The Gazette, 1893-08-17, Page 2NORTHERN STEAMBOATS.
Three Little Vessels That Ply in the Mac-
kenzie Basin.
Carrying Freight by Inland Routes From
Civilization to the Arctic Seas—Limber
'Sawn by Sand to Build Them—The Rap-
ids That Separate filet Courses—Furth-
er Prospects for Arctic River Boats.
Three steamers ply on great Canadian
rivers far outside the pale of the populous
part of the continent. These waters all flow
to the Arctic Ocean. The steamers belong
to the Hudson Bay Company, and are a
great convenience to all who visit the north- ;
ern . part of the Dominion.
We have heard how steamers on the Con-'
go and the Central African lakes were car-
ried on backs of men for hundreds of miles i
before they were put together and launch-
ed. It required almost as much effort to
set the Hudson Bay Company's steamers
afloat in the Canadian Northwest. Nearly
two years were spent in 1882-83 building the
little steamer Grahame at Fort Chippewyan
on Lake Athabasca. Every foot of lumber
was sawn by hand from pine trees near the
lake. Her machinery was carried hundreds
of miles over an almost roadless
country ; and when she was launch-
ed the little fiat -bottomed stern-
wheeler of 140 tons was not much to look
at. Her companion boat, the Athabasca,
built at Athabasca Landing, on the river
of that name, is a sternwheeler of the
same capacity ; but she was built at much
less cost, for a portable sawmill on the
river bank ripped out the lumber in short
order. The third steamboat, one of the few
see that goods -may-be carried from any
part of civilized America to the Arctic Ocean
by steam along inland routes except for
about 200 miles.
The crossing of Great Slave Lake tests
the qualities of the little Wrigley ; for this
inland sea is lar: en some of our five
great lakes, and ae gimes the waves are very
high.
In all the long stretch of country served
by these little steamboats, there .is not a
single town. Oue map shows, however. how
numerous are the trading posts of the Hud
son Bay Company. They are scattered by
the score along these great waterways and
sometimes are planted far from the rivers.
They are places of rendezvous and r'evictual.
ling for traders and were chosen for their ad-
vantages as the meeting places of hunters
and travellers. If in the development of
this region villages ate ever planted they
will be reared upon the sites of these posts
just as Quebec, Montreal, Toronto, Niagara
and Winnipeg were built around the forts
of the early Canadian traders.
Some of these posts have acquired cele-
brity from the fact that famous explorers,
like Mackenzie, Franklin, Back, and Rich-
ardson, visited and described them. Fort
McMurray dominates the confluence of the
Athabasca and Clear Water rivers, and is a
natural meeting place for hunters and
traders. At Fort Cihippewyan nearly o e
hundred people live, making it quite a ci y
in the thinly peopled region. It was : n
important station even when Mackenzie et -
plored the river that bears his name, ai d
he called it the " Little Athens" of tl e
north: Fort Smith, on the Great Sla- e
River, is one of the busiest of the post.
Further north, Forts Resolution and Prov-
idence, on the Great Slave -Lake, were
-..—
_0^0.``1., inti:
e
•
•
i
FORT= SIMPSON. —At the junction of the Mackenzie and Liard rivers.
river steamers that ply within the Arctic made famous by the Franklin expedition.
Circle, was built in 1886 at Fort Smith on the Fort Reliance, once an important post, was
Great Slave River. The Wrigley, as she is long ago abandoned. Now nothing re-
mains of ft but a heap of ruins. Fort Rae,
on a northern arm of Great Slave Lake,
was abandoned, but was restored at the
cost of the British and Canadian Governi
ments, and was occupied in 1882-83 as one
of the circum -polar stations.
The principal post between Great Slave
and Great Bear lakes is Fort Simpson, at
the confidence of the Mackenzie and the
Liard rivers. Our illustration shows its
large buildings and the vast bodies of we-
' ter whiciAneetiDere for the Mackenzie is
the third largest river in North America,
and its Liard affluent is as large as many a
famous European river. The most northern
post is Fort Macpherson on the Peel River,
and it is the only fort worthy of the name.
near the Mackenzie delta, and back again, For many years it has been kept in a state
she hes made a round-tripjourney of 2,600 of adequate defence, owing toithe attack
miles. made upon it long ago by Eskimos of the
The reason why these steamers were built Mackenzie delta.
so far from one another is that they were It usually takes the Wrigley eight or
required to ply on portions of the Mac-
kenzie system that are separated by stretches
of falls or rapids impassable by steamboats.
Each steamboat is confined to its own stretch
of water and freight is carried from one vessel
to another by scows or land portage. All
goods which the Hudson Bay Company or
missionaries carry into the Mackenzie basin
are taken over the Canadian Pacific to Cal-
gary, then on the branch line to Edmonton
on the North Saskatchewan, where they are
transferred to wagons for the portage 100
miles northeast to Athabasca Landing,
where they are loaded on the Athabasca
called, is a little thing , but she cost a round
sum, for every piece of lumber in her was
sawn by hand, and all her machinery was
carried 100 miles by horses over terrible
roads, then taken in scows 250 miles, and
then transferred to the Grahame and car-
ried 300 miles further before it could be
put into the hull ot the Wrigley. The com-
pany depends upon the Wrigley to supply
all trading stations along the Mackenzie,
between Fort Smith and the Arctic Ocean.
Unlike the o le oats, 'sheiss a propeller.
She carries only thirty tons of freight and
her engine drives her about eight mires an
boar. Fort Smith is her most southern
landing place, and by the time she steams
north to Fort MacPherson on Peel River,
nine days to make the journey from Fort
Smith to Fort Macpherson. On the return
journey her average rate is five and nine•
tenthe miles an hour, only a little more
than half her speed descending the river.
There are possibilities of steam navigation
in the Mackenzie basin that have not yet
been tested. Mr. Oglivie, who recently
made an extensive journey on the Liard
and Peace rivers thinks that both may be
largely utilized as steamer routes. A
short distance up the Liard is a rapid, but
sufficient water flows over the ledge to per-
mit the passage of flat-bottomed steamers
which plies 265 miles to the head of the for most of the summer. If this proves
Grand hiapids. At the foot of these rapids true, the Liard can be navigated by
is Forte cMurray, and here the Grahame
waits for the cargo the Athabasca brings.
The Grahame plies from Fort McMurray
to Fort Chippewyan, about 290 miles, and
also by the Peace River to the Vermilion
220 miles from Fort Chippewyan. The
total course of the Grahame accordingly is
about 420 miles. 'These three vessels,
steamboats for 200 miles and at the furthest
point the best branch joins it, and Oglivie
says the east branch affords 100 miles more
of� navigable waters. Long stretches of
many rivers are adapted for navigation by
fiat boats, and it is believed that there are
6,000 miles of waterways in the Mackenzie
basin, which in one way or another may
therefore, afford steam navigation along be utilized as highways.
2,000 miles of river routes, meeting with The Wrigley has not yet gone further
only two series of rapids impassable by down the Mackenzie than the head of the
delta, though it is said to be practicable to
reach the sea, and very likely the experi-
ment will be tried this season. Whether
vessels can pass from the delta into the
ocean is still an unsettled question, but it
is probable that bars impede the delta chan-
nels at the mouths. -
It is evident from this short sketch of
navigation in the Mackenzie basinthat
travellers may easily and quickly reach the
Arctic Ocean by an Inland route. The only
difficulty would be to catch the steamer
Athabasca when she leaves the Landing for
the Grand Rapids. None of the steamers
has a regular date for starting, their move-
ments being governed by the needs of the
Hudson Bay Company. The Athabasca,
however, usually leaves the Landing about
steamers.
The first of these is the Grand Rapids of
the Athabasca River, eighty-five miles long.
The Hudson Bay Company carries its
freight through these rapids in large boats,
each manned by ten or twelve men and with
a carrying capacity of about ten tons. They
run through ten rapids before they reach
Fort McMurray and some of the rapids are
named from incidents that have occurred in
them. One of them is Boiler Rapid, taking
its name from the fact that the boiler in-
tended for the Wrigley was lost there in
1882 by the wrecking of the scow that car-
ried it. This accident delayed for a long
time the building of the vessel Another
is known as Drowned Rapid, because a
Mr. Thompson was drowned there, and a
little latter Mr. Ogilvie, the famous Cana-
dian explorer, lost one of his men in the
same treacherous current. There is plenty
of water to float a steamer, but vessels with
the present steaming power cannot ascend
the rapids. In the opinion of many, how-
ever, the Grahame could be so equipped
that it would be possible for her to make
the journey both. ways.
The second an"d last obstacle is at Smith's
Landing in Great Slave River, where four-
teen miles of land portage are required. It
is here that the Cariboo Mountains cross
the river channel-, and the result is a series
of formidable rapids and some falls which
aggregate a drop of 240 feet in fourteen
miles, putting all thought of navigation
out of the question. At the foot of these
rapids is Fort Smith, and from this point
navigation is practically unimpeded to the
Arctic Oeean. The total length of rapids
between Athabasca Landing and the Mac-
kenzie delta is ninety-nine miles. Adding
tothis the hundred miles land portage from
':Edmonton to Athabasca Landing, and we
MACKENZIE BASIN WATERWAYS.
The dots show Hudson Bay posts.
the first days of June, and makes close con-
nections with the steamers . further down
the rivers. From Grand Rapids it would
take three or four days . to reach Fort Mc-
Murray ; then only one day would be needed
to reach Fort Chippewyan, another day
would take the traveller to Smith's .Land-
ing, and another- would suffice for the por-
tage. around the rapids to Fort Smith. In
nine or ten days more the traveller would
be at Fort MacPherson, and if he desired
to reach the Arctic coast the Hudson Bay
Company would place at his disposal canoes
and canoe men, which now form the primi-
tive style of travelling in the delta. A jour-
ney of 4,000 miles from Ottawa would take
the traveller to the Arctic coast. Near the
coast he would find himself in the land of
the midnight sun, and throughout the jour-
ney he would likely experience as pleasant
weather as he would find anywhere in Can-
ada. The journey would cost about $300,
and the round trip would require about
seventy-five days.
At present the only source of revenue in
all this vast region is fur. The business of
all whites, except the missionaries, is fur
trading, and they, too, engage in it to some
extent. A few years ago the Canadian
Parliament appointed a committee to in-
quire into the resources of the Mackenize
basin. This committee spent months ex-
amining a large number of witnesses who
had lived long in the region and were com-
petent to testify as to its capabilities. The
report was published in a large volume
which contains much interesting informa-
tion. On the whole, however, the committee
took a too roseat view, though there is no
doubt agriculture and stock raising may be
followed to some extent in the Peace and
Liard river districts, It will be long, how-
ever, before this region is turned to much
account ; and not until the great prairies
of southern Canada have become the homes
of many thousands of people will there be
any temptation for colonists to prove fur-
ther north : and the three steamers now
plying in the Mackenize basin are likely to
be adequate to the needs of the country for
a long time to come. .
Special Versus _General Farmin-•
There is much discussion, and most of it
useless, as to the comparative merits of the
systems of g eneral farming and special
farming. This, as if the two were so op-
posite that there could be no harmony be-
tween them. But it has been well said
that the general farmer who makes a
speciality of every branch, has the best
system of all. But this latter is not often -
found, because the general farmer has not
the time and opportunity to so thoroughly
study the needs of each crop, as this would
imply. The success of the specialty farm-
er lies in the fact, that he can study his
crop and so bring together all the necessary
and favorable conditions which will work
together for its good. He brings to bear
the skill of a trained expert, and so is
enabled to not only produce exceptionally
good crops, but to produce such uni-
formly, in bad seasons as well as in good
ones. And right there is where he •makes
his profit—in having good crops in the
years when other men tail. But the same
source of gain is in some degree within the
reach of the general farmer, for by confin-
ing his work to so small an area that he can
give each crop the most thorough cultiva-
tion just when it was needed, he can also
do much to prevent the loss from untoward
conditions. It is, after all, the man—with
his methods in general, rather than by any
one particular method that influences the
result. So it is not worth while to discuss
whether one of these systems is better than
another, but whichever you follow, do it
to the best of your bent. It is quite pos-
sible, however, that the better one per-
forms the work of the general farmer, the
more will it incline him toward special
branches and methods.
A Railroad Ualculator •
" If there is any class of mend like more
than another," remarked the drummer to
the traveling passenger agent, " its rail-
road men, and I always buy my tickets,
too."
The t. p . a. smiled blandly.
" Now," went on the drummer, " there's
S. B. Hege, the Baltimore & Ohio agent in
Washington. You know Hege, of course ?
Good-looking fellow and as smooth as vel-
vet. Well, I heard a good joke on him the
other day. A friend of mine in Washington
wanted transportation to Chicago along in
June some time, and he dropped Hege a
line. Hege sent the request over to head-
quarters at Baltimore, forty miles away.
The answer hadn't come in ten days and
the applicant received an invitation to go
out in a private car. On the way to the
train he met Hege.
" `Don't bother about that transport-
ation. S. B.,' he said, very solemnly. ' I
don't believe I can use it.'
" 'Why not ?' -asked S. B., who was sur-
prised to find a man who couldn't use a
railroad pass.
" 'Well,' and the man was more serious
than ever, ' I've been calculating on it.
That is to say, I've figured out that a pass
weighs say one-tenth of an ounce, and I
weigh 200 pounds, or 3,200 ounces. Now,
if it takes the Baltimore & Ohio ten
days to carry one-tenth of an ounce forty
miles, how long will it take to carry 3,200
ounces to Chicago, say 680 miles ?'
"Hage was knocked arithmetically galley -
west and was speechless.
" ' Ic will take,' resumed the calculator,
' just five million three hundred and forty
thousand days, or about fourteen thousand
nine hundred years, and you know, old fel-
low, I can't wait that long if .1 want to see
anything at all of the fair. Isn't that cor-
rect ?'
" But Hega couldn't say a word," con -
chided the drummer, " and when I asked
him about it last week he offered to set up
the champagne at the funeral if I would
kill the calculator." ---
Look Out for the Sheep.
Costiveness in sheep is to be carefully
looked after at this season of the year,
when the food is dry. .It is sure to produce
inflammatory symptoms and disorder of the
skin. This is immediately followed - by
loosening of the wool, and the fleece drops
off in patches where the skin is red and in-
flamed. The remedy is to give the sheep a
small ration of flax seed twice a week, one
or two ounces is snffieient if given regularly,
as should always be the casein all the man-
agement of a flock. The oil -meal now it
the market is not as suitable for his use as
the seed, on account of the absence of oil in
themneal, and the oil is the useful part- of
the seed, being laxative and cooling.
.AGR O JJ 1 UR
Ito altry Clippinffs•
None appreciate and show the result of
good care so much as poultry, both old and
young.
Hens should always be free from Iice before
being permitted to set. -
A wide range on fresh green grass is what
poultry love above all things, but if that is
impossible, cut some fresh grass or clover
every day for their benefit.
The old notion that hens need nothing in
the way of food except corn and what they
can pick for themselves, is fast dying out,
but even now many poultry breeders do
not realize the importance of lime.
" Eternal vigilance" is the price of chick-
ens, and the woman who hasn't time to
" bother" with them, but feeds them by
throwing them handful of cornmeal made
into a dough with . cold water, won't have
good luck.
The comb of the fowl is its health bar-
ometer. When the comb is a bright red
and filled with blood the fowl is well.
When it becomes pale and looks whitish
the fowl is out of condition. If it turns
dark at the end; the trouble will generally
be found connected with the respiratory
organs ; if the fowl is choking with food or
the trachea is filling with canker, the comb
will be black.
Whole sound wheat is of course prefer-
able when one can afford it ; if not, chick-
ens gladly accept screenings, and there is
nothing they are fonder of than wheat bran.
They tike it dry, moistened with water or
skim -milk, or as a principal ingredient of
all soft foods. They should have it, too ;
there is nothing cheaper nor more whole-
some for them. But whatever else we give
our charges by all means let them have
plenty of green food.
Selection is the grand watchword of the
breeder of all species of domestic animals.
The unmethodical and half unconscious
selection practiced by the masses of farmers
and even semi -civilized hunters and herds-
men during ages has modified all kinds of
live stock wonderfully. But selection as
applied intelligently and methodically by
the skillful breeder brings quicker and more
certain returns.
One good way to teach hens to eat eggs is
to throw into the fowl yards the empty and
uncrushed shells of eggs from the kitchen.
The fowls devour these voraciously, and
thus get a taste for this kind of thing. A
better way is to throw such shells icto the
ash -heap, or else to crush them up so fine
that they will not be recognizable among
the chickens. Hens will not get this habit
if allowed free range. It is only when they
are stived up in close quarters,with nothing
for idle beaks to do, that they learn to eat
eggs.
Browsi n:; Sheep. .
It may be, writes A.P. Reed, that some of
the failures with sheep husbandry result
from trying too many on a given piece of
ground.
A very rough and unseemly piece of land
for other animals will be just the thing for
sheep and if we turn them on to it we shall
first see them going for the brush and
weeds and having taken these, at last look
for grass, andetikus a homely pasture lot
grows more/ ,;arable -in looks -under their
training, Irire' land is rot over stocked.
lin the latter event the grass will disappear
as well as the browse and weeds. It were
well to overstock a bit while the browse
lasts, but take off the surplus when it gets
so that grass is the principal diet.
Were it not for overstocking I believe
many a farmer would have seen profit in
both wool and mutton and in beautified
pastures, who as it is has become disgusted
with sheep husbandry.
Rolling land is good for sheep and hill-
sides furnish favourite resorts for them.
Practical Pointers.
The reputation of your stock depends
upon the top, the best. Sell of at the other
end.
When a farm pleases the fancy of the
passerby it is worth more to the owner.
I have grown an oat and pea crop for ten
years, and have found it remunerative.
It is better to go slow and keep the horses
in good condition than to rush work so that
the teams become weak.
Storage room out of doors for farts tools
is cheap in the first instance, but the most
costly thing a farmer can indulge in the
final reckoning.
Clean cultivation is the only wise method
for conducting a farm. The great things
needed are promptness and thoroughness.
If you want to raise premium onions,
steep hen manure in a barrel of water and
apply it to the growing crops in a liquid
form.
It is stated that a good corn crop will
produce not less than two tons of actual
digestible food material per acre, or more
than twice as much as a heavy hay crop.
If, by somebody's carelessness, a tool has
become rusty, rub it well at night with
kerosene and in the morning a little fine
sand and a woolen rag will take off most of
the rust.
No man with brains would atteinpt to
work a horse without feeding him, but how
many there are who pay out hard-earned
money for fruit trees, plant them in worn out
land and expect choice fruit, without ever
giving them a bit of food.
I built a road 10 or 15 years ago with
nothing but cobble stones and a little cov-
ering of clay to compact it. Put on three
or four inches of crushed stone in good shape
and perhaps a little clay to make it com-
pact, if necessary, and it will last for a long
while and give you a good road.
Twice a year, in June and September,
borers in fruit trees should be looked for,
and &faithfully done no one need lose trees
through damage the borer may do. When
hatched the grub bores into the bark of the
tree, making a track of sawdust as it goes,
which indicates where to search for it.
The farmer who starts out in the spring
to supply his table with everything possible
from the farm, will find a good balance on
the right side of the ledger next year. He
will look to the egg basket for one of the
riche* and cheapest articles of food, and
to the excess of chicks for the meat supply,
because nowhere else cafitit be produced so
cheaply. He will gather from his vege-
table' and small fruit garden some of the
healthiest articles of diet, and so reduce
estideitt
the butcher's'h
e mini-
m
mum. A good motto is"save the dollars
by living off the fat of the land and cream
of the flocks." --[Maine Farmer.
Peas on Sod Ground -
Will some one who has had experience in
sowing peas and barley tell me if they have
ever tried plowing in the peas on sod
ground? I have some ground that is quite
smooth and had thoughts of plowing one
furrow around the piece and then sowing
peas in the furrow and covering by the
next but am afraid that the peas will not
come up. Last year I harrowed the peas
in but when the first shower came, about
half of the peas were on top of the ground.
Feeding Ruminants on Grain.
lit has generally been supposed that those
animals that chew the cud must be fed
upon a certain amount of corn fodder ha
order to insure the health of the animate
that a certain amount of coarse material
must be fed to the animal in order that its
stomach may be distended and in a con-
dition necessary to healthy digestion.
When Mr. Miller, of New York, reported
experiments on feeding cows grain alone,
there was much criticism, and perhaps more
skepticism, displayed. This feeling began
to be somewhat dispelled when later a two-
year-old heifer was fed exclusively upon
corn meal. Since that time experiments at
State Colleges have been successfully tried
thus in effect showing that for the cows or
sheep there is no absolute necessity of pro-
viding coarse fodder in case of its scarcity,
or, in other words, the experiments go to
show that corn meal may be made an exclus-
ive dietwithout any danger to the animal.
The Utah Agricultural College Experi-
ment Station has conducted some experi-
ments in this line of feeding, and we give a
summary of results as follows :-
1. Cattle and sheep can be successfully fed
on grain alone for very long periods.
2. Cattle and sheep fed on grain alone
make a pound of growth on as few or less
pounds of grain than hogs will.
3. Cattle when fed on grain, drink but lit-
tle water, void a large ratio of it as urine and
probably vaporize less of it by lungs than
when receiving hay or coarse food.
4. The stomach off sheep and cattle
weigh less when fed on grain ; the first
stomach notably so.
5. The first stomach of sheep and cattle
receive fine foods but do not fill up, nor
quite half fill. The animals practically
cease ruminating when fed grain alone.
6. The vital organs of a steer slaughtered
weighed quite differently from those of cat-
tle heretofore slaughtered, especially so in
regard to blood which weighed more, and
more notably so for lungs which weighed
less, and is the first notable instance in the
experience of the experimenter of the va-
riation of lungs due to food.
7. These relations of food to the develop-
ment of vital organs should receive the
careful attention of physiologists, notably
in the relation of food to human health.
It becomes quite evident from the above
that no little influence is exerted upon the
vital organs by the food consumed, which
fact opens a new and wide field of inquiry
regarding not only the nutrition of stock
but of man himself.
The subject of foods should also be treat-
ed of in its economical aspect. There are
periods when a scarcity of the coarser food
exists, which can be supplied only at con-
siderable trouble and extra expense ; now
if purely grain foods can be employed to
bridge over periods of scarcity, and instead
of doing an injury to the animal really cause
an improvement by the change, much good
will be accomplished. It is in such fields
of inquiry that the greatest good comes.
Waste of Fertilizers.
It might be said with considerable truth
that about one-half of all manure is wasted.
The great body of water which collects on
the barn must run down to eaves and drip
upon the top of the manure heap, and as
this water leaches down and runs away it
carries the most valuable part of the man-
ure with it. Tons of water fall upon it in
this way every winter, and the loss is tre-
mendous. Manure is so valuable now that
it is worth the trouble of carrying away
from the eaves of the barn. Take it to some
safe place, and pile it compactly in a solid
heap.
-Care of Apples.
There is no question about the impor-
tance of so far as possible preventing the
bruising of the fruit. From what has been
said in strong terms concerning the barrier
of a tough skin which Nature has placed
upon the apples, it goes without saying
that this defense should not be ruthlessly
broken down. it may be safely assumed
that germs of decay are lurking almost
everywhere, ready to come in contact with
any substances. A bruise or cut in the
skin is therefore even worse than a rough
place caused by a scab fungus as a lodgment
provided by the minute spores of various
sorts. If the juice exudes, it at once fur-
nishes the choicest of condition for molds
to grow. An apple bruised is a fruit for
the decay of which germs are specially in-
vited, and when such a specimen is placed
in the midst of other fruit it soon becomes
a point of infection for its neighbors on all
sides.
Seldom is a fully rotten apple found in a
bin without several others near by it being
more or less affected. A rotten apple is not
its brother's keeper.
The surrounding conditions favor or re-
tard the growth of the decay fungi. If the
temperature is near freezing they are com-
paratively inactive, bat when the room is
warm and moist the fruit cannot be expect-
ed to keep well. Cold storage naturally
checks the decay. The ideal apple has no
fungous defacements and no bruises. If it
could be placed in a dry, cool room free
from fungous germs it ought to keep indefin-
itely`until chemical change ruins it as an
article of food.
Seventeenchildren have been born to
Mrs. Ellsworth Miller of Cold Spring, 11 T.
Y. - She has been a wife less than ten years,
and in that time has had three sets of
triplets, three sets of twins, and two sing-
les.
A novelty at a New York wedding was a
dance on the lawn facing the Hudson, be-
fore the door of the- bride's country seat
Among the dances was " Sir Roger . de
Coverley." There were six bridesmaids,
who all wore pink and white Empire
gowns.
Two th
raised in t
Rats avi
is permitti
A net to
in Auckiai
su cress.
Most of!
been lean
moderate
A Court
went of ''
rooms an
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