The Huron Expositor, 1931-02-27, Page 611
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•
4ew tele5e9Pe will endow mail with
such great powers le seeing that the
light of sa candle 41,000 miles away
will be visible.
Astronomers have reached the lim-
it of the 1004ne1i instrument, lust
when things were becoming meet in-
teresting. 'Such riddles as the pos-
sible existence of intelligent life else-
where than on earth, the exact ex-
tent of the cosmos, the nature of the
mysterious spiral nebulae, the source
of the energy that runs the universe,
and the possible creation of matter
have been raised by the smaller in-
strument. Now it remains for the
larger telescope to puzzle them out.
Undoubtedly, it will usher in a new
era for other fields of science as well
as for astronomy.
The first and most difficult pro-
blem facing the experimenters was
the question of obtaining a suitable
mirror disk. Images of stars and
other celestial objects are produced in
reflecting telescopes, not with the cus-
tomary transparent lens of the more
familiar refracting telescope, or field
glass but with a concave mirror,
which lies at the bottom of the tele-
scope tube and converges back to a
focus, that parallel rays of starlight
that fall on its polished upper face.
This face, which must be highly re-
flecting, is ground and figured to a
paraboloidal form, the curvature re-
quired to concentrate parallel rays
of light to a point.
Previous methods for making tele-
seopes were abandoned as inadequate
Ifor the purposes of the 200 -inch mir-
, ter. Glass could not be used because
it is susceptible to changes of temp-
erature. Fused silica and quartz seems
to be the most promising means of
overcoming this difficulty. Fused
quartz has never been used in build-
ing a telescope, but most of the dif-
ficeniss involved in the use of the
inedium have been solved at West
Lynn.
The fundamental problem is to
construct a rigid concave mirror near-
ly eventeen feet in dianetee and
many tons in weight, whose surface is
parabolically curved with an error of
less than two -millionths of an inch.
The process consists of fusing a mass
of nearly pure silica sand in a cir-
cular electric furnace, which consti-
tutes the mould, under terrific heat
The disc thus obtained, which con-
tains innumerable small bubbles, is
ground to the approximate curvature,
of the mirror desired and then coat-
ed to a sufficient thickness with trans -
parents quartz, free from bubbles. 071
the water -clear, transparent face the
final grinding, polishing and figuring
will be done. Finally a thin coating
of pure silver will be chemically de-
posited on the finished surface.
After the completion of the mirron
a design for the mounting of the tele-
scope must be determined upon and
a site on some suitable mountain top
for the new instrument must be found,
The greatest possible lightgathering
power must be considered, and the ef-
ficiency to aid in the discovery and
investigation of nebulae and faint
stars, the analysis of their light by
the spectroscope and the extension of
the limits of space beyond those which
can be attained with existing tele-
scopes. A telescope to meet these re-
quirements would have a total weight
of more than 540 tons, with a length
of approximately sixty feet.
Scientists hold that the new tele-
scope will open many new fields of
investigation and will reveal gigantic
new worlds. We shall learn to know
hundreds of millions of new stars.
Stars of about one-tenth the light of
the faintest we can at present see up-
on our photographic plates should ap-
pear on negatives taken with the new
instrument. We shall have a greater
knowledge of the structure and extent
of our stellar system.
No Magellan of the skies has cir-
cumnavigated the cosmos. We are
to -day in the same position from an
21
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200 -INCH EYE TO PROBE THE
INFINITE
From a mere hope, modern science's
great dream for a new conquest of
the unknown—the gigantic 200 -inch
telescope—has been transformed with-
in recent months into a magnificent
venture, which now promises to be-
come a reality and a success.
The project has passed through its
darkest stage. At the Thomson Re-
search Laboratories of the General
Electric Company at West Lynn,
Mass., Dr. Elihu Thomson and A. L.
Ellis, assisted by corps of technic-
ians and the advice and co-operation
of prominent men of science the world
OVCT, have at last succeeded in laying
down the foundation upon which ac-
tual construction of the mirror must
rest. At a heavy expense of time,
, energy and money, they have gradu-
ally conquered apparently insurmount-
'Jble difficulties, any one of which
threatened to bring the project to an
end before it had fairly been started.
New processes had to be created
for the construction of the giant tele-
scope which will dwarf all others now
in existence.
"When we first began to work on
the idea of a 200 -inch telescope,'- ex-,
plained Mr. Ellis, "the project was
frankly just a fine dream, with ap-
parently little chance of realization.
Engineering and optical difficulties
confronted us like a stone wall. With
new methods which we have develop-
ed after several years of experiment-
ing, of many trials and errors, we
hope to be able to build the 200 -inch
mirror. On the basis of the work so
far completed we feel that, if no un-
expected difficulties of a se -Sous na-
ture arise, we shall succeed."
Imagine the hiiman eye 1,000,000
times as powerful as it is! Instead
of seeing unaided, as it now .,does
only 6,000 of the countless billions of
luminaries in the heavens, it could
then, like our largest existing tele-
scope, penetrate into new worlds in
space and reveal a million continents
of star systems. To do that, howev-
er, it would have to be nine feet in
diameter—a condition hardly realiz-
able.
Nature has endowed the pupil of
the human eye with a diameter of
about one-fifth of an inch. But man's
intelligence which has already con-
quered so many of Nature's limita-
tions, is now working to give the hu-
man eye the power it would have if
it were eighteen feet in diameter. The
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astreneenteal viewpoint as sixteenth.
century Eniespeans who liner not how
far the 'wean extended er where it
ended. Will the new telescope a
mere Jules Verne conception only a
few years ego—provide the mearis for
astronomers to remeasure our cos -
mop?
Dr. Harlew Shapley, director of the
Harvard Olbservatory, recently said
that the outpost of the known cos-
mos to -day may be regarded as a
faint spiral nebulae—locatedon the
Harvard photographic plates—whose
distance from the earth is calculated
at being about 170,000;000 light years
away. The light with which this dist-
ant "island universe' was studied
started on its journey to the earth
long 'before any human beings were
here. According to his vast concep-
tion of stellar creation, if our Milky
Way with all its innumerable lumin-
aries were suddenly blotted out of ex-
istence, it would be nearly 200,000,000
years before the denizens in a world
in this far-flung nebulae would notice
the change; and then only by the
sudden flickering out of a faintly
luminous spot through a telescope.'
Yet Dr. Shapley explained, the 20b -
inch telescope will probably penetrate
several times as far into the deep
gloom of space as we are now able
to do. It is possible that new worlds
never before seen by man, as much
as a billion light-years away, will be
visible.
"We have not yet probed the lim-
its of space, although there are rea-
sons for thinking that such limits ex-
ist" he explained. "Astronomers have
long wondered about what has appear-
ed to be a hopeless mystery, the ques-
tion whether there is a limit to ex-
plorable space or whether the galaxies
go on and on into impenetrable depths
of space. The great telescope now
under construction should go farther
and tell les either that we now ap-
proach comprehension of the whole
galaxy of galaxies, or that we must
have still greater telescopes before
we can hope to grasp and understand
the total 'of material creation.
"Even when we are armed with in-
struments capable of sweeping the
whole of space the task 'will only be
beginning. The great problems of in-
terpretation will remain. At present
no limit can be set to the magnitude,
of the task. Telescopically, we have
apparently penetrated only a fraction
of one per cent. of the explorable
cosmos. I believe that all of our gal-
axies together make up a closed uni-
verse, but the general idea of any-
thing so colossal transcends our pres-
ent powers of human visualization.
"What new methods for the study
of the universe of stars may be de-
veloped through the immense light -
gathering power of the 200 -inch tele-
scope we cannot foresee, but from its
use even with existing methods we
can feel assured of discoveries of the
highest value, ranging from the faint
dwarf stars nearest us to the immense
nebulae Whose distances, approach
comparison with the radius of our
world of space and time."
The sun, which warms and lights
the earth, is some 92,000,000 miles a-
way. The earth's surface, even in
tropics, receives only one two -billionth
part of the sun's total output of en-
ergy.
Five billion times more distantthan
the sun is the nebula Andromeda,
which sends forth a billion and a half
times as much light as the sun. This
nebula is one of a million, similar
nebulae or galaxies, each an immense
universe of stars such as the one of
which our solar system is ' a small
part, which have been discovered. The
new telescope is expected to add about
2,000,000 more universes to our linowl-
edge and will make possible what, in
Dr. Shapley's opinion, may be the
most valuable contribution of the new
instrument—a more intensive study of
the nature of the spiral nebulae,
A clue to the origin of the earth
and the solar system, it is thought,
may be obtained from a study of
these nebulae.
Many stars now appear too small
to us to enable astronomers to study
any collisions of the sky, such as the
one believed to have given birth to
our earth. Th'e new telescope with
its tremendous power may reveal ex-
amples of the general mechanism of
the birth and death of heavenly bod-
ies occurring in the spiral nebulae.
PHILIP SNOWDEN, CHANCELLOR
OF THE EXCHEQUER
Mr. Snowden began his career in
the Board of Inland Revenue. He
seemed destined then to spend his life
in the Civil Service, but five or six
years after he had entered it he met
with a bad cycling accident which in-
jured his back. For nearly two years
he was an invalid; he has walked with
the aid of a stick ever since.
The Board of Inland Revenue had
kept his post open for him during
his illnes, but at the wish of his
mother, to whom he was very devot-
ed, he resigned. He was twenty-nine
then, and at the same time his po-
litical career began. His days were
spent in reading and writing, and his
evenings in addressing meetings,
chiefly political. He was then as he
is now, a very industrious worker.
More often than not the meetings
were in the open air, and frequently
they were held in bad weather. But
the ex -civil servant from Cowling,
Yorkshire, was always able to collect
a crowd round the soap -box on which
he stood even in the wind and rain.
These days really shaped Mr. Snow -
den's destiny and formed his charac-
ter. He began his political life as a
Liberal; grew into a Socialist; joined
the Independent Labor Party shortly
after its formation and so found him-
self in the same political group as
Mr. Keir Hardie and Mr. Ramsay
MacDonald.
During those early days, too, he was
somewhat of a phenomenon to his
Yorkshire audiences; they were ac-
customed (especially at outdoor meet-
ings) to men who endeavored' to hold
their listeners by the loudness of their
voice, the violence of their gesticula-
tion and their command of strong
language. But Snowden was a frail -
looking, slender man, with thin lips,
who supported himself on the plat-
form with a stick. He made no gest-
iculating; his voice was clear and
carried well but it was never loud;
he dealt in statistics and figures, and
he kept to his subject, which others
DESPAIRED OF EVER
BEING WELL AGAIN
—1 --
"For t e past fifteen Yptat'S r suf-
fered alm st continually, from indiges-
tion, constipation andheadaches," de -
MRS. ELIZABETH ANDREWS
dared Mrs. Elizabeth Andrews, 453
Symington Ave., Toronto.
"My back pained me between my
shoulders; I had neuritis in my left
arm and was so nervous and restless
I couldn't sleep. I tried so many
different medicines without relief I
had almost lost hope, when a friend
of mine told me about Sargon and
Sargon Pills. It was amazing how
quickly this wonderful medicine made
every trouble I had disappear! It's
been years since I felt so well and
strong."
Sold by Charles Aberhart.
rarely did.
He set his listeners wondering, and
from wondering to listening. Some-
times he would startle them with a
criticism of an opponent that was a
biting and merciless as the north wind
and that was a hundred times more
effective than anything the loudest
local tub -thumper was capable of ut-
tering. Then, as now, he had a rare,
dry sort of humor, which never lack-
ed a "bite" in it.
Thirteen years after he left the Civ-
il Service, Mr. Snowden went to West-
minster as memfber for Blackburn.
He made few speeches, but he began
to attract the attention of the House
at question time. His questions were
couched in sharp, incisive sentences
concerning matters upon which he
was obviously well-informed, and
which were of considerable interest
to the party to which he belonged.
One afternoon a dapper young Tory
in the lobby inquired who was the
Labor man "with the stick" who ask-
ed questions. He was answered:
"He is a man who has come here
to try to teach people like you to
think."
Thrwcaids were uttered quite good,
humoredly, but they raised a laugh at
the expense of a young Tory who was
not exactly distinguished for the bril-
liance of his intellect.
Gradually but surely, Me. Snowden
made aname for himself at West-
minster a' s an able debater, a man ex-
ceptionally well equipped to deal with
matters involving a knowledge of fig-
ures and statistics, and who, in re-
tort, copld always give as good as he
got, and sometimes a bit more. Dur-
ing the War he was, of course, a con-
vinced pacificist, and came to share
with Ramsay MacDonald the distinc-
tion of being the most hated man in
England.
He declined to join the War Cabinet
and he resolutely refused ever to ad-
dress a recruiting meeting. Once
when he paid a visit to his own con-
stituency at Blackburn, two working
class women spat at him as they
passed. Mr. Snowden merely raised
his hat. A more disagreeable thing
happened when he entered a church
one Sunday afternoon. He was re-
cognized and a great portion of the
congregation rase and left the church.
Pacificism was in those days confus-
ed by many people with pro -Germ-
anism, and naturally a man who was
thought to be pro -German in England
during the War, in the minds of most
people deServed to be shot.
It was hopeless for him to attempt
to explain the difference between pac-
ificism and pro -Germanism. But he
was determined in his belief, and he
put up with the consequences, got the
Khaki Election after the War he was
for the moment swept from political
existence.
Mrs. Snowden has been a great help
to her husband in his work as poli-
tician and statesman, and she has
been, perhaps, of even greater help
to him in his private life. He was
the type of man who tends to become
a recluse. had no hobbies; the
physical disability from which he suf-
fered prevented him from taking up
golf or any other outdoor pastime;
he disliked card games. In his earlier
period of political activity he would
often, after a day spent in addressing
meetings and attending carrinhittees,
epend his evening in solitude, reading
or writing.
Mrs. Snowden created a very de-
lightful home for him. There was al-
ways good music to be heard at the
Snowden home and many interesting
people were to be met at the musical
evenings given in their early days
when they lived in a comparatively
small suburban villa at Golder's
Green.
Tt the Hague Conference last year,
5.
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Mrs. Sn • wden was of ' incalculahl
help to er husband. The Conference
was •a otable event in the lives of
both, ance, pelgiuril, Italy and Jas
pan presented 'proposala in connection
with the Young Plan for the payment
of reparations by Germany; those
prepesals involved a loss to Great
Britain of 12,400,000 per annum.
Mr. Snowden declined to accept
them. Day after day he sat at the
Conference table and simply said
"No" when they came up for discus-
sion.' When theay (were so amended
as to involve G t Britain in a loss
of only £1,000,000 he still said "No"
—he would not 'accept a proposal of
any kind involving his country in a
loss of one penny in regard to the
payments of reparations under the
Young Plan. It looked for a while
as if The Hague Conference would
end in failure. The English Chancel-
lor had nothing to say but "No" to
any proposal.
It is a matter of history that on
the night of August Zath, 1929, Mr.
Snowden gained his way and Great
Britain was not only salved a consid-
erable sum, but made it clear to the
world that there were limits to her
readiness to shoulder the burdens of
other people.
Outside the Conference room, Mrs.
Snowden throughout those hot Aug-
ust days and evenings at The Hague,
helped to fight the battle that her
husband was engaged in. The Chan-
cellor% stubbornness and bluntness
in the Conference room might have
created an atmosphere outside it that
would have made his task almost im-
possible. It was largely owing to the
tact and charm of Mrs. Snowden that
such an atmosphere did not arise and
that her husband was able to secure
the victory he did.
Mr. Snowden's triumph at The
Hague was of inestimable value to
his party. The 4iance1lor became
the most popular son in the coun-
try; praise was 'shed upon him
from every quartk d by every par-
ty and choruses of adulation for the
Labor Party went up.
There is no doubt that Mr. Snow -
den's resolute and stubborn stand took
the average person by surprise; but
those who had studied his career care-
fully were not surprised. All through
his life he has shown that he can be
extraordinary resolute on any ques-
tion on the merits of which he has
profound conviction. There is no
man in public life who can put up a
more 'vigorous fight in defence of his
convictions than can the Chancellor
of the Exchequer.
In the near future Mr. Snowden
may find his mast profound and life-
long political conviction challenged at
a general election; for it looks as
though the next election will be fought
mainly on the old issue of protective
duties on food. This is not a politic-
al magazine, and there is no need
here to discuss the merits of the pro-
posed tax on imported food stuffs.
But at such an election Mr. Snowden
will perhaps find himself' the most
prominent combatant on one side in
the greatest political fight 'of his car-
eer.
He will probably welcome such a
fight. He has spent most of his life
in political turmoil; he is an old cam-
paigner; and in his peaceful Surrey
retreat one can readily picture him
amid his books and pictures, with that
quiet smile on his pale, thin lips
which his opponents know so well, and
which tothem is always a danger
signal, looking forward to the day
of battle.
"Some people enjoy afterdinner
speeches," says a critic. There -s no
accounting for toasts.—London Sun-
day .Pictorial.
"Young men seem reluctant to get
married," complains a lady writer.
Deep depression over the British
Aisles.—London Opinion.
WHY NOT REVIVE TITLES IN
CANADA?
It was David Harum who is report-
ed to have said on one occasion that
there is as much human nature in
some folks as there is in others, which
is true, more especially in the popu-
lar attitude to titles of distinctin.
Human nature rightly craves some
mark of earned place, and human na-
ture should in turn be willing to con-
cede it. To deny distinction, where
it is due, seems to be a pervehsion of
democracy, but in any event, democ-
racy is not merely a dead level above
which none ever ca, or should, rise.
If marks of distinction proceeding
from authority are withheld, the pop -
lace will confer them, either from a
wish to flatter or from a feeling that
something of the kind is required, un-
der the epecial eircumstances. Only,
if there is no accepted fountain, the,
populace will go to some ridiculous.
lengths. Canada has close at hand,
to the south, a unique and horrible ex-
ample of this satisfying of a cravint.
after titles of some kind, found in a
people denied the possibility of re-
ceiving them naturally, as a defined
mark of merit, and by authority.
Colonels are more than plentiful, ev-
en outside Kentucky. Every Gover-
nor of a state has a staff and every
incoming Governor has a new staff to
appoint, to which he names such of
his supporters as may .have an urge
for a title, such as may be made con-
tent by such recognition, and those
whom he desires to honor, all usually
with the rank of colonel.
Lindberg is a colonel by arbitrary
creation, and as a mark of earned
merit, no doubt, but where is the dis-
tinction when the rank is so common
as to have lost significance? Tunney,
the prize-fighter, has lately been giv-
en an appointment on a Governor's
staff, with the rank of major. But
what is his distinction in the life of
the nation? He made a fortune in a
short career in the prize ring, mar-
ried a wife,
whose name was in the
social register, but which name is now
removed thetefrom, and he is consol-
ed with a majority and a uniform.
Generals are fairly common, one
man's right to the rank being said to
be that he once kept a, general store.
Captains of this and that, football
teams, stone hookers, and what not
abound though the name is often fam-
iliarly. shortened to "Cap." Officers
in the regular army are, of couree,
'strictly carnet in their acknowledg-
ment of commissioned rank, and are
perhaps) contemptuous of the array of
those who desire to be distingaished.
Go 'Arno* quick Way,
olinsomid.0001.4broSoothw
Sev.as everseefe is asteniShod,
doctor's amazing diacovery. Skttti
clears like magic. clot "Soothe -
Salve" troy' druggist today,
There are, in places, gradations of
rank among the clergy, Reverend, ,
Very Reverend, Right Reverend and
Most Reverend, to which might often
be added, Rather Reverend, which ser-
ies of steps in dignity is often copied
by those who lack the grades in of-
fice and authority thereby marked,
presumably because real democrats
require some marks of distinction.
The mass of the people, ignorant of
correct usage, address all and sundry
among ministers as "Reverend," while
doctors of one creation or another
are as numerous a.mong ministers as
the stars of heaven or the sands up-
on the sea shore. The argument
seems, to be that if la man has no dbc-
tor degree„ it is so easy to obtain that
he ought to have one; so, he gets
"Doctor." Some few know that "Rev-
erend" as a form of spoken address
is inexcusable; "Father" does not
come trippingly from the tongues of
100 per cent. Protestants, affectionate
and meaningful title thought it be,
and so again, "Doctor." Then there
are Doctors of Osteopathy, of Divine
Healing, of Chiropra.ctic. Practition-
ers of this last-named art, ordinarily
in my experience sign the letters D.C.
after their names. Is it any won-
der that one outstanding physician in
Toronto insisted upon being known as
"Mr."?
Right honorable is one of the out-
standing distinctions in this world,
because it is so uncommon, being
borne Iby very few, and no man dares
to take it upon himself, even in the
United States, where gall can get a-
way with anything. But "Honorable
in the Republic has sunk beneath con-
tempt. Lately I saw a letter address-
ed ;to the "Honorable ," the
gentleman being the village clerk, a
most estimable person. Seemingly,
every person who holds even a minor
political office may have the title
tacked on, including the Honorable
Hinky Dink, sometime alderman in
the City of Chicago. And like all
other titles, deserved or popularly
conferred in the "land of the free," it
sticks long after the reason or ex-
cuse for it has passed away. And
Professor! Lord save us! Time was
when the village tonsorial artist in
Ontario was locally known as Profes-
sor. Now, any man holding a posi-
tion in the schools of the U.S.A. may
be so known. In one village of 1,600
people in the Middle West, the head
of the necessarily quite small sehool
system carries the title with all the
supposedly necessary dignity. And
the male teacher of music will stand
out from the common herd, who are
democrats by force of circumstances,
as Professor, and never think of dis-
claiming the distinction. Princesses
abound. Kings of this and that clut-
ter up the pages of the daily papers
and the magazines. Mrs. Gann and
Mas. Longworth war over precedence
in democracy. Village magistrates
are always addressed as "Judge."
The United States is the happy
hunting ground of secret societies
with their grandiloquent titles to
which any deserving man may aspire.
He may be hen-pecked at home, and
be of little or no account at the of-
fice, but in the lodge room, .he may
revel for one glorious hour in a splen-
did uniform, a ritual composed of
solemn nonsense, and in being ad-
dressed as perhaps Right Worshipful
Noble Grand Dictator. It was a col-
ored man who told of joining a lodge
the week before and being now Most
Exalted Ruler. On his listener de-
murring that it was rather soon to
have travelled so far, he answered
that this was the lowe,st rank in his
lodge. Titles are forbidden by the
Constitution of the United States, but
what is the Constitution when it con-
cerns the honor due to our fellow men
or even prohibition? - Human nature
rebels as it will rebel in Canada, and
will confer marks of distinction whe-
ther deserved or not. Why not ad-
mit the fact and forestall this popular
broadcasting of honors until they
cease to halvie any meaning, by having
them come from the recognited foun-
tain of honor? The British people
make no loud claim to democracy;
the king does not have to insist upon
his social position and he is thus quite
naturally the truest type of demo-
crat. Why not be British, be demo-
crats who recognize that there is an
aristocracy of intellect and achieve-
ment, rather 'than try to be a palce
copy of make-believe democracy which
is dissatisfied with its own standards?
HELEN DAVIES SHERRY,
Dramatic Soprano, well known music-
ally in Toronto and Western Canada,
who will be soloist with the Canadian
National Railways' All -Canada Sym-
phony Hour, February 22nd. Mrs.
Davies was for several years soprano
soloist with the National Chorus of Te-
ronto and in the ,early years of the
Toronto Symphony Orchestra acted as
soloist with them, Her home is now hi
Saskatoon, Sask.
ars