The Huron Expositor, 1933-12-22, Page 6(.4
)1
iii#.
ti.cl
ti
History of Canada
in A Nuts/ieli
The foilonving article is one deliv-
ered by Fred J, Lawrence, Principal
of 1Seaview Sc fool, Vancouver, during
the recent education Week held in
that city. Mr. Lawrence, a former
'MoKillop resident, has been a resi-
dent of Vancouver for thirty years.
A short time ago ; e well-known
'broadcaster of children's entertaiir-
mnents, .issued an air questionaire to
his.•juvenile audience: Which do you
prefer -history of your own day, or
the history of days gone by. Educa-
tionists were rather rudely amazed gluttons, rapacious as vultures. ,At
to discover that 70 per cent. of the 1 gambling and thieving he was a past
listeners preferred the history of
their own times. So, we deduce the
view that if we were to ask the gen-
eral public which they preferred -
the history of their own land or that
off a foreign country, the majority,
whether native or of those who,
though formerly aliens, had come to
consider our country as the land of
their adoption, would choose to hear
rsomtething of the story of Great Can-
ada.
To assist in securing the' proper
perspective and background, we feel
rimlpelled to deal very briefly with our
country even before the dawn of his-
tory. Since European settlement on
Canadian soil dates back three cen-
'buries or so, the Dominion of Can-
ada is a mere infant in swaddling
clothes, yet, geologically, we have one
of the oldest countries in., the world,
since the Archaeae (Gr. "Archaios"
meaning "very old') rock formation,
around James Bay and Hudson Bay,
its the most ancient mountain chain in
North America.
'Animal life, like the plants, first
began in the bosom of the ocean.
From the slimy depths of the water
hideous forms of animal life crawled
to the land. Monstrous reptiles la-
boriously dragged their sluggish
length through the tangled vegeta-
tion of the jungle of giant ferns.
Through countless Aeons the marvel-
Ious evolutionary drama of nature
was produced, so that, with depress-
ed ocean bed here and there, we ulti-
mately find that, in place of the vast
"continental sea" which once filled the
interior of North America, there a-
rose, "at Heaven's command," a great
plateau, that now runs from the Mac-
kenaie bosom to. the Gulf of Mexico.
(Passing quickly over this period
of our country's geological formation,
the Carboniferous era of large rep-
tiles, we arrive at the age of birds,
mammals and last, but highest in
point of evolution, . their appeared
man. Great forests grew, then by
some convulsion were buried beneath
the ocean. Below the soil of Alberta
is a dense jungle of vegetation hence
her boundless supplies of coal. The
ancient shore -line of Lake Superior
may be traced 500 feet above its,pres-
ent level, The British Isles formed
a connected part of Europe. T h e
Thames and the Rhine were one and
the same river, flowing into the Arc-
tic Ocean. A continaorus-'"Chain of
land existed from Asia to America.
Then followed the Glacial or Ice Age,
during which, all Canada, between
the Rock Mountains and Atlantic Oc-
ean was buried under a vast sheet ,of
ice, in places said to he a mile thick.
A torrid climate was held to exist in
Canadian polar regions.
1Colunvhus and others foliowing him
called Canadian Abor-ignees Indians,
by ,mistake, thinking they were in the
"East" Indies. As soon as it became
established that there was no, land
connection between Asia and North
America, some new explanation as to
how they came to be. in America had
to be discovered. Their presence in
America was accounted for by Cot-
ton Mather, a famous New England
Puritan clergyman, who 'maintained
that "the devil had inveigled the In-
dians to America to get them
the tinkle of the Gospe Dells."
1528 a London clergy an wrote
book seeking .to "show them to
the descendants of the ten tribes
Israel."
Exactly 100 years ago (1833) a
Japanese craft was driven right a-
cross the Pacific to Queen Charlotte
Islands. The languages of Europe
and Asia dovetail in•t each other.
The Indians 'belonged to one great
race and show no connection in lang-
uage or customs with the outside
world. They are to be regar d
as Aboriginal race, although theyraze
descendants of a primitive human
stook. From buried remains of stone
'implements, gold ornaments and frag-
mentary 'broken pottery, it is con-
cluded that mien inhabited North and
South America during the remote
changes of the great Ice Age. The
glacier covering the northern part of
North America was 'only 'beginning to
retreat long :before the mighty gorge
of Niagara had begun to the furrow-
ed out of the"living rock- How far
the antiquity of man in Canada
antedates this glacial period is not
kndien. No longer is our Eskimo,
with dark hair and eyes, considered
to be related to the Mongolians of
China but ratthe-r'°-a>a:,., tie last 'rehn-
ntants of the ancient cave -'men, who
in the Stone Age inhabited all the
evorthern parts of Europe. Sneaking
of Indian races the Algonrquins
spread out between, the Atlantic coast
and as far as the western head of
the Great Lakes. So backward were
they that to fell a tree with hatchet
of stone was em'ploy'ment for a month,
The Iroquois family lived south of the
Adgon'quihs,--+very 'fierce and brave,
and naturally .dialbolically 'cruel to
their foes. The Hurons, in south-
western Ontario were 'milder in dis-
position and later yielded snore read-
ily to the softening influences of the
missionaries sent among them. These
Hurons, however, were moat. despis-
ed among "Red men" for their man-
ners. They were hideous voluptuous
In
a
be
of
SS
PERSONAL
"z rom not be rssyonitble for
any *ember of mar family
who takes stomach tonics, in.
digestion remedies, soda, caro+
mal salts, lasative ills, etcm,
to try to 'ret rid of indiges-
tion, constipation,bleating,
'tour ateinaoh, bidreath or
headaches. Y have toldbthein
*11 to use demon aloft fi'ais
Pills the nem liver niedioins
ii' nukes the liver get
• liiirit;•add famish enough bile
to ,ditest their feed and ctol,
tr ati atioii l veiyblidl+ &inert
,.to (Mee Harem, Heft„ Mare
Pllie OM Or three ibises a
Meath ' �e
god, tend dr1, te
*ono
.
It
1'
i.a6
.t.
master.
The history of Canada may be con-
viently dealt with under the follow-
ing headings:
(a) Early Explorer
ery.
(b) French Rule .... to 1763.
(c) B'ritis'h Rule .. to 1933.
(•d) Constitutional Evolutions.
Early Explorers and Discovery
Several factors combined to induce
Europeans to fit out expedition and
expedition to our shores. After the
fall of 'Rome, the beautiful silks and
rare Unguents and Spikenards of the
Far East became more prized in the
western world of luxury. All the,
gold, jewels, diamond -silted swords
of Damascus steel, carved ivory and
precious gents, brought back by the
Crusade Warriors, all fired the im'-
'agination of the Occidental world.
Coupled with this seas the growing
doubt in the minds of scholars as to
whether the earth were really flat.
If round, then European navigators
should be able to ciecummavigate the
glolbe. Thus grew up the desire to
discover a short western .watercourse
to rich Cathay and Hindustan. Tales
of rich seas of codfish off the banks
of Newfoundland tempted many ven-
turous souls across the Atlantic. Lat-
er .tales of the wondrous wealth of
Mexico, Peru and other places in the
new world was quite sufficient lure
to cause men to risk their all in the
hazardous calling of going down to
the sea in ships,
In kaleidoscopic manner, there
passes rapidly in our view, the in=
trepid Columbus, Jacques Cartier.
Champlain, the Father of New France
as Canada was at first called. Then
follow a train of French governors
and church missionaries, as Breboeuf
and Father Lalenient, for it mast ev-
er be green in our memory that "nev-
er was a new journey undertaken
nor a river entered, but a Jesuit led
the way."
At first the French King sought to
rule this fat -off land (New France)
by means of fur companies who fail-
ed to live up to their agreements.
Then Royal Government was set up
in 1663-a supreme council assisting
the three officials appointed: Gover-
nor. Intendant and the Bishop. The
chief defect in this French system
seems to have been due to the fact
'hat the above, three officers' duties
were not clearly and definitely speci-
fied so that one officer found his du-
ties conflicted with those of a fellow
-,fic'er, Thus discord anci n utual mis-
`rus't arose -all largely attributable
'o the fact that this system was es-
'enrially intentionally or unintention-
ally. a veritable espionage srstemn in
which one officer was really set to spy
n his two remaining colleagues.
Grafting, misappropriation of public
moneys and many other acts of mei-
feasance in public office was the log-
ical sequence of such a viscous sys
*.em. As -we read! of 'the cupidity of
'he- French officials, of the manner in
which ,they almost bled the colonists
white, it seems a marvel that there
was any Canada left for the success-
ors of the French.
Enoland, who had been a strong
im- power since the days of
Saxon Alfred the Great, and further-
more, had always pursued an aggres-
,ive colonization policy, could not and
did not remain inactive. Britain
claimed that British seamen had dis-
covered North America's coast prier
to the moment at which French dis-
covers claimed the same honour. Such
claims may have been merely tech-
nical. At any rate, a rare land and
a fair land, was t'he prize. After de-
sultory fighting' in the Ohio Valley
and 'elsewhere, the two armies of
France and England, found them-
selves, one 'Septemlbler morning in
1759, facing each other on the 'Plains
of Abraham, outside Quebec City. Let
us pause a moment-aswe view,
Montcal'm, the French General, on
the battle ground outside Quebec and
also Wolfe, the hero of Louisbourg.
Vlontcalm, a leap -year baby, saw the
light of day in the family castle, near
a city 'built and fortified in Southern
France, by the Rom'an's 2000 years
ago. The •Montcalms had never been
rich. Though the despair of his
teacher he had a deep-seated ambi-
tion to grew up as a man of honour,
a brave soldier and withal, a Chris-
tian. His military despatches, so con-
sunbately trite and to the point, re-
bind us of Caesar (Vdni, Vida, Vici).
Years of training both on the open
fields of Europe and at besieged fort-
resses afforded an excellent traininlg
for military leadership in N e w
France.'
IIn the veins of Wolfe flowed the
blood of a soldier. His father had
served vender the indomitable and un-
derfeated Duke of fMarrl'borough. He
Inlay be called a pure-bred English-
mlan though he was a cousin of the
Irish Oliver 'Golds'm'ith. ,Has short
life may be 'divided' into four periods:
Till 14 years of age, a boy at horde;
'7 years a soldier, a young officer in
time of war; 7 years in time of
peace; lastly, the famous Seven
Years' War, 1756-1763. In 'the very
muddle of this last stage and climax
of the war he died in 1759.
Be it remembered that this Seven
Years'- War was waged contemporan-
eously on three (continents -Europe,
Asia and Alm(erica. While Robert
Clive, the dissolute young clerk who
had unisucces'sful'ly attermlpted to com-
mit sriiieide, was given the task of
driving 'hack the hordes of Sepoys In
Wolfe was expending his mill.
i
-ingenuity in 'Canada in an a-
,
and Discov-
a'te,N.u3�l.a
fort to gain Canada for the British.
From early life Wolfe had been suf.:
Tering from physical disabilities and
now, after several u:lisuceeesful ef-
forts to capture Quebec, we find him
caught with a raging fever. Fur-
thermore, at Quebec Wole had but
one half the number 9f soldiers as
Monte'alm within the fort. The steak-
ing feature well worth rernernlbering,
as we view these two leaders, Moat -
calm and 'Wolfe, is that both were
highly efficient military leaders, both
equally gallant men, and 'both deep-
ly inribued with an intense feeling of
loyalty to their own country. ,,The
fatal 'mistake made by Montcalm in
leaving the protection of the citadel
of Quebec in his haste to attack 'the
foe in the open and the subsequent
glorious victory won by Wolfe is now
history. .
The history of British Canada be-
gins at this point with the capture
virtually of all ,Canada in 1759 and
the Peace of Paris, 1763. This per-
iod of British or Canadian history
may be said to grow around four
well-known acts. of the British Imper-
ial Houses of Parliamlent; (a) Que-
bec Act,, 1774; (b) Constitutional Act,
1791; (c) Act of Union, 1841; (d)
British North America Act, 1867.
The Quebec Act, 1774.
(1) Since there was a pre,pond+er-
ence ' of the French elemment in the
Canada of this day, King George III,
when proclaiming Canada a British
province, promised 'the French set-
tlers the right of free worship and
with respect to holding property,
they were allowed to do so, except
that they were to be excluded from
holding public office (R. 'C. Emancipa-
tion Bill was not yet passed). Par-
liamentary institutions were promis-
ed, as soon as circumstance would
permit.
!,The R. Ce clergy were given the
right to collect "tithes" from their
own people. In civil cases the French
law or custom of Paris was .bade the
law, while English law became the
law in criminal cases.
The reason for granting in an Eng-
lish province so many rights and priv-
ileges to the French should be clear-
ly understood. Down to the south of
New France or 'Canada lived the New
England colonists who had become
greatly disgruntled with the Mother-
land wh'o' continued to insist on cer-
tain taxes from the New Englanders
but at the same time refusing them
representation in the British House
of Commons. Consequently, in 1776,
the Colonists drew up a Declaration
of Independence, which culminated in
:heir cutting aloof from the Mother-
land and forming the "United' States
of America." It was simiply on ac-
count of fear that the French inhab-
itants in Cairada might unite with
the discontented New Englanders
which led the -B'riti'sh to grant Such
liberal concessions to the conquered
French people of Lower Canada.
The Constitutional Act, 1791.
As a result of rights granted un-
der the Quebec Act, there was .great
satisfaction among the seigneurs and
the clergy, also among government
supporters both in Canada and Eng -
:and. On the contrary, the opposi-
tion in England, the majority of Eng-
lish.sp_aking people in Newfiounld-
land, the Maritime Provinces, and in
Canada itself and nearly eoerypne in
she American Colonies were dead
against the Act. When the Ameri-
can Colonists saw Canada proper
made as unlike a "Fourteenth Col-
cr." as could be, they cursed the
King, the Pope, and French Caned-
ianc with as much violence as any
temporal or spiritual leaders had ev-
cr cursed -heretics and rebels. "The
infamous and tyrannical English nlin-
atry was accused of being contempt-
ibly subservientt the bloodthirsty,
idolatrous and critical creed of
the French Canadians." Was the
King of England to steal the 'valley
of the Mississippi, from the New
Englanders as the King of France
had done?
When the New Englanders decided
to throw off their yoke of allegiance
to Britain, they dispatched two ex-
peditions up into Canada, to capture
Montreal and Quebec. Montreal was
abandoned and the Canadians made a
stand before Quebec. The American
General, 'Vroiitgomery, was killed and
400 Americans were made prisoners.
Following the American Revolution-
ary War, as many as 40,000 loyal
Britishers left the U. S. A. for Can-
adian homes.
As these folk had been accustomed
to having a parliament with elected
representatives they soon clamored
for the same service in 'Canada.. Then
again, from 1763 till 1791, Canada
had been without a parliament which
had been promfis'ed by George III in
1763. Also great discontent had aris-
en both in the minds of British and
of French inhabitants in Canada re-
garding buying, 'selling and bolding
property, and in the method of hand-
ling criminal cases. In race, lan-
guage and religion, a wide gulf ex-
isted.
'William 'Pitt, the Elder (afterwards
Lord Chatham) bad been responsible
for the appointment of able men like
Clive and Wolfe. Now this Pitt's
son, the Younger Pitt, as Prime 'Min-
ister of England brought in a bill, to
give Canada representative institu-
tions (a parliament much as we now
have it). The Constitutional Act
was passed in 1791.
(a) The Ottawa River was the
boundary between the two Canadas
--Upper and Lower, the Upper large-
ly of Englistb-speaking folic and the
Lower largely of French 'Persuasion.
(b) Each Province was• to have a
governor, an .Execittire'e Council; a
Legislative Council and a Legislative
Assembly.
1(c). Though the Legislative As-
sembly was to be elected 'by popular
vote, the Governor and .4 two councils
were to be appointed by the Crown.
This left the people of 'Canada pow-
erless to get rid of a bad govern'-
m'ent.
(d) IProviaions was 'made for
founding a Canadian nobility and one-
s'evenrth of the crown lands was to be
set aside for the support of ,a "Pee-
testant clergy" in both provinces.
'Many other clauses were included
regarding taxation, civil and crimdn=
al law admmiiniebrati•on, etc, The Bill
did not become law without strong
opposition froth leading 2i-itis.h, men
in Lower Canada. Charles Fox, Pitt's
rival, dearly foresaw the result of
att'estaptiing to govern Canada by coun-
eii's ma'b res+pons•ibde to the people.
VI V
rr%
AF
4'4%4 Y
t
W'9L4ttN,9'4l�NwP ,,`'
I �
DEICE
u� 1s
f•
Zfi,:
t'.
ER 22, 1933.
FLOOR COVERINGS
Axminster and Wilton Rugs
Congoleum and Linoleum Rugs
Oilcloth and Feltol Rugs
In all sizes and latest patterns.
BUNIZEIDEMPIIIM
KITCHEN CABINETS
SETS OF KITCHEN TABLES
AND CHAIRS
Odd Chairs and Tables, Etc.
Also Furniture for the children.
musammom
LAMPS
Here's a real bargain in Floor
Lamps, Table "Lamps; Bed Lamps
and Novelty Lamps.
A large variety priced as low as
$2.50 up.
Good Christmas Gifts for your
Wife or Girl Friend.
ezionsimmume
OCCASIONAL CHAIRS
Upholstered in colors which
match any room $5.75 to $9.00
missmaiman
STUDIO COUCHES
Convertible three ways: As a
Double Bed, Twin Beds or Clas-
sic Couch.
ALSO DAY BEDS
from $10.50 to $12.50
A large stock of Bed Springs
and Mattresses.
AT Walker's
Furniture Store
Come early and make your selections
We Sell the
LANE CHESTS
The only Chest guaranteedmoth
proof and moth killer. Each
chest carries an insurance cov-
ering contents.
Nenewassmenom
For anyone wanting
A PIANO FOR CI3RISTMAS
We have Pianos ate' Very Low
Prices.
i
END TABLES, SMOKERS,
FERN STANDS, PICTURES,
CARD TABLES
At prices which will accommo-
date all purses.
mommmunisme
CHESTERFIELD SUITES
BEDROOM SUITES
and DINING ROOM SUITES
All priced below catalogue
quotations.
1111111iii1111111i1!+ 11
faseaesemail
ALKER'S FURNITURE STORE
ert
OPEN EVENINGS UNTIL CHRISTMAS
Strong objection was also taken to
the clauses relating to titles and
granting crown lands for the support
of a Protestant clergy.
The Act of Union, 1841.
The defects of the Constitutional
Act soon became apparent. Jealous-
ies in race, language and religion in
Lower Canada arose. In both prov-
inces, the Executive Council a n d
Legislative Council did not consider
themselves at all responsible to the
people and so often used their power
to advance the interests of themselves
(Family Compact) and their friends.
Judges often held seats in both coun-
cils so that law -making and law -in-
terpreting' did not work well. Since
most of the officials were of the
Established Church, they interpreted
the clause re "One-seventh of crown
lands (being sect aside for the support
of a Protestant" clergy" must surely
'mean the Established Church- of Eng-
land . Bishop 'Strachan used his in-
fluence to have 54 rectories in Can-;
ada endowed from t.ilPse' reserves.
Later the other church organizations,,
non -conformists, demanded equal
treatment, Lt was not till 1854 that
this 'burning question was settled by
selling these clergy reserves' and di-
viding the proceeds am'ongs the dif-
ferent municipalities for local im-
provements and education. When
petition after petition, forwarded to
the home government had gone un-
heeded, bitter rebellion 'broke out in
Upper and Lower 'Canada. Follow-
ing the rebellion, a deep scar on our
political page, in an effort to give
to Canada a larger degree of respons-
ible governmrentt, the Imperial Gov-
ernnventt passed the Act of Union in
1840 by this Act.
(a) Upper and Lower Canada
were to be united under one parlia-
mn'en't-a Legislative Council appoint-
ed by the crown for life; -and an as-
sembly elected by the people, and an
executive council, taken' from the
political party having a majority in
the Assembly. Eight years later
during the stormiy passing of" the
Rebellion Losses Bill in 1849 since it
passed both Houses, it was assented
to by Lord Elgin, who felt it his du-
ty to s'i'gn the bill which met with
the approval of a majority of the
members of 'Parliament. Thus Can-
ada gained responsible government 86
years after Canada had been form-
ally ceded to Britaiiv by the French.
The British North America Act, 1867.
The Act of Union in 1840 was a
legislative unitise both 'provinces hav-
ing one combined parliament. Since
then different factors have been at
work which are to c rllminate in a
federal union of at first four, and
later of all the Provinces of Canada
in'ahsded within that union.
The -Fenian Raids, bands, of irre-
spo'nsibles from American border cit-
ies hoping to make gain:, crossed at
several points into Canada but found
little support among 'Canadians. The
Reciprocity Treaty of 1864 had been
cancelled by Americans who appear-
ed no longer to 'benefit as much as
Canada 'did. Owing to unequal rel
presentation in parliament by Upper
and Lower 'Canada a keen agitation
of "Rep. by Pop." 'began- The real
factor, hastening -the eonsumm'mation
of Cohfedteration was the ;political
deadlock in prarliamnen0t. Several ad-
min'intrations fell in quick succession.
At last in 1867, the Lmlperial Parli'a-
meat passed the B.N.A. under which
Canada, as a Dominion, has been op-
erating tracer since.
Bach province retains its ow'n local
Assemibl•y whale site elects represent-
atives .free' her own province to one
House of Commits, Meeting at 'cit"
t'y
tawa. No matter what her popula-
tion, Quebec has a fixed number of
65 members in the 'Qanadian House
of Commons. On a per capita basis,
rests the number representing each
�f the ahem provinces,
The Provinces' have been accorded
control over education, appointment
of courts of justice, asylums, jails,
sale of intoxicating liquors, etc. The
Dominion was given control of the
militia, the P. 0., currency, penitent-
iaries, appointment of judges, import-
ant public (works, and control of all
crown lands not belonging to the
Provinces. The Provinces control di-
rect taxation while the Dominion eon-
trols indirect taxation, such as cus-
toms and excise duties. Since the
Provinces surrendered much when
entering Confederation, an annual
subsidy, based largely en population,
is paid (by the Dominion to each Prov-
ince, to enable them to carry on their
government.
Canada's Future
A person must be intrepid to ven-
ture to paint a picture of Canada
one or two generations from now.
When Sir Wilfrid Laurie'- said, "(Last
century -was United States of Amer-
ica's century; this century is Can -
elle s," we 'believe he predicted more
truly than he thought.
John Adam's Sm'i'th, in his "Wealth
Of Nations" points out;' "that is the
wealthiest country which possesses
the richest soil." One is compelled
to,, admit we have been blessed be-
yond miany lands when we reflect on
the many ways in which 'Canada, holds
a leadership ,which, to say the, least,
is quite unique:
(1) In national parks.
(2) In per capita trade.
(3) In deen-sea fisheries.
, • (4) In discovery of insulin.
(5) In wheat chamrpions'hips.
(6) In electrical development.
(7) In wheat and flour exports.
(8) In world's largest dry-docks.
(9) In railway mileage per capi-
ta.
(10) In second place in gold min-
ing.
(11) In 'world's largest 'buffalo
herds.
'(12) In organizing Junior Red
Cross.
(13) In prospects of radium de-
posits.
(14) In highest grade wheat sten-
dards.
tendards.
'(15) In biggest dam in thetwomld
���'-�(the covin).
N 1(16) In Emair is largest flour
mills.
'(17) In Empires life insurance
per capita.
(18) in world's largest pulp -wood
resources.
1(19) In per capita national wealth
($3,148.00).
(20) In Empire's las-gest forest
reserves.
1(21) In first telephone used at
Brantford, Ont., 1874.
(22) an first ,steam -propelled oc-
ean vessel, 1832.
(23) In first Y.JM.C.A. in Amer-
ica (Mon'treal ).
(24) In Empire's largest hotel
(Royal York, Toronto):
(26) In deepest undersea coal-
mines (3+utiles )
(26) In world's largest annual
National Exhibition (Toronto),
1(27) an first Women's institute
(Stoney Greek).
(28) an the largest inland sea-
port ((Montreal),
(29) In fur farming production
(5,600 for farm's).
((30) In Empire's largest tteleso pe
at Victoria, 'B, C.
rs�
4, r' k'
(31) 7n elevator capacity (400,000,-
000 'bushels).
'(32) an- the largest and highest
nickel and asbestos mines.
(33) an yearly newsprint produc-
tion (3,000,000 tons).
(34) In the world's largest single
canal lock, --'the Welland.
(36) IIn tworld.'s largest Hydro -
Electric generator (Arvida). -'(36) In highest commercial build-
ing' withirr the Empire (Bank of Com-
merce, Tdronto).
These facts should make the hearts
of all true -Canadians swell with pride
as we consider the (boundless resourc-
es which is our natural dower. Sev-
eral years ago, in raw gold produc-
tion Canada -forged ahead to second
place.anvong all._.na•tions of the earth.
Last • year $62,000,000 in gold was
mined in Canada. This year, at cur-
rent prices she will reach $100,000,-f
000. Since Canada's gold production
this year will 'be $10 per capita,
U.S.A. at the sanule rate would have
had to produce $1,300,000,000. ibex
production last year was actually be-
tween $40,000,000. and $50,000,000.
As the Rand in Africa, and the
Klon'dyke comained to lift the empire
out of the depression of the 90's, is
it too much to assume that Canada's
mines will, in this same respect, as-
sist in lifting us out of this long-
lasting depression of to -day. /
• Baron Rhonda, late food comptrol-
ler in the Great War, admitted that
Canada possessed one of the great-
est man -'making climates in the
world. With the Canadian song-
writer. we conclude: "Hip, Hip, Hur-
rah! For my native 'Canada; for the
land of the Shamrock, the Thistle,
and the Rase!
"But the land I love the best,
Is a, garden iiia the West;
Where the wildflo'wer blossom's,
And the sugar -maple grows,"
P. JI LAWRENCE.
FARM NOTES
Tuber's Thin Skin
Bearing in m'in'd that a potato is
at all times, a living organism. con-
ditions, Must be provided which will
prevent severe losses in, storage. In-
deed, conditions are widely prevalent
in Canada which cause in many cases
a high percentage of loes in stored
crops. Above all, it should be borne
in mind that the bender skin of a
freshly harvested tuber is easily
scratched or broken, that diggers or
implements may cause cuts or bruis-
es which prove disastrous when such
potatoes are placed in . unsuitable
storage. Rot and decay soon follow.
Moist tubers, especially when cut or
bruised), are the first to suecumlb.
Thereforevoid bruising and, if at all
possible, the placing of potatoes into
any kind . of storage until they are
perfectly dry.
Official Crop Report
The dry bean acreage this year is
placed at 52,800 acres, with an aver-
age of 14.9 'bushrele per acre, giving
an esttianated total production of 779,-
300
79;300 'birshels against a five-year aver-
age production of 1,027,004 bushels.
The bean crop was very spotty and
the340.1d exttremtel yverialble. The
price being received by the growers
is ooutlideralbly more than last year
and ,in spite of a mlueh smaller crop,
financial returns will be larger than
last year:
Sugar 'beets are yielding better
than 'Weather conditions early in tfhe
season indicated. .The acreage shOW14'
ul
some reduction from last year being
33,300 in 1932 and 31,900 this year.
Production in 1932 was estimated at
333,000 tons and in 1933 at 319,000
tons, with an acreage yield of 10 tons
per acre both years. The average
sugar content approximlates 17 per
cent. this year compared with 14.7
per cent. last year and' as a result
the yield of sugar will be greater
than in 1932, although the total ton-
nage of beets is less.
The persistent decline in prices of
agricultural products in Ontario,
which commenced in August. 1929,
and continued uninterrupted for over
three years has been checked and de-
finitely reversed this year. Some
gains have been outstanding, while
others have been moderate propor-
tions only. During the past twelve
months select hogs have increased
from $4.32 per cwt. to $6.45 per cwt.,
W:O.C., Toronto; good lambs from
$4.75 to '$6:00 per cwt.; wool from 5e
to 9c per lb.; whole milk (Toronto
dairies) from 55c to 90c per bushel,
and wheat from 45c to 05c per bushel.
•Hay Market Report
An official report on the hay mar-
keting situation shows that in East-
ern 'Ontario the crop was short
again this year, 'but there has been
little movement of market hay as
yet. Current prices to growers are
reported as follows: In the St. Law-
rence Counties, timothy, $12 to $14;
in the Ottawa Valley from $8 to $11
according to kind, and straw $4 to
$4.50 per ton. In Northern Ontario
dray prices range from $11.50 to $18
according to the location.
The, hay crop in Western Ontario
was heavier than last year and of
better quality. There is also a con-
siderable carry-over from the. pre-
vious year, particularly of tim'ot'hy
and grass mixtures. It is estimated
that about 50 per cent. of last year's
crop of market (bay in this part of
Ontario is still available, 'but it is
:being fed at a rapid rate owing to
the early winter. The movement to
principal consuming 'centres has been
draggy, but the general demand for
hay .is expected to improve as the
winter a-dvantces. Alfalfa bay has
been in fair demand all fall for the
Manufacture of alfalfa meal for
which there has been an excellent ex-
port demand. As a result, the supply
of second cut alfalfa hay fol grind-
ing is rapidly diminishing. C !urrernt
price's !being paid growers are; No.
2 timvothi*, $5.54 to $6 per ton; ,nixed
hay, $4'50 to $5.25; alfalfa, second
cut, $9 to $10; alfalfa, first cut, $'7 to
$8; oat straw, $3 to $3.'50; wheat
straw, $3.25 to $3.75.
Sheep Winter Fattening
Oats are ,peculiarly suited to sheep
feeding. This ,grade is nourishing
and safe to feed. Two parts oaks,
one part peas and one part bran is
a good ration for sheep of any class.
Corn substituted for the peas answers
well. .Towards the end of the finish-
ing period, the heavy part of the ra-
tion may 'he increased to fully three-
quarters by weighb. Oil cake is high-
ly valued by many sheep feeders. It
m'ay'be substituted for the brain when
the proportion of heavy grain should
accordingly be diminished. From
half a pound to one and a half 0pc nds
of grain per bead per day awarding
to the ends to be attained, const'i-
tute's a fattening ration, when the
coarse fodder used is of good quality
and fed liberally.
4