Zurich Herald, 1915-07-16, Page 10'HE TINY REPUBLIC FIRST BRITISH
OLDEST STATE IS AT WAR WITH
GERMANY.
San lelarino Was Founded 1600 Years
Ago by a Dalmatian,
Monk.
San. Marino, the smallest republic
in the world and the oldest state in
Europe, has voted to go into the. war.
This tiny republic did not have to
Make a formal declaration: as the
mightier combatants in the struggle
did, for with San Marino and Austria
the relations were Somewhat similar
to those between Montenegro and.
Turkey; there never was peace, and
M
it was only necessary for SanMarino
to say that a state a war already ex-
isted. San Marino thus threw into
the balance some thirty-eight square
miles of Apennine rocks and valleys,
950 soldiers and as many officers as
she has square miles, and defied the
Austrians to do their worst.
Altitude and position had much to
do with getting San Marino into the
war. The highest point of the re-
publie is Monte Titano, which rises a
sheer cliff to more than 2,600 feet
above the valley and, being a some-
what isolated spur to the east of the
:Apennines is easily discernible from
far out on the Adriatic and from the
highlands of the Austrian border
miles to the north. At the time of
San Marino's military glory several
hundred years ago the cliffs and the
strong wall that climbed along their
edge to Titano's summit .were a de-
fence against crossbows, javelins,
and catapults. " In .these days of
modern warfare this strength proves
more or Iess a weakness.
In the first place if San Marino re-
mained neutral the Austrian airmen
might venture across the sea, drop
down upon these heights for rest and
repairs and then dart off to attack
some interior Italian city or even
Venice, more than 100 miles up the
coast. On the other hand if she went
into the war these same venturesome
airmen might drop bombs that would
tear up most of her ancient walls
and destroy her capital city.
Finally she decided that .:since she
was part of Italy and bound to that
country by the closest relations she
would risk the . bombs rather than be
come the base for the manoeuvres of
her old enemy.
Founded by Monk.
St. Marinus laid the foundation of
the little nation some 1,600 years ago.'
According to tradition the founder
of the State was a Dalmatian stone
cutter named Marinus, who after
'working for years at Rimini embraced
Christianity and withdrew to Monte
Titano to escape persecution under
Diocletian. His 'fame as an austere
anchorite reached the ears of the.
noble lady to whom it belonged and
she presented the mount to him and
in addition a tract of land, thinking
that Marinus, as was usual in those
days, would found a monastry.
He did this and more, for he found-
ed a republic. Dying he gave Titano
to his disciples, recommending them
never to abandon it and `to organize
a civil society and live always in per
feet communion and peace based upon
principles of virtue."
San Marino lies about twelve miles
from the Adriatic • coast and about
the same distance from Rini. It in
seven miles long and five wide.
The Government of the republic is
really in the hands of a Great Coun-
cil of Sixty, twenty nobles, twenty
landowners and tw'en'ty peasants. The
executive power is vested in two
eapitani reggenti, who are selected
twice a year. The judiciary is pecu-
liar in that the judges are not chosen
from among the people of San Marino
but from a foreign country. The last
two judges, who : have held office for
two terms of three years each, were
members of the Italian bar.
San Mariano has ministers plenipo-
tentiary and consuls, the same as any
1 other European country:
] There was a time several years ago
When the sale of patents of nobility
formed no mean part of the revenue.
Dukes, counts, and barons of San
Marino became so numerous in Italy
that the Government forbade the sale
e , of such titles. As an illustration of
the ease with which a person with a
long purse could acquire a title •a
story is told of a .wealthy plebian
German who wagered 25,000 with an
ennobled compatriot that within four
s. weeks he could secure a higher title
i3 than that of his friend. The German
pi went to San Marino, paid $12,500 for
a ducal title and came back within
the stipulated time, making a profit
of $12,000 besides his title.
Yy
1e
ni
a
01
Bees suck over 200,000 flowers for
every ounce of honey.
A good luncheon dish is made of
is
leftover ham and chicken, put through
1e; the chopper. Put in a baking dish
with layers of boiled macaroni, with
the top layer of bread crumbs.
�.LrJ'Jlj$ C ;�, 1 L.Itli'1"ir`L't:3` y JIYtC , xn•w;w,.,.:
NAVTWAS RUIYlAN.
ESTABLISHED BY CAESAR AFTERI.
HE HAD INVADED ENGLAND.
Henry VIII. Called Father of the
Navy of More Modern
Times.
The first British navy was a Ro-
man one, if the Hibernanism may be
permitted, and it was due to the hosts
whom great Cmsar led to conquest.
For the protection of their colony
(Ernest Protheroe tells us, in a new
book just published), the Romans es-
tablished a fleet known as the°Classis
Britannica, manned by Roman sol-
diers, but with the oars of the galleys
worked by Britons who were pressed
into service. In 288. A.D., Carausius,
with the aid of some pirates, got pos-
session of the fleet and defied the Ro-
man authority, calling himself Eni-
peror of Britain. He was succeeded
by Aliectus, who was overthrown and
slain by the Emperor Constantine.
The revolted soldiers, who had been
assisting Allectus, fled to London,
where they were attacked and killed
in the streets by the Roman forces.
But after occupying Britain for
more than three centuries and a half
the Romans evacuated the country in
410 A.D.., in order to assist in de-
fending the very heart of Rome, which
was being assailed by hordes of bar-
barians from Central Europe. During
the ' latter part of their occupation
they had practically abglished the
Classis Britannica; and upon the de-
parture of the legions Britain was
again without a fleet.
Alfred the Great was the creator
of the first really British navy. In
875 Alfred defeated seven Danish
ships off Swanage, capturing one and
putting the others to flight; in 894 he
destroyed a Danish fleet off Appel-
dore and gained another great victory
near the Isle of Wight three years
later.
The weakness of Ethelred II., who
gave bribes to the Danes instead of a
fight, opened the way to disastrous
raids, and it was not until after the
death of Canute and the restoration
of the English line of Kings, that the
semblance of a fleet was again estab-
lished.
King Harold's Fleet.
To King Harold, succeeding Edward
in 1066, fell the task of averting, if
possible, the impending invasion of vessels should lower °their- topsails; in:
Normans. salutation of the English flag in the
But Duke William delayed setting Channel;
out. English Seamanship
NEW YORK HOME OF .WOUNDED FINANCIER.
The palatial . residence at fat Madison avenue, New York City of J. P. Morgan, who was shot toi-day at hie
Alen Cove summer home.
port and London and Bristol were do- fighting their crews nobly atoned for
ing an increasing trade with the Con- their' lack of sail. They captured no
tinent. less than 240 of the hostile ships and
Richard I., "Coeur de Lion," sixth sank a great number.
of the Norman Kings, gave the navy Meantime the Freneh had _ been
a great impetus, and in the third cru- building new warships armed with
sade undertook ""a record ti ip to the cannon, and Edward III. had been
Meditterranean with troops for the dead , only a few days , when De
Holy Land. Vienne, a noted French admiral, ap-
It was in the 'tiine of John that the peered off our southern coast to give
naval rivalry between the English us a taste of the quality of the new
and the French first commenced. French fleet. De Vienne's drastic
In 1213 Philip Augustus of France, operations resulted in the sacking of
attacked the Earl of, Flanders, win; and Folkestone, and the destruc-
was an old ally of John's. An Eng- tion of Portsmouth, Plymouth, and
lish fleet of 500 ships, unnder. the Earl Dartmouth, and then he sailed back
of Salisbury, was despatched against to France with his ships 'filled with
Philip, whose fleet was attacked in booty. ,
the harbor of Demme. Asa great French ships in 1380 even sailed up
portion of the French crews was the Thames and burnt 'Gravesend.
ashore at the time, the English' easily For the time being England had not
captured 300 sail and destroyed 100 only ceased to be "Mistress of the
others. The remaining French ver- Seas," she was no longer mistress of
sels were then so closely blockaded her own waters, and the weakness and
that their crews burnt them to pre .unpreparedness of Richard II, to
vent them from being captured. withstand these foreign ravages led
After this signal naval . victory to rebellion in some parts of England.
King John. took to himself' the title It had required a calamity to prove
'Governor of the Seas,' and he cowed to the English that it . was suicidal
it to be proclaimed that all foreign policy, to 'allow the navy to "decline in
strength, or to fail to seize upon new
aids -to -warfare. Forthwith measures.
were. taken to bring the fleet up to
date. '
Father of Navy.
Henry VIII. earned the title "Fa-'
ther of the English Navy,". for from
the commencement of his reign in
1509 he followed e a definite naval
policy, which consisted in steadily,
building ships until he possessed the
largest navy in the world.
"The most glorious °period in the
history of our wooden walls," writes
Mr. Protheroe, "was that between
1702 and 1805, a stressful century
of almost continual war with powerful
enemies, that put out ships and men
to most searching tests, from which
both emerged triumphantly."
And in those days—
"'Hearts of Oak,' indeed, were our
wooden walls, for to build even a 74 -
gun ship, the third rate, of which
our navy contained so many, from
1500 to. 2,000 oak trees were needed.
`The French ships, as a rule, were
bigger and faster than our- wn; they
possessed larger batteries, and their
lowest tier of guns was ,;higher, in
order to fight them in rough weather;
whereas in most English ° ships the
lower deck ports could not be opened
in a rough sea without danger of
swamping the ship. Fortunately for
us, the. French did not pay equal at-
tention to the effectiveness of their
guns, or many of our battles with
them would have ended far different
In this brief review most attention
has been paid to the earlier and less
familiar history of Britain's navy. In
his book, Mr. Protheroe brings his
story down to the latest thing in sub-
marines. 4.
Sorry For Her.
Meanwhile, their period of annual A curious battle royal at sea
service being at an end, food aboard marked the reign of Edward I.:
being scarce, and the men being re- There was a direct challenge and
quired ashore to work in the harvest, acceptance to settle all differences by
the English ^ ships returned to their a pitched battle in midchannel on
various ports. Three weeks later April 14, 1295. There was no limit
Duke William crossed over with about, to the number of vessels on each side
900 ships and 15,000 men, and effect- and consequently the rivals enlisted
ed an easy landing at Pevensey, near their friends or those who merely de -
Hastings. sired a fight for the love of it. A num-
Henry II. had larger fighting ships ber of Irish.and Dutchvessels joined
specially constructed for the service the hardy Cinque Ports men, while
of the Crown, in addition to the usual some Genoese came to the aid of the
forced levies. During this regia it French.
was enacted that no vessel should be Although the English ships were
sold to leave England. Portsmouth outnumbered by about two to one,
was rising into importance as a naval by. their seamanship and desperate
EXTRA
GRANULATED SUG R
with the fruit you order for
preserving.
Tell hire, too, that you want it in
the Packages originated for
Sugar -- 2 or 5 lb.
Sealed Cartons or 10, 20, 50 or
!�- 100 lb. Cloth Bags.
Then you will be sure to get
the GENUINE l EDPATH—
Canada's favorite
sugar for three
generations—the sugar to
whose preserving purity
you can safely trust good
fruit.
CANADA SUGAR.
ARMING C0.„,
LIMITED,
MONTREAL.
135
It is not only on the field of battle
that the .British soldier shows his bra-
very. A civilian who was seeing off
a young soldier friend bound for the
front was introduced by him to his
wife, a rather severe -looking woman
old enough to be his mother, The
civilian had difficulty in concealing
his surprise, and when occasion of-
fered he whispered to the young man
--y"I didn't know you. were married."
"Well, ym`see," said the soldier, hesi-
tatingly, "she was my landlady, and
her man was killed at the front a few
months ago, an' she wis goy hard pit
to it, ye see, ani 1 wis kind o' sorry;
for her. Arid as I've 4iaebooy depen-
-dent on me I just merrit her so's she
wid get my allowance."
'When a young man • • Sir Hiram,
Maxim contemplated' becoming a
prize-fighter;
FLAGEIN BRITISH CHURCHES.
A pilgrimage to' the principal
churches of Great ., Britain reveals
some interesting military mementoes
in the shape of flags of famous regi-
ments, many of them dating back to
the battles of Wellington's day. :.In
St. Paul's Catherdal may be seen flags
which, could they speak, might tell
many a gallant story of the feats of
the "Die-Hards," the officers and men.
of the Middlesex Regiment, in the
battles of Seringapatam, Ciudad : Ro-
drigo, Badajoz, Alma, Inkerrnann, and
Sebastopol. In St, Paul's, too, are
the colors which the Coldstream
Guards carried at Inkermann, the me-
morial bearing
emorial'bearing the beautiful inscrip-
tion, "Brothers in Arms, Partners in
Glory, and in Death they were buried
in one grave."
St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, has
a great array of regimental flaks,
particularly those of the Dublin Fuse
iliers, while in the renowned cathe-
dral of St. Giles, at Edinburgh, are to
be seen flab's of most of the chief
Scottish regiments, many of the torn
and tattered :emblems dating back to
many years ago when they were pre-
served as heirlooms by famous Scot-
tish :families.
There is a country church known
READ
LABEL
as Littleton' Church, in Middlesex,
which - is profusely decorated with
military flags, many ' of which were
placed there half a century ago by
General Wood, of the Grenadiers,
who had been in the Peninsular War
with Wellington, and who in later
life lured at Littleton' Park. General
oed,.eolleeted :and preserved many
famous regimental hags, and it was
the Prince Consort himself' who re-
sented the General with many of the
old colors as a recognition of his gal-
lantry and fine work with the Grena-
diers.
Surrey is proud of its bullet -pierced
flags which hang in the Queen's
Chapel of Holy Trinity Church at
Guildford, reminiscent of the deeds
of the famous Surrey Regiment. Sev-
eral beautiful flags belonging to the
Lancashire ' regiments adorn the
chapel known .as the King's Own in
the parish church of St. Mary, Lan-
caster, while in the nave of St. Nich-
olas.Church, Newcastle, hang the ban-
ners of the "Fighting Fifth"
=as
everybody in the Old Country calls
the gallant Northuriiberland Fusiliers
-that were carried in front ' of the
Fifth in the marches to Delhi and<
Lucknow.
• Sunset Coast.
The first• Japanese wedding in
Hazelbon, B.C., took place recent-
ly.
Seven inches of snow fell in Ross -
land, B.C., during the first week
in . May.
A Hindu charged with forgery at
Greenwood, B.C., was given three
years in the pen:
In the past 14 years the Green-
wood; 13.0., customs. office has
taken in over amillion dollars.
It is ;stated that. the Penticton,
B. C,, disbriet will produce 5,500
tons of fruit this year. In 1914
1,800 tons were raised. •
R. A. Brown, of Greenwood, B.
C., is confident that diamonds will
some day be found in the crater of ".
his volcanic mine.
The fruitgrowers' union at Nel-
son, B.C., wills take ,a commission
of 12;/ per trent. for selling fruit
this ysar.
During our wars with Napoleon out
Navy captured or destroyed 683
French ships.
WI-ININ DOUBT
Serve Ice Cream
CITY DAIRY Service makes
this possible. We have developed
a method of , shipping ' Ice Cream
put up in attractive boxes --
Enough in' a box to serve five or
six persons. We ship thousands
of these boxes to discriminating
shop keepers everywhere.
You get it in the original
package, just as it is put up in
our sanitary- Dairy.
-
-. every town,