing price of his product a percentage for press ad-
vertising -a percentage ranging from 3 to 5 per
cent. -sometimes, 'even more -when consumer -resistance
is great or when the gross profit margin is very large.
So, when a manufacturer spends $50,000 a year on press
advertising, it can be assumed that the total annual sales
of his product amount to from $1,000;000 to $1,500,000.
Now, if you are stocking a nationally -advertised
product -advertised in big -city dailies and in nationally -
circulated magazines, you have a right to see this product
also being locally advertised -in this .newspaper. Your
total annual sales of the maker's product, joined to those
of its other local distributors (if there are others), en -
.title you to demand that the product be locally advertis-
ed in this newspaper.
Clearly, it is not right that you should be required to
promnte the sale of a product inithe territory served by
this newspaper, without receiving from the manufactur-
er the same kind and degree of sales assistance which he
is giving retailers resident in cities where he is spending
a lot of money on local advertising.
Quite too often manufacturers don't advertise in lo-
cal weekly newspapers, saying the city paper is used.
They forget, however, that their sales in towns served by
weekly newspapers provide an advertising fund. which
should be spent locally. Why should the contributions
from local sales to the maker'sadvertising fund be spent
outside the local sales territory?
You've got a first-class case to put before manufac-
turers who want you to stock and push the sales of their
product, then why not present it, either direct, or through
the maker's representative when he calls?
(N.B.-Cut out this advertisement and show it to the
representative of firms whose products you are asked to
stock and push).
•
The Huron Expositor
Established 1860
- - McLean Bros., Publishers
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STAMP CLUB
"DRAMA of STAMPS"
WEDNESDAYS Q P.>*!.
w1'
CFRB
In Upper Canada the first physi-
cians to practise medicine were Army
surgeons who bad retired from,' ser-
vice. . Only a few came direct from
the Old Country to practise. The Unit-
ed Empire Loyalists, 'who settled in
Upper Canada, were dependent for
medical treatinent upon the garrison
surgeons at Kingston, Niagara and
Detroit. Settlements were made along'
the St. Lawrence by disbanded sol-
diers, among whom were a few sur-
geons and hospital mates who had'
been ''attached to various regiments.
Their names are found in the United
Empire Loyalist -List. A year before
the List was created, steps were tak-
en to raise the standard of medical
practice in Upper Canada, but we are
told that as late as 1812 mane' of the
physicians of Upper Canada were to-
tally ignorer' of anatomy, chemistry
and botany, r 'd many knew nething
whatever of r essical learning or'gen-
era] science. Linters of doctors of
that time show ignorance of the Eng-
lish language and inability to spell
even the simplest words. The King-
ston Gazette of that time contains
an appeal to the public and Parlia-
ment against quacks who, as the
Gazette says, "without one ray of sci-
ence presume to thrust the created
into the presence of the Creator."
However, in 1815, an Act was passed
to license doctors. Following this,
there was a great improvement in the
situation in Upper Canada and many
well-trained, skilful doctors began to
appear.
One of the doctors wile practised in
those days was Dr. Dunlop, who was
best known for his extraordinary
Will. It is worthwhile reading his
Will, at least in part. He left some
of his property to two sisters: one
because she was married to a minis-
ter whom (God help 4him) • she hen-
pecked; the other because she was
an old maid and not market rife. To
the eldest son of old J'ohm, as the
representative of ,the family, he gave
his silver tankard. He said he would
have given it to old John himself but
he was afraid he would meltit down
to make temperance medals and that
would be. a sacrilege. In bequeathing
his Bible to his sister Jenny, he add-
ed the comment. "When she knows as
much of the spirit of it as she does
the letter, she will be a better Chris-
tian than she is." I-Iis late brother's
watch he willed to his brother Sandy,
at the same time exhorting him to
give up Whiggery, radicalism and all
other sins that most easily beset him.
To his brother Alan .he gave his big
silver snuff box, saying he was ,in-
formed he was rather a decent Chris-
tian with a swag belly and a jolly
face. To Parson Ohevasse he gave
the snuff box he got from the Sarnia
Militia as a small token of his Wati-
tude for the service done the family
in taking his sister that no man of
taste would have taken. He was very
apfpreciatiive, wasn't he? To this sis-
ter Janet he gave his silver cup with
a sovereign in it because she was an
old maid and pious. He also left her
his grandma's snuff -mull because he
thought it looked decent to see an
old woman taking snuff.
One of the best-known physicians
of that time was Dr. John Rolph. He
was a politician, member of the Bar
and lecturer in medicine. He took an
active part in the Rebellion of 1837.
It is said he planned to seize arms in
the City Hall, imprison the chief offi-
cials and establish a Provisional Gov-
ernment with himself as Governor.
After Mackenzie's failure to takes 'To-
ronto, Rolph sought safety in flight.
On ,'his return he established Rolph's
School of Medicine, which later be-
came the Toronto School of Medicine.
The physicians of those days exper-
ienced many hardships. They lived
andpractised medicine in the pre-
rhorse and buggy days. They spent
most of their time in the saddle on
lonely trips through sparsely settled
country, most of it through bush
roads that were almost impassable.
They were the pioneers. They were
seldom paid in cash and often their
only, reward was the heartfelt thanks
of the early settlers. As Opportunity
was afforded for medical study, the
more populated villages and towns be-
came very well supplied with physi-
cians but the sparsely settled districts
were devoid of doctors.
The story of the practice of medi-
cine in the Maritime Provinces dupli-
cates that of Upper and Lower Can-
ada. Among the early practitioners
were many illiterate and unscrupulous
men. Some of them obtained diplomas
in the Western States solely on the
payment of $100 or $150. The first
qualified physicians in Nova Scotia
were army surgeons. In that province
the system of apprenticeship was in
force until a comparatively late date.
Here's an extract from an old in-
denture of apprenticeship drawn up in
1838. It is Taid down that the ap-
prentice "shall serve after the man-
ner of such an apprentice; he shall
conceal his m'aster's secrets, obey bis
reasonable and lawful commands ev-
erywhere and shall not frequent tav-
erns, alehouses or play at any unlaw-
ful games or contract matrimony."
Apparently they considered :marriage
,an unlawful game for apprentices!
The Loyalists who came to .NVew
Brunswick in 1783 brought a blintitul
of medical men with them. One of
them was Dr. Samuel Moore, who
performed the first autopsy in New
Brunswick. It was performed on the
body of a negro who was murdered.
Nancy Mosley was accused of the
murder. She was found guilty of
manslaughter and ordered to be
branded with the letter "M" in the
brawn of the thornsb and discharged.
Things were done with d.iepateh in
WINTHROP AND
HOL CONCERT
Pageant, "Little Lights," is
Feature of Annual
Presentation.
The annual concert of the "Helping
Hand" ,M'isston Bandl of Cavan Church
woes held Friday evening, Nov. 10th,
under the leadership of Mrs., E. Toll,
assisted by Mrs. Craw, M.i-e. McFar-
lane and Olive Pryce. Mrs. Craw act-
ed as chairman. The cMldren pees-
ented an excellent program, consist-
ing of songs, duets, solos, dialogues
and recitations.
A pageant, "Little Lights," by the
junior group, was a challenge to us
in a Cba'lstian dowvtry to help those
who are still in the dark. The jun-
iors staged a veny fitting peace ex-
ercise, showing very clearly that all
countries should dwell together in
unity.
The presentation of the mite boxes
by the juniors was very pretty. A
manger with the baby Jesus in it,
with Mary and Joseph seated beside,
.lade an appropriate stage setting.
The cradle song by the little tote in
pyjamas, carrying oandles, llooked
very pretty. The eenior group clos-
ed with a stewardship playlet, "Such
As I Have." "God Save the King"
was sung and lunch served.
The sewing anuli woodwork articles
made by the 'Bar$' were 'well done and
everything was ,sold. The Band has
herd a real successful year.
6+a,rwil�'�t1'+�i
01•1r01M,
DUBLIN
a hreer weeks' trig to BufTake
Ham,y I. Dingemuµa, w+hroise wife was
foalmerlty Miss Jean McConnell, rank-
ed third in the recent elections for
co m''ci0dons .in the City of Detroit.
111eet nt vielttors: Mr. and Mrs. Jer-
ry Catnvpbell and daughter, Frances,
of Mt. Carmel, accompanied by Mob -
and Ayotee, Zuidoh, at •t)te home of
John Dillon; M. and Mrs. Leo Perry,
Windsor, called on friend here dur-
in+g the week; Kenneth Dill, of To-
ronto, wee a week -end+ visitor with
his parents, Mr. and Mrs. P. Dill;
Mrs. Joseph Ryan in London; Joseph
Nagle in Stratford.
Mr. and Mere Carl Stapleton are,
moving eater* to (their residence on
the hvigihrway.
Mr. and Mm. Wtm. 3. O'Rourke will
take up residence in their new home
on Raglan St, ' recently purchased
from the Hawley Estate.
Mr. and Mrs. Brown shave leased
the home of ,Ma: and Mrs. William
O'Rourke.
Jannis Looby is ,seriously ill at his
home from an attack of pneumonia.
!
Elaborate preparations. arebeing
made for the fowl supper,' to be held
in St. Patrickls parish .Mall on Wed-
nesday, Nov. 15tiht It is sponsored
by the Altar Society under the cap-
able leadership of the president, Miss
Molly O'Connell.
Dan Wiilf amts .rade a recent busi-
ness trip to Pittsburg
Frank Donnelly has returned from
those days!
Prince Edward Island seems to
have had a number of highly qualified
physicians from the very earliest
days. The first as far as we are able
to ascertain, was Roderick MacDon-
ald, a native'of Inveresshire, Scot-
land, and a .member of the Clan
Ronald. He arrived in Prince Edward
Island in 1772.
The period under discussion was
one of transition from the emperical
practices of the Middle Ages ,to the
scientific procedures of a later day.
The conquest took place at a time
when medicine was divesting itself
of its mediaeval garments but had
not yet devised an entire suit of mod-
ern clothes. Benjamin Rush, as late
as 1789, was attempting to reduce all
fevers to one and all diseases to one
among the plaudits of his students.
The humoral theory of disease had
not been wholly discarded, and de-
pletion, characterized by bleeding,
purging and blistering, was the popu-
lar treatment for all diseases. When
we realize that it was only in 18:12
the British Parliament passed an An-
atomy Act enabling students to study
anatomy, we can understand why the
standard of the profession was so
low. The science of physiology was
not thought of, antiseptics and an-
aesthetics were unknown, and only a
few diseases were'clearly defined.
it is not surprising. therefore, that
the expectation of life was low and
that the death rate in cities was more
than three times as great as at pres-
ent, nor that people should be oblig-
ed to petition the Government to pro-
vide them with qualified physicians
and surgeons by the establishment of
authentic medical schools. Today we
are enjoying the benefits of their ef-
forts.
"SELHURST" EVACUATION
(By Eileen Vick'e'rs)
Hustle and bustle everywhere,
Cries of good -byre rending the air;
Rucksacks, cases, and parcels, of food
People in every kind of mood.
Cries from daughters, distress from
mothers,
S.dhoodgtirhs of "Selhurst" with little
brothers -
Crying and drowlring, or laughing with
glee -
Happily hoping to go to the sea.
Then for the long march to the sta-
tion,
Aly on this great. d'ay of evacuation.
Heavily l'ad'en., the children tramp on,
Waving good-bye as they march along.
Aa'rived on the platform, they all had
to wait
Far the train to come in, as It was
late.
Then shouts, of joy'rose on every elide
Fore by someone the train had been
espied!
"W'hene are we going?" was asked
once again,
("Beigibt sir it said on the front of
the train) ;
But no one knew unrtl'l half -wary there,
They were going to Hove, to the
fresth sea air,
"We're male there" anon canre the
orielw,
(Such patting of hair and straighten-
ing of ties),
And then the train stropped, and out
they all trooped,
"Hooray! We're here!" the child:rem
wthoopedl
Outside the station and into the bus,
Standing eeadty and waiting, special
for ,les;
Start up the engines and away we go,
Straight for the school, though we
didn't know.
Once at the schooi, we waited for a
Ihomne,
Feeling like slaves being bought et
.Roue.
But at long last we reached our des-
tination',
After the 'long day of evfacuat]on.
STANLEY
Mr. and Mrs. Pence Johnston and
Mfrs. Elmore Stepheneon srpent Sun-
day,' with Mr. and Mrs. Fraser McFar-
lane and family of Aiiso. Craig. •
Bruce McClinchey, Elmore Steph-
enson and Jack S'cotehanere are on a
deer hunting trip to the Bruce Pen-
insula this week. ,
Mr. Ed. Lowden, of Hamilton, call-
ed on friends in this vicinity on Tues•
day.
Mr. Wen. Palmer and daughter,
Mies Roxie, of Hamilton, visited with
W. Reid and family, of Verne, a week
,'ago
IIILLSGREEN
Mr. Louis Forrest and sister, Miss
Mary Forrest, are visiting .w i 1< h
friends in Marlette, Mich.
Mr. Russel Consitt and 'Mr. Ralph
Turner have purchased a new Farm
All tractor.
Mr. and Mrs. Charles Robinson vis
ited over the week -end with friends
in Landsat.
Mr. and Mrs. William Davidson
were visited over the week -end by
Mb'. and' Mrs. George Davidson and
Mr. and Mrs. David Davidson and
baby, Dalton, of Stratford, and Mb's
Georgina Seiler, of Mlonkton.
to Prevent Colds." A %otter was read
frolm a veteran of the Great Was, now
a postal :olenk in Brockville, thank-
ing the Institute for the boxes he re-
ceived regularly whole 'in France. No
one could recall his name as being
on the BRue'ale Institute's mailing
list, but ilhe members appreciatted, his
kind references after twenty years_
Miss Olive Scott ,'clad some letters
which the Bluevabe Literary Society
bad sreoeived in 1925 from former
B1vevaie boys who recalled their
childhood days spent in this vicine
city. The writers were the late Dr.
George Musgrove, of Niagara Fal4s;
Fulton Pitmanins, of Toronto, the late
W. H. Stewart, of Acton, and Louis
B. Duff, of Welland. Collectors were
appointed to canvass the neighbor-
hood for money to buy materials for
sewing and knitting for the soldiers.
It 'was recalled that durinrg the Great
War this Institute's contribution,
through. the co-operation of the peo-
ple of the immediate vicinity, reach-
ed a total of $7,500. Mrs. Gallaher
served refreehmrents, assisted by Mrs.
James Elldottt.
A Remembrance Day service was
Lead in the United Church on Sunday
morning where Rev. C. Taveeer used
an episode in the life of Elijah to
bring a message of hope. Rase Smith
sang a fine sob.
The young people of Ebenezer
United .Chune'h theld a social. in the
school house on Friday evening with
a good attendtaace.
• Mrs. C. Tavenesr, snrperintendent, is
• arranging an entertainment under the
ausp'i'ces of the Mdlision Band, for
Wednesday evening, when there will
be lantern slides and musical num-
bers.
Hugh M. Creaser, of Knob uoliege,
preacher i n Knox Presbyaeri'an
Church on Sunday.
Miss Isabel McKinnon, of Water-
loo, spent the week -end at her home
here.
Miss Jean Timtompson, of Teeswater,
spent a few day's with her grand+par-
cant's, • Mr. and Mrs. Chris. Hethering-
ton.
Mr. and Mins. Cecil; Griffiths, of
Guelph, 'Visited reiativele -ever the
week -end.
Cleat Yeo, Allan Larder and Mr.
Gerrie 'have gone to Kitchener where
they will work for the C.N.R.
BRUCEFIELD
Mrs. James Berry spent a few days
with friends in London.
Mr. and Mrs C_ Halstead and son,
of Stratford, spent Sunday with Mr
and Mrs. T. H. Wheeler.
Mr. and Mrs. T. Dunlop, of Chats
worth, spent the week -end with Mr.
and Mrs- Ross Scott.'
.Mr. and Mrs. R. McKenzie and chil
dren, orf Detroit, visited Tele tiiyes
here. Mr. and Mrs. H. Zapfe return
ed to Detroit with them for a visit.
Misys Una Cameron of 'Toronto vis
ited her cousin, Mrs( Zapfe, over tihe
week -ends
Mrs. T. H. Wheeler is visiting her
d'aurgtter in Stratford,.
Mr. and Mrs. Frank McKenzie, o`
St. Louis, spent a few days with Mrs
Margaret M c Kenai e.
Mrs. J. O'Brien spent last Wednes
day in London
Misst Marks es, visiting with Mrs. J
Thompson_
D:t Wm. Ailsen'head, of Toronto,
and Mr. and Mrs. John AikenTead, of
London, spent the week -end with rel
atives in the community.
KIPPEN
...sr
Those who were privileged to at
tend the November meeting of the
Wlomenee Missionary Society in con
junction witch th'e. Mission Circle- of
St Andrew's, Church, experienced a
treat, the truths of which will linger
in their mreunaries.. With Gladys John-
ston presiding, a call to worship pre-
ceded the opening prayer hymn
"Breathe on Me, Breath of God." The
Scripture reading from the 137th
Psalm, carried out the theme topic,
"Our Retspanse to Godes missionary
purpose and prayer for the nations at
wrar."
Mies, McGowan was the guest
speaker. After a brief discourse of
cher two years sspent in' Clhina, a num-
ber of beautiful articles were display-
ed, showing what the artistic Chin-
ese worker can do if given an oppor-
tunity. Miele McGowan chose the
]fives of Genleralimsnmo and Madam
Chiang as her opic, stating. if we
would follow their ideals the' world
would not be at war today. But the
fact stile remains the need is great
and workers are required until such
tian,es as Ithfeir own doctors and nurs-
es are educated to carry on. Madame
C'hiatntg's words et enconnagement are
"Prayer is our source of guidance."
One whole hour is spent with God at
the beginning of their day, which, no
doubt, is the secret of their success.
"More things are wrought by prayer
than tbd+S world drealmtg of." When
we are prepared to go all the way
with Christ, then things begin to
happen. Tthe ,meeting closed with "0
Von Haste Thy ' Manion Glad Ful-
filling" and the Load's Prayer. A. so-
cial huff hour was spent over the tea,
cups.
BLUEVALE
The Frdendmthip Circle, organized
girls'
ohms in the United Church Sun-
day school, in charge of Mrs. Robert
MaeLenmtan, teacher, astertain'ed Mrs.
George 'Phomfson''s olass in the school
room of the chnrroh on Friday even-
ing. Mrs. Thomisom's dries etaod first
In a contest for highest average at-
tendance during The sura mner months,
attaining 79 per cent. Twenty m,emi-
bers of the two classes, with their
teadhera, were .present and endeared
interesting c'onte'sts and .games, fol-
lowed by refreshments served on
small tables.
'Ilht Women's Institute met at the
home of Mrs. Stanley Gallaher on
Thursday afternoon, the president,
Mb's. Wulf McTaggart, conducting the
meeting. The roll, call was answered
by giving, "Do end Don't in eating for
health. in ama.li'chldren," Mists Doro-
thy Greenaway y gave a•'pap'em on "How
•
A Modem Hotel
Convenient - Economical
Rate Slagle
1 0
Special Weekly and Monthly Salts
Write for Folder.
Hotel
,ainrIrij
Spadina Ave. at College St.
A. M. Powell
President
LONDON and WINGHAM
NORTH
A.M.
Exeter 10.34
Hensel" 10.46
Ki ppen 10.51
B rucefteld 11.00
Clinton 11A7
Londeaboro 12.06
Blyth 12.16
Bel grave 12.27
W Ingham 12.46
SOUTH
Wingham
Belgrave
Blyth
Lond'esboro
Clinton
Brucefleld
Kippen
Hensall
Exeter
C.N.R. TIME
EAST
P.M.
1.50
2.06
3.17
3.26
3.08
3.28
3.28
3.45
3.58
TABLE
4,
A.12t.. P.M.
Goderlch 6.35 2.30
Holmlesvthle 6.60 ' 2.53
Clinton 658 3.09
Seaforth 7.11 3.16
St. Columban 7.17 3.21
Dublin 7.31 3.19
Mitchell 7.$0 3.41•
IMitchell 11.66 9.1lli
1?tfblamt 11.14 9.36
Seafo th .....:.. . 11.30 9.47
Clinton 11.45 111.00
Goderlch 1l.66 10.25
WEST tea, xrvt^
C.P.R. TIME TABLE
EAST,
P.M.
Goderich - 1120
Mewed 4.24
McGaw 4.33
Auburn 4.42
Blyth 4.63
Walton 5.05
McNaught 6.15
Toronto 9.00
WEST
A.M.
Toronto .............. 8.39
MoNaught 12.03
Walton 12.13
Blyth 12.23
Auburn 12.32
McGaw «, 12.40
Meneet 12.46
1odorich ..a y-.. b ... 0,56
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