The Huron Expositor, 1933-07-07, Page 6ns'
MON
FROM PRISONERS
(Condensed tfronn "tForcel. Mbar int1 a United +Slbatfes: ° by Walter Wilson in Reader's Digest)
itie June" , 1932, Arthur Maillefert,
a yeung New Jersey boy at the San-.
1bea n Prison Camp in 'Florida, was'
stripped naked and encased in a 45 -
Telenet barrel with only his head and
legs .protruding. Leather straps and
heavy cleats of wood loeleed him in
His :portable prison. Driven to des-
peration by the stings of myriad mos-
quitoes from neighboring swamps, he
gnawed his way out of the barrel and
escaped. Bloodhounds soon picked op
his trail and he was recaptured,
brought° back and beaten unmerci-
fully with a rubber hose in the hands
of a 200 -pound guard. Finally de-
sisting from sheer exhaustion, the
guard entotmlbed the youth in a `sweat
box,' fastening a heavy ehain about
Ibis neck. The `sweat box.' one of
the worst of all prison tortures, is a
coffin -like cell just large enough to
euepend a man upright. It is made
Of wood or tin, and a dollar sized
hole lets in the cnly atr. Under the
scorching tropic sun it becomes an
inferno. In the m'ornring they took
that 19-year-old••boy's dead body from
its ingenious gallows. The hideous'
torture had been more than . hunian
flesh could endure.
•WThfe such inhuman murders, con-
stantly occurring .. on the Southern
chain gangs, have made this system
notoriously .ther most brutal type of
forced labor in the United States, few
people realize that throughout the
country, several hundred thousand
prisoners (not to mention boys and
:girls in reformatories) are likewise
being cruelly exploited for profit—for
the profit of private business men, of
the state, and indirectly of politic-
ians. •
Thi
commodities these prisoners
make are being sold in the general
market. broth at home and abroad,
furnishing cut-throat competition
with "free" labor in a time of ece-
nomic .crisis when 16,000,009 `free"
workers are jobless. The conditions
under which the goods are produced
are horrible: we find women hung up
'on pegs like hams of meat; men con-
fined in the stocks, in dungeon:, in
disease -infested holes on 'bread and
water; men whipped, e&.ot Or kicked
to death. These tortures are admin-
'-istered for not doing enough work.
Many of • the prisoners'thus victimi.-
ed and murdered are guilty of
"crinnlets" of ' hunger and uneitnploy-
ment; others are victims of the third
degree] and the frame-up; still others
are imprisotred for labor -activities.
Many children are doing bong sent-
ences at hard lobar in state institu-
tions. Julian Leavitt, a well known
student of the prison labor problem,
some years ago reported that in the
Greendale House of Reform in Ken-
tucky, '200 children under 15 were
leased out at`3 cents an hour to the
Kentucky Furniture 'Co. A Tennes-
see legislative investigating commit-
tee in 1931 found that children from
boys' and girls' reformatories were
contracted out to private establish-
ments. Salatit' & Salan't Mfg. Co.,
shirt makers of New York, *ere
using most of the prisoners in the
State Agricultural and Training
School for Boys at Nashville.
Cotton raised on the Kilby prison
farym, Alabama, is ginned, woven and
made into shirts by' prisoners for the
Reliance Mfg. Co, of Chicago. The
NNationat Federation of Women's
Clubs estimated in 1926 that 41 per
cent. of all work shirts and 35 per
cent. of all work pants were convict
made. A single prison contracting
firm in 1923 produced in its se'oente•en
prisun factories about 16.000,000
shirts. According to one of the fore;
most authorities on the subject, A. F.
t Allison. of the International Associa-
tion of Garrn•ent Manufacturers, pris-
on competition in 'the work clothing
line has ,grown steadily since 1923.-
Commodities prodthced in' federal
and state institutions in 1930 -had an
estimated ,market value of '$100,000,-
000. But there are also city and coun-
ty jails. According to Dr. Hastings
• H. Hart. prison authority. 1,600,000
prisoners were committed to these
institutions from January to June.
1030. Jobs done by such prisoners
• include not only .road and", bridge
I wort; . but 'ranu€r:cturin•g, • especially
of furniture and clothing. In Massa-
chusetts, for instance, eight of the
local jails and houses of :correction
work their convicts in chair, shoe and
shirt making. Although there has
never been any estimate of the total
value of work done and goods pro-
duced by inmates of these city and
county institutions, it must amount
to tens of millions of dollars.
liMiany ingenious devices have been
.developed for getting rid of this en-
ormous volume of prison made
goods. It is a matter of record that
prisons have supplied large mail-or-
der houses, ehain stores and depart -
Ment stores with great volumes of
prisonrmade shoes, stoves:, brooirnis,
furniture, house dresses, overalls and
aprons which have been sold under
false labels. In 1927, the Federal
Trade 'Commission was• forced to in-
vestigate 'practices of,this sort. One
case reported was tht of the Com-
monwealth Mfg. Co of Chicago. This
company's only facilities for "manu-
facturing" were a 15 ? 20 foot of-
fice and a single desk: Yet itad-
vertised far and wide the prison -
made shoes, clothing and binder
twine that it claimed to have manu-
factured.
'The most cunning of all tricks,
however. is that of using patriotic
labels, such as "George Washington
Stove" and "Liberty Stove," both of
which are 'made in the Nashville peni-
tentiary. Similarly, convict -made
brands of work clothes are called the
Uncle Sam," the "American Eagle,"
the "Big Yank," the "Army," etc.
j Convict made goods are produced
Funder several different systems, Un-
der the "contract" systems, a private
frrrrr contracts for the use of a cer-
tain number of. convicts. The con-
tractor then sets up machinery in
the prison, provides raw ,material and
' setts his slaves to manufacturing
,son -e commn!odity. Julian Leavitt
:some years ago described a contract
in the New Haven County Jail: "For
the sum of 8 cents a day the New
England Chair Co. has been getting
the labor of an able-bodied man to-
, gether with food, clothing and shel-
1 ter .for the man; together with a fac-
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.14
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iiTer'ttrbi
tory building in which the man migiht
work, t ,meter with heat, light and
power and armed guards to see that
the man works.' In 1923, prisons in
19 states need some form of contract,
and goods valued at $30,000,004 were
produced: and sold. There hark been
little change in! the use of this sys-
tem since 'then.
'The "lease" system has perphaps
the mriost 'sordid record of ell. Un -
ter it a co;!yir'i'ct is hired out entirely
in the ctuetody of the contractor, who
has comlplette- authority to guard,
feed, discipline and exploit him as he
sees fith Conditions under this sys-
tenll 'have been more horrible' than
under any other penal system in the
'mlodern world. In spite of the fact
that the lease is illegal in seiveral
!states' it is still used to some extent
and is legal for certain types of con-
victs in North Carolina, South Caro-
lina, Arkansas, Louisiana., Florida,
and Kentucky. Florida legislated a-
gainst the lease system!—dor almost
all of its prisoners—in 1923, follow-
ing the whipping to death of a young,
boy on a chain gang. • Alabama
abolished the lease in 1928, following
the death of a convict who was de-
liberately scalded to death in a lawn
dry vat --because he could not per-
form the amount of work required!
From 75 per cent. to 90 per cent.
of all prison punishments are given
for not ,dicing enough work. Under
the notoriotiis task system each' pris-
oner must do a fixedamount of work,
usiially determined by skilled pace
setters—regardless of prior experi-
ence at the work or physical fitness,
The warden of Nashville prison ad-
mitted to the investigating commit-
tee in 1931 that he frequently order-
ed 'nae, given as high as 30 to 40
blows with a heavy strap "for not
pulling task. After an extensive
ivrison-ln9bor survey in 1926, Kat(.]
Richard's O'Hare reported: "If the
wonien convicts failed to crake task,
and ell of them did fail more or less,
they' were punished with fiendish
cruelty beaten, starved, strung up
by the wrists with handcuffs." A part
of the Tennessee investigating com-
mittee's report in 1931 declared: "In
the Nashville . penitentiary women
are required to work in a hosiery mill.
and certain tasks are assigned to
them. We found women handcuffed
and hung up on pugs. The inmates
state that this was done for failure
to perform task." '
At the Wichita. Kansas, Prison.
Camp, failure to performforced la-
bor because of sickness, weakness or
ary other cause is punished by bread
and water rations and a 50 per cent.
reduction of the credit 'given for
working out fines. One prisoner who
had been kept on bread and water for
35 days eves recent),,- taken into th'e
potato field to work. Too weak to
hoe; he started for the shade. A guard
attacked .him with a blackjack and
scalped a long piece of skin from, his
head: And it is not only adult pris-
oners who are subject to such abus-
es. Governor Charles . W. Tobey of
New Hampshire in .July, 1930, charg-
ed that young girls working in the
State Industrial School at MancheS-
ter were given.'the "whipping cure"
of over 100 lashes apiece.• on their
naked 'bodies.' Some of the girls were
also confined in hoes covered • with
.chicken Wire. • .
One would surppose that, if the idea
r.•f r•ehalelitution entered at all into
the country's prison program. pris-
cr'er.: would •get some reward. pos-
ii^.ly wages, for their hard work. But
10 states pad• nothing at all; a f,w•
give a small hones for doing more
than the allotted 'task. In other
»tater a small wage is paid, which in
65 per cent. of the, cases is below 25
mite a day and is frequently less
than 5 colt= a day. In her study,
e
CT's 11e in
'Welfare o,r
Prison Fant,
Kentucky. Ruth,..$, ••Blopdga6d showed
that the most the family of a pris-
oner might expect to receive from a
prisoner regularly em ploeed during
the entire year was $2:340. and out
of 82 'familk studied, only seven re-
ceived that much. On this point the
\t"ickersha'r Commission rents ted:
• Existing wage payments
have hen made still more nettligihl?-
'by a, system of fini•n.g prisoners for
violation of prison rules. These are
cases on recnrd in the State of New
York in which prisoners who earned
].r.�c a day were fined. 35 ati a time.
,But prisoners receive other "re-
wards." For doing their work well,
the most efiicient workmen are de-
nied their paroles when due! The
speedy workers are valuable both as
producers and pace setters, and the
Contractors see to it that the parole
anlrlicatioms of these men are reject-
ed, even when the prisoner is tligible
for parole.
Thus, as Howard B. Gill, superin-
ten•d•ent of the State Prison. Colony
in Norfolk,, 'Massachusetts, recently
adrr,'itted: ''During 150 years prison
administrators in America have beep
more concerned with developing a
profita'hle system than in directing it
toward the refornvation of the indi-
vidual." The "vocational" training
given prisoners is often worthless.
Garment 'making, for instance, is the
largest prison industry. Tine types
of garments made in prison are prac-
tically all made on the outsi•die by wo-
nven. So a' man many make shirts in
prison for 20 years and yet not learn
a thing that will help him. earn a
living when' he gets out.
But if one of the most important
factors determining penal methods
all over the United States is the de-
sirre to onn.ake profit out of convicts,
this profit motive reaches its most
horrible climax . in the Soethern
chain gang—a super -exploitation on
labor from which states and private
contractors profit richly. The state
of Georgia alone_ made a profit of
$3,270,000 on the operation of chain
gange in four 'years.
'Hli:sttorically speaking the chain
gang has been larrge'lyan intistrument
with which to terrorize- and exploit
Negroes. During the past few years,
however, 'the number of white .pris-
onersi on, chaing angs has grown con-
sirterably. This miay be attributed'
largely to the economic crisis, re-
sulting in impoverishment of white
as well as Negro "workers. and fano-
erg, and an increase in petty prop-
erty lame violations. Men toil on•
tlhese gange from 10 to 16 hours a
d'ay, according to season, crushing
.reek, digging ditches, building levees',
'and roads. 'Brntial guards' with whips
and guns watch to see that the .con-
triots work continuously.
'(s'ou'sing condMOM are the worst
imaginable, One forte.' of house is t1
cage -like call, mounted on wheels so
'that it can the Moved as the candp
follows the jobs. It is about 13 feet
long, 8 feet high and. I feet wide,
and looks more like a cage for fero-
cious animals than anything else in
the world. •Into this. "home" about
20 men dhiring the hot swnnmer nights
are packed like sardines. 'A long
chain is run thraugih the short chai'n's
riveted around the prisoners' legs.
Thus every man is fastened to every
other .ratan, and can't get out even to
go to the toilet --a m!ole in the floor
of the cage—witllo'ut waking all the
men on the chain. In 'several cases
of fire, men have been. burned' to
death ,before they could the unlocked
from, the long chain!
Food for the 'chain gang victims
is usually worse than in other types
of prisoners. At best it consists of
corn bread, grease gravy, beans,
black coffee for one meal, occasional-
ly salt pork. One Alabama eoun'ty
recently •boasted that it was cheaper
t6 feed its convicts than its mules—
it costs 55c a day for a mule and
only 14t/ac for ,a convict!
The men •in charge of the gangs
are brutal and ignorant. Often white
convicts are made .trusties and used
to guard other convicts, especially
Negroes. Newcomers are encourag-
ed to •escape by trusties who hope to
get a reward or a pardon for re-
capturing or shooting them. I:t Mis-
sissippi trusty guards shot so 'many
prisoners "trying to escape" :that the
rewards had to be stopped.
The most notorious trusty guard
was Cecil Houston, ,an Alabama cone
•vict serving 'a life term for murder.
An investigation in that state in 1926
revealed that this killer. together
with others'li'ke him, was used to en-
force the •speed up by the state and
by private coal companies which had
leased the prisoners. It was proved
that Houston killed 'several fellow
prisoners and had 'brL'loen both arms
of at least seven others. Houston
was given a special bonus for all coal
;produced, amnd.by driving the ,ten he
was able to support his family in
:Style on the outside. - •
,Recently a :committee of women in-
vestigating an Alnaberna prison camp
compelled. guards to break open a
sweat ben. A man was suspended
i, it by the wrists. He riles uncon-
scious. Lime had been placed' in the
bottom of 'the box and' had eaten into
his feet, 'whish were swollen to twice
''their natural size. 'When released,
he pitched for•warti on his face. An
unemployed war veteran 'was whip-
ped to death on a Tennessee gang in
10:l.2. The cause of his .death was re-
ported as "a blocked artery," but the
und.rtaker discovered evidence of a
terrible flogging. In the same year
another wan veteran,' James C. Kir-
by, was severely beaten with a heavy
leather whip on an 'Alabama 'prison:
gang. His crime was failure to 'work
hard enough because of having been
gassed in the war. He had been fined
i25 for trespassing, but when court
costs were' added he owed the coun-
try a total of $85! To pay the fine
'and costs he had to serve 101 clays
at hard labor. After an investiga-
tion. Governor B. A. Miller declared
that "neither the law nor prison reg-
e1a,tibns had been violated in whip-
ping Kirby" for not working hard
enough. '
On the big prison fatans, punish-
ments for failure to "do task" close-
ly resemble those .of the chain gang.
in May, 1931. 'Mrs. W. A. Montgome
ry. head of Mississippi's prison trus-
tee board, reported .that an , entire
tang of convicts, picking cotton. were
:ash•ed because they complained to
visiting trustees that they were not
gctting water enough while working,
ah: reported also that a new prison -
:s a bookkeeper in civil life, and,
•
1�itr
front a chronic, 'linens, waa
:seed to pick cotton until he died in
'he field with a cotton sack about his
neck. The reported cause of his
death was that common chain. gang
iline.ss, "blocked artery."
In 1920, \Wel' Zeigler, a' white
redhead ' worker, was -whipped and
•t1!esea to dcat'1 h;, a inounted
guard on the prison farm near Ilrius-
ten• Texas. The ,writer saw £43.iglcr',
hotly in the morgue. His back was
criss-crossed with long,, deep, bloody
tees. On his neck were many tiny
holes made- by the rowel of the
eseard's spurs. 111 and unused to
farm work, Zeigler had failed to keep
up while hoeing cotton under the 'T'.et
Texas sun.
The Handbook of American Pris-
nn; ami Reformatories for 1929 stat-
ed of Misaissippi: "The prison farms
appear to be operated almost
exclusively for . financial, profits"
Put there ,is another group, • aside
from states and business men, which
;profits from convict labor. Sheriffs,
judges, clerks and others sere as em-
ployment agents to keep the gangs
well stocked with workers. • 1lnder
the fee system, officials are paid a
ccaemission on the number of convic-
t•Tors they secure. 'Several sheriffs; in
Mississippi in 1930 earned over $20,-
000 each. The average for 82 coun-
ties was only slightly less than $6,-
04)0. The same individuals in -civil
life would probably earn $100 a
month if they • were so fortunate' as
to find a job.
'For too long, now, huge profits
have been made out of convict fore.;
ed labor. 'Convicts should work, yes;
but for their own ,salvation primarily
and not to make money for anyone
else. The rate 'must cease exploiting
its prison Narrates for profit and it
must cease conniving with private
business men to exploit thein, The
present .profit-making attitude is re-
sponsible for the failure of the mnany
campaigns in the past to end chain -
gang conditions. 'Stitch campaigns,
no matter what the motive, will con-
tinue to fail until prison profit is
abolished.
GOLDEN DAYS
FOR ' GOLD
(Condensed from Fortune in Reader's
Digest.)
In the spring a ICanadiian's faitey
lightly turns to thoughts of gold.
Since meet of Canada's known gold
is up in Northern Ontario, it is only
in the summer months that .prospect-
ing lean he carried on and new mines
op!etred up. This year a miraculous
possibility lo`omns ahead. All good gold
tmliners in North Ainterica have long
prayed every night for just one
thing: that the "Congress of the
United States will some day decree
that 12 grains of gold shall consti-
tute one dollar. 'Since this is one-
half 'of the present gold , content of
the dollar, such a law immediately
doubles the income of every gold°
mane in Canada. It' is true that with
devialuatipn commodity prices and
wages (and with them mining costs)
also rise. But the rise in gold is in-
stantaneous, the rise in commodities
gradual, and 'the mining companies
make a pretty penny out of the eco-
nomic 'la'g.
As all 'Canadians and few Ameri-
cans know, Canada passed the U. S.
in gold :production -three years ago,
and is now second only to South Af-
rica as a gold -producing nation. Of
the $63,000,000 worth of gold pro-
duced by 'Canada in 1932,- $157,000,000
came from one ,provinoe:. Ontario.
And all of this with the exception of
some $2,000,000 came from, two great
gold -ruining districts set like 'Inch
jewels in the barren' Wilderness. For
two decades "Kii'klrand Lake" and
Porcupine" have been names glam-
orolis with gold. What with the tap-
ping of rich new veins, they are more
glamorous to -day than ever.
The subject of gold 'must be slplit
into two parts: mining and prospect-
ing. The focal, points of Canadian
gold mining—which is as much an in-
dustry as coal mining—are the great
catnaps at Porcupine and. Kirkland
Lake. To get t3 this industrialized
geld region you can take a train
that leavers Toronto at 9.30 every ev-
ening and arrives in Timinmins, metro-
polis of the Porcupine district, at
5.30 the next afternoon. Or you can
fly there in a 425 miles beeline from
Toronto in less than four hours. You
fly over no mountains and' few •riv..
ers. Ontario is a great table, so flat
that water is without ambition and
lies where it falls, in thousands of
lakes.• As you fly over your first
gold mine, you will see a group of
stark, galvanized iron buildings, with
shacks h,ddclled around a structure
which looks like a, distorted grain el-
evator.
'Ontario's geld is found in veins of
white quartz which dip deeply .into
the ground. No one knows how far
down some of them- go—several have
been followed a mile straight 'down.
A4, "vein" is a flat plane rather than
a tube. Tilt a layer cake on an angle
and cut it in half and you will have
a rough diagram of a gold mine. The
filling, is a vein embedded in the bar-
ren waste of dough. The bright
white quartz stands out sharply a-
gainst the darker rock. You may
or enav not see gold in it. If you do,
it will usually be .In tiny, pinhead
!lakes which have a dull, rich, greasy
glitter, and which an experienced eye
can easily- tell from yellow iron pyrite
crystals (fool's gold).
Once a vein •has been discovered
and its richness, dip, and direction
established, deep gold mining is a
Simple engineering problem. The big
Ontario mines usually have their'
work blocked out three' to five years
in advance and' can therefore make
investments in heavy machinery. If
the vein .is lost and the engineers
cannot find it again - and several
thousand feet underground it is a
1;1ind hunt—the mine is done for. But
ninny of the big mines are getting
stronger than ever after decades of
production. Of course, every gold
mine cones to an end sooner er lat-
er: For the farther down you go,
the hotter it gets, the more artificial
ventilation ,is needed, the more dan-
gerous becomes the pressure of rock
anti, as a result of all these, the more
it cpsts to get the ore to the surface.
'But h'afore gold can be mined it
must be found, and prospecting is
still just as insanely erratic a specu-
lation as it was in the days when
bearded sourdoughs blackened the
stream bed's of the Yukon. Ontario's
active Department of Mines makes•
every effort to increase the number
of prospectors; it recently estimated
that 2,000 prospectors, were actively
at work in Ontario alone, and last
year 5,000 gold claims were staked
out in the province. The ideal Tres -
;sector, according to the Department,
is (1) an expert woodsman, (2) a
competent 'geologist, and (3) a con-
firmed optimist. Certain mining com-
panies send out prospectors year af-
ter year, 'but they do not always find
gold. One company hes spent $500,-
000 on prospecting to date, and has
found nothing.
During .•the winter the prospector
makes his arrangements for the sum-
mer. The standard deal is 'for. h'is
backer to .pay him $150 to $2150 a
month for the seven summer month's,
supply his. grubstake, and transport
him to the starting point of his trek.
He also gets a 10 per cent. to 25 per
cent, interest in any claim: he stakes.
He pays '$5 for a license from the
province and a set of tin pegs with
his license number on them.
The prospector may set out from
the railhead with a light canoe slung
on his back or he maty., be dropped
on a wilderness lake by an airplane
which hes a date to pick him up a-
gain in the fall. Each prospector
may stake three claims for himself
end six more by Proxy. He is allow-
ed 40 'acres to a claim, aiWI after
staking it with his tin pegs, he Must
trek all the way back to the nearest
mining recorder and, not mlorte than
20 days after staking, record his
deism Within three months he must
do 30 days' work on the claim. Af-
ter 40 days' work a year for five
years,, ora, total of 200 days in the
period, the claim is e'li'gible for pat-.
ent at $3 'an "aere. -
•A m'illin'g camp comms into being
somewhat in this manner. The pra'e-
peetor comes back to record This
claim.
His backers send hint out s. -
gain with ten ,or twenty men and
She Was Never. So
Grateful In Her Life
St. John,N. 13.—"It's lV t s almost umber
lieu ole—• -I can't myself realise It—
but Sargon ended my stOz naeh trou-
ble that, had been pulling me 'down
for eight years," recently declared
Mrs. May Kelley, 94' Protection
:street. "Why, I lived almost entirely
on milli and crackers for a long
time, but now I can eat anything I
want without a sign of trouble. Trrve
also been entirely, freed of oonstitpa.
tion by Sargon P111s. They didn't
have thud!gest rg piing etfget "
C, ASIDIi,H1A RM
d' ,. !� �., i •k.?A 5 r>� :.'a: �. 'hy. ',t#�t. a'�IU,d„t
r
1,7
HOTEL WIVE'RLET
TORONTO
A QUIET MODERN HOTEL
OO EIMPEVERYTHING
TANG .
ATTRACTIVE ROOMS AND
SUITES—GOOD FOOD.
UNEVICE ,
XCELLED
FOR
FOLDER.
GARAGE ONLY
ONE MINUTE
WALK
LATS OF NRB
FKING
SPACEE.
RATES
01.50
UP
some dynamite to blast out some of
the veins. If these results are good,
diamond -drill equipment is sent out
and test holes are drilled. All these
steps are maneuvered 1Sy airplane. If
the test drillings are encouraging, a
permanent camp is set tsp. The heavy
equipment—hoisting and milling maa-
c'hinery—is loaded on barges, towed
up lakes, and hauled by rope across
portages. Mteanwhile, a road is be-
ing built. Newts of the original strike.
has caused other claims to 'be staked
around it, and soon a 'boom town -has
materialized. Shopkeepers, prosti-
tutes and liquor all come in by plane.
But although the new camp is in the
Forty-niner tradition it is much more•
orderly. The •policing is done, and
well, by Staff Sergeant Turnbull, who
stands six feet four and Who' is the
or* policeman in the whole region.
He covers his beat, which is hundreds
of 'miles 'square, in the planes oper-
ated by General Airways, Ltd., of
Toronto.
!It.would 'be only a slight exagger-
ation to• say that the current gold
rush in Northern 'Ontario would be-
ierpossible without General Airways,
which is just about the Most reck-
less and the safest airway company
in the world. Last winter it lost just
three flying days, which means that
its pilots, as they gr•in'ningly admit,
flew many a day with . zero ceiling_
But in its more than five years of
flying existence General Airways has
never.•lost a plane or caused an in-
jury to any, ;passenger or 'pilot. The
'company was foundjrd by A. Roy
Brower, one of Canada's premier aces
and 'Tie' Man Who Wes. `credite-d -With-
:shooting
t ith .:shooting down Richthofen. The North
Country is ideal airplane country,
dotted 'with innumerable lakes which
make landing fields , unnecessary.
Planes land on pontoons in the sum-
mer, skis in the winter. The country
is devoid of prominent landmarks
and so widely mineralized that . com-
passes do not work. It drives for-
eign pilots out of their minds, but
the General Airways skipper finds his
way around by following high ten-
sion lines, the railroad, the -shape of
the. lakes.
A century hence General Airways'
chief pilot may well be a legendary
figure in the North Country. He
figures in all the contemporary lore
of the region. dire is an -easy-going,
carnal, inarticulate youth,. in his mid-
dle twenties. His name is Wilson
Clarke, but even the Indians know
him as Clarkie. • He knows eoery hu-
ri;an'-•'being in the North Country,
spends his nights drinking with them
and his days • flying them. From his
casual conversation one learns of his
adventures: searching for a missing
prospector, landing on a twe-by-four
lake to get him, 'massing the tree tops
by inches in taking off again. In one
1-0ai] Clarkie carried twa Indians dy-
ing
and Sergeant
m of tuberculosis ae
bg
Turnbull with two New York trollops
he had arrested for being drunk and.
disorderly. Many of . Clarkie's flights
are mercy calls, with no prospect of
reward this side of heaven. His only
regulation: winter passengers must
be clreseed, warmly enough to be able
to Walk- home without freezing.. But
no one has had to walk as yet.
Wide Cost Range Shown in Cheese
Manufacture.
According to Dr. J. F. ' Booth of
Ottawa, the cost of making cheese
in 115 Ontario factories ranges fron
$1.85 per hundred ,pouncls }where the
production amounts to 393.000 grounds
to 'as 'high as $3.21 per hundred
pounds where only 47,000 pounds are
produced.
Cull Deity Cows in Denmark Go to
Happy Hunting Ground.
The slaughtering and 'burning. of
cull dairy cows is proceeding rapidly
in Denmark. This has been 'cited as
one practical method of reducing ov-
er-pre:deletion and lowering produc-
tion costs of milk. Also, it has been
indicated, far too marry Canadian
dairy cones; having outlived their milk
predating usefulness, are chipped 'to
market, instead of being consigned
to the soil from whence they came.
Half of Canada's Berry Crop is Sup-
plied By This Province.
:Canada's eomlm'ercial production of
strawberries for 1932 aniounted to
approximately 20,609,000 quarto On-
tario's contri'bu'tion to this total was
estimated at 10,184,000 quarts, or
close•'to 'fifty per cent. •
The commercial production of
raspberries, for the same year, was
established at '7,250,000 quarts. On-'
tario again supply about half this to-
tal or approxim'a'tely .3,317,000:
FLY PADS
\WILL KILL MOPE FLIES THAN
�SEVERAL DOLLARS' WORTH
OFANY OTHER FYKII ER/
1 OC
WHY Best of all fly killers.
Clean, quick, care,
PAY •�cheap. Ask your Drng-
•gtoreGroeer or General
MORE CALT,YTOuM ONON
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