Loading...
Zurich Herald, 1957-04-18, Page 2Too MIiMuch Money Made Chimps Mu111$ Even in his early days at San Diego zoo it was obvious that the chimpanzee, Trader, had better developed business in- stincts than most chimps. He was always searching his cage for odd bits of wood or other material which he would then offer to anyone who was stand- ing around. It was his way of shopping, for he expected some tit -bit in return. And he got it. So much so that he went in continual danger of overeating. But Trader's stay at San Diego slid not last for very long. One day a psychologist happened to visit the zoo, and was most in- trigued by his behaviour. He began to wonder h o w far Trader's business faculties might be developed, and he persuaded the authorities to sell him. At home he set about systema- tic training. The first thing to do was to develop a sense of money — the idea that only cer- tain things could be used to buy food — and for this the psycho- logist chose poker chips. Trader soon got the idea. Whenever he wanted anything he fetched a poker chip from a box at one end of the room. He handed this over and was at once given his reward. Could Trader master the use of coins of different value? The single box of mixed poker chips was replaced by four boxes, each containing chips of a dif- ferent colour. Whenever he fetched a red chip and paid it In he was given a piece of arange.A slice of banana cost a white chip, and a piece of bread at green one. In a matter of a few weeks Trader had mastered this simple monetary system, and certainly cased it to the best advantage. At Yale University Dr. Wolfe has carried similar experiments with half a dozen chimpanzees a hood deal further. The animals ave learned to use a slot ma- chine and also to work for their ships. A special slot machine was devised that would deliver a grape each time a chip was Inserted. Small brass counters were also supplied, and although they would go into the slot, they did not produce a grape. After a very few lessons all six chimpanzees had not only learned to put chips and coun- ters into the slot machine, but. were already discarding the BIRL CRAZY? — Trying to get a woman off his mind seems a lough lob for this .nightmarish Ilgure in a surrealistic oil paint- ing exhibited in Antwerp, Bel - tum, by Dutch painter Johan oopmans. He calls it "life Without Issue" and says It por- Prays a couple tired of each +ether but hopelessly bound. brass counters as they realized that these gave them no re- ward. From then on whenever a mixed handful of chips and counters was thrown down on to the floor there was an unseemly scramble for the chips, and much snatching from one another. But the counters were completely ignored. Dr. Wolfe's next aim was to see how far chimpanzees could learn to work for a reward, and for this he constructed a work machine. This consisted of a handle requiring an 18 lb. force to move it. When it was lifted to its maximum extent, a grape was revealed and could be picked out. This happened every time the handle was lifted, so that the total reward was proportional to the amount of work done. The idea was mastered in two or three day. The chimps had now learned the value of money, and they had also got the idea of work- ing for a direct reward. Were they capable of learning to work, not for grapes, but for money that could be then used to buy grapes? To find this out Dr. Wolfe modified his work machine so that when the handle was lift- ed a poker chip appeared in- stead of a grape. The slot ma- chine from which grapes could then be bought was standing in another part of the room. Sure enough all six of them soon got the hang of this, and there was much rushing to and fro between work machine and slot machine. Now came the stiffest test of all, designed to bring the chimps more into line with the wroking man, who does his work for money which he will not spend immediately but some time later. First of all the work machine was made available on its own, the slot ma- chine only being brought in an hour later. This delay was grad-. ually extended until chips work- ed for one day could not be spent until the next. Once again the chimps under- stood, but the interesting thing this time was that different in- dividuals showeddifferent re- actions. There were the thrifty ones, who were quite content to work hard and save their money until the opportunity arose to spend it. Others, though, obvipusly corresponded to the human spendthrift. They were most reluctant to work un- less they could claim an im- mediate reward, and conse- quently usually had very little money behind them when the slot machine appeared. Does security make people less willing to work to the best of their ability? Hard to say, but it seemed to' be the case with the chimps, even the more thrifty ones. If he was broke when the work machine arrived, the most energetic member of the party usually worked very hard, lifting the handle at least 100 times. But if he was given thirty chips to start with he would only bother• to work for about a dozen more. Money often brings out the worst in man, and it seems to have had a similar effect on some of the chimps. With in- creased money came moral de- gradation. Some attempted to monopolize the work machine and amass fortunes they .could not hope to spend, and although they would not think of snatch- ing food from each other, they would stop at nothing in their efforts to rob one another of chips. Husbands would approp- riate the whole of their wives' earnings, reluctantly returning the odd chip when they protest- ed! TASTE FOR ART --Unlike the Baltimore zoo's famed finger-paint- 1ng chimp Betsy, the Cincinnati zoo's chimpanzee, proved a complete bust as an artist. He ate the art stuff up --- but only /Berally. In a session with finger paints and canvas he produced no salable paintings --fust gooey smears. Then he proceeded to 'ae has own worst critic and started chewing up the canvas. Unique Plastic Heart Valve Saves a Life A few weeks ago Ruth Brown was totally crippled, Though only 22 she could not breathe Iy ng down, her blood pressure and heart beat were almost out of'conte 1.4' The slightest exer- tion caused her heart to fail. Her heart ` moped blood into an artery but it ran right back into the heat, because a valve was not functioning properly. But advance ltaedicai science has given her life back to her. A man-mae: plastic valve, right, now controls the blood from her heart; _It ,was inserted by a skilled team of surgeons at St. Maty H'.x it01 using a delicate technique first reported in 1954., A "1y developed heart pump is used to detour the circulatorytem; while the valve is inserted. t`,a;' Stuffed ham slices, baked in the oven, make delightful eat- ing. Of course you can use your own favorite recipe for the stuffing, but this one, using pine- apple is really something spe- cial. STUFFED RAM SLICES 2 tablespoons shortening 3 tablespoons chopped onions 1 quart soft bread crumbs it teaspoon salt Dash pepper 1 (1 pound) can crushed pine- apple, drained 2. center slices ham, 3/4 -inch thick 1/2 Cup brown sugar 4 cup dry bread crumbs 2 tablespoons melted butter 34 cup water 1 tablespoon dry mustard 1 tablespoon vinegar. Melt shortening in a skillet, add' onions, and saute until tender. Combine with soft bread crumbs, `salt, pepper, and pine- apple. Place 1 slice of ham in shallow roasting pan. Spread pineapple stuffing over it; cover with second ham slice—Combine brown sugar, dry bread crumbs, butter, water, mustard, and vinegar. Spread this mixture over top ham slice. Bake at 350° F. for 1 hour. Baste occasionally with pineapple juice drained from pineapple. 6-8 servings. * * * If you want to bake a whole or half ham, instead of ham slices, serve it with the raisin sauce. It's good too on slices, of course. RAISIN SAUCE Ye cup brown sugar 2 tablespoons cornstarch 34 teaspoon salt 2 tablespoons horseradish 1 tablespoon brown prepared mustard V.,, cup vinegar 1 cup water 1/2 cup raisins Mix sugar, cornstarch, and salt in a suacepan. Blend in horseradish and mustard. Add vinegar and water and heat un- til mixture becomes clear and thickened, stirring constantly. Stir in raisins. Makes 11/2 cups sauce. * * * Combine mushrooms, rice, cheese and ahnonds in this cas- serole, cover it, and cook from 45 to 60 minutes without watch- ing. RICE -CHEESE CASSEROLE 1/ cup canned mushrooms, stems and pieces I ,ablespoon finely chopped onion Y4 cup coarsely chopped al- monds 1 tablespoon butter 1/2 cup uncooked rice 2 tablespoons finely chopped parsley 1/2 cup grated cheese 1s/ teaspoon salt Few grains pepper 1 teaspoon meat extract 11/2 cups boiling water and mushroom liquid Drain mushrooms and save liquid. Lightly brown mush- rooms, onion and almonds in butter. Add rice, parsley, and grated cheese. Mix thoroughly. Place mixture in baking dish. Add salt, pepper and meat ex- tract to the water and mush- room Iiquid, and pour over rice mixture. Cover. Bake at 350° F. for ' 45-60 minutes, or until rice is done. After.,'you've had a beef or pork roatt+:.for dinner, combine what is . left•.iwith scalloped po- tatoest, in an interesting cas- serole. MEAT -POTATO CASSEROLE 6 medium potatoes, peeled and sliced 2 tablespoons flour 11/2 teaspoons salt Pepper 2 medium onions sliced 1-2 cups sliced beef or pork 2 tablespoons butter or other fat 1% cups hot milk Place a layer of :potatoes in greased, -baking dish and sprin-` kid with flour,, salt and pepper. Add atdew' slices of .onion and a layer 1of meat.. Continue until all po atoee, onions ' and neat are fid; making the top layer potatoes" °Sprinkle . top with salt, peppe • and flour, and dot 'with 'butter. Add hot milk. Bake at. 350° F. for about an hour, or until potatoes are tender. (Bak- ing time may be cut by par- boiling, potatoes before prepar- ing casserole.) Vessels of. Hope It is a happy coincidence that the good ships Susan Constant, Discovery and Godspeed, should. arrive in .Washington on the first day of spring, a time of hope and renewal. Nominally, the journey from England of the pint-sized craft commemorates the 350th anniversary of the arrival of America's first. colon- ists at Jamestown. But it is more than that. The graceful replicas also serve AS a vivid reminder' that th:sland`was settled by men who dared to sail an uncharted sea to Fran unknown destination in •vessels" little bigger than a lifeboat -on a modern ocean liner. Visitors', will be able to inspect the flagship,' Susan Constant. A tour ofthe ship should give a first-hand savor of the great age of ;adventure and discovery in which the seeds of American democracy were first planted on Virginia's shores. The pilgrim- age ofthe three wonderfully named ships acts as a salty tonic in a time when anxiety and timidity: blind many of us to the new horizons of adventure open- ed by the atomic age.—Washing- ton Post and Times' Herald. Just How To Catch a Trout "I have 200 bucks worth of trout tackle, including rods that bend like the neck of a swan and lures guaranteed to tickle the fancy of any squaretail in the lake; I have yakked to tac- kle salesmen behind dozens of counters and 1 have batted the breeze for nights on end • with trout anglers in every fisher-, men's bar' for 500 miles—but I can't catch a trout!" This annual tale of woe is as common a complaint with the growing army of novice anglers as fallen arches. It just isn't possible to solve this anguishing problem entire- ly in a few paltry paragraphs; if every neve trout fisherman Would follow a few common- sense rules there'd be far fewer wails ofwoe and a lot more fish in their brand-new creels: 1. Pick at first, a small brook known to have trout. It need only be a couple of feet wide winding calmly through a mea- dow. 2. Sneak up on the stream with soft footfalls and never let your head come within the vi- rion of a potential fish. 3. Step as far from the bank as possible and gently drop in the lure—such as a worm, a small minnow or one of those little gold spinners. Move the lure carefully, still keeping out of sight of the fish. Let it sink and jerk it slowly to the sur- face. Do this several times. If unproductive, move quietly to another spot. Keep doing this with infinite patience. You are. bound to catch a trout. Once you take a fish, you will understand that they can be taken if they are not in the least alarmed and usually only then. 4. Once you have learned the initial lesson, go with confidence to a larger water and, watching how others do it, even attempt the use of flies. If you want to use a dry fly,- sneak up on a little hole and drop it gently at the end of a four -foot line on the surface near the bank. Soon you will understand how trout rise to a dry fly and then you can go on to master the art of casting in your own back yard. 5. To fish in big and heavily fished eastern streams note care- fully the hours, methods and Spots used by local fishermen. Then act accordingly. 6. Never invade the fishing territory, being used at the mo- ment by another angler and under no circumstances ever tramp heavily around in the water. This is like stalking deer with a dinner bell—and' other anglers never forgive you. 7. Don't worry if early -season cold -water angling is unpro- ductive. The ' colder tie water, the less the trout feeds. You should begin to e mit reaction. by around May 30• )k northern waters. The angler must 'remember that trout are like people. They normally eat only at certain times Or when a. free breadline (like a sudden hatch of insects) becomes available. The arising and waning light Of dawn and evening usually are the most productive but really large trout often feed only in the black of night. To catch a six -pound brown trout for example keep visiting a good stream until you deter- mine where one habitually feeds. You can often hear him splash at night at the side of a big pool. Once located, wait for a moonless night, wade carefully in position and cast a big black fly, retrieving it in slow jerks after it has sunk to the bottom. Do this until your arm is ready to drop off. Maybe sooner than you expect, you'll be fast to him. For some curious reason, there are few night fishermen working the streams today. A few states do not permit night angling for trout, : and certain waters are taboo in other re- gions. So be sure to consult local laws. But, by and large, most Amer- ican trout waters are open to the nocturnal trout angler, and these days they're the one most likely to take really large trout —rainbows, browns and brooks. One further word of caution about this night -fishing busi- ness; make certain you have test -waded your locations dur- ing daylight so that you can avoid deep holes. The use of a flashlight—or even a match at night usually puts a big feeding fish down for hours. But remember—sneak up on 'em, keep out of sight, avoid vibration, present the lure na- turally and without fuss or fan- fare and don't try to handle, at first, a long line. — By Clayt Seagars in The Police Gazette. RICK DISK Sitting at a table in a high school cafeteria at Ann Arbor, Donald Taylor ordered chicken it la king. The dish was served to him. Imagine his surprise when his questing fork picked out a ..diamond and gold ring subsequently valued at $400. etteepe TRAIL-BLAZER—The public will soon be able to see a model of the very first home radio set ever put on the market — way back in the radio dawn of 1905. In a ceremony at Dearborn, Hugo Gernsback, 72 -year-old inventor, presented models of his transmitter and receiver to the Henry Ford Museum. Gerns- back's right hand rests on the transmitter model. The entire outfit cost $7.50 when it first went on safe. WEDDING DAY 14 PRAGUE --Olympic champ Harald Connolly and his bride, Czech Olympic star Olga fikotova are flanked by Czech athletes Mr. and Mrs. Emil Z o t o p e k after their marriage in Prague. The Connollys were married in three ceremonies—civil, Catholic and Protestant, Thousands of Czechs left offices, sh ops and homes to cheer and dance in the, streets as the couple were wed in the biggest marrtorl the ancient city has seen in hundreds, of years.