Zurich Herald, 1923-04-19, Page 6ern,.
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%Address communications to Agronomist, 73 Adelaide St. West, Toronto ,
SOME COMMON CHICK DISE ,;S- Environmental Predisposition to
ES—THEIR PREVENTION AND : Disease—The normal animal body
CONTROL. under natural conditions is not a very
suitable medium for the growth and
Chick always haveaty is something which development of pathogenic organisms.
asand to be contendedeswith, When this does take place the par-
thd no'matter what certain steps sae traen asites are almost .invariably assisted
there will sotl be a classes death rats, b other agents. If a "slums" condi
-
What
in thiss caber uof animnot tion is created there must follow a
opredicted . can be reduced to,ti cannot harvest of chick fatalities as a pen-
is safe say,t the present that h Id alty, just as there is a high infant
safe to however, should mortality under similar -conditions.
effective attention b givent some
e ec esve a ' en ton a l o It may not be apparent to many
causes, which are- easily remedied, just what constitutes chick slums, nor
there naturally will be a reduction in how near they have permitted condi-
the number of deaths. tions to approach this undesirable
Normal chick mortality. --This vas- state. As contributing factors we
les greatly according to the conditions have crowding, fouled soil, contaniin-
of hock management.. Where the ated utensils, bad ventilation, insani-
tary quarters, insufficient or variable
heat supply and unsuitable food.
Of crowding little need be ,said as
it must be apparent to 'all that the
larger the number the greater be -
conies the hazard from disease. Close
cohabitation favors the quick spread
of infection and increased - virulence
normal conditions, where the flock is
small, the range liberal though pro-
tected, the food and attention as well
as the sanitary and hygienic condi-
tions being all that can be desired,
the loss usually is reduced to a mini-
mum. On the other hand when part
or all of these conditions are inter- of disease.
/sired with the death rate frequently
increases to an alarmingextent.The soil can, and frequently does,
become the source from which many
In many instances the chick's life chick epizootics have their serious be -
has been settled before the egg leaves ginning. Certain protozoa, capable of
the oviduct; for example, the hatch- setting up disease in the alimentary
ability varies greatly between eggs
tract, are able to live in the soil. When
handled and incubated in precisely the the soil becomes polluted with feces
these lower forms of life become
greatly increased in number. This
favors a return of the parasites to
the hosts' gut in - large numbers, re
same .manner. Chick diseases with
their resulting mortality are due to
predisposing and exciting causes.
Predispositions— Predisposition to
disease is generally passed over far suiting in the loss of much life.
too lightly and it is regretted that Utensils which are left with part -
such is the case. If one wishes to see ides of food attached for anything
just the part it plays take two hatches like protracted . periods are excellent
of chicks, the one where the percent- places for the colonization of bacteria.
age hatched has been low and with While these in every instance may not
low vitality, while the other bunch is be pathogenic organisms they Ire -
just the opposite—strong, sturdy and quently are capable of causing diges-
active. As a usual thing it is no mat- jive' disorders resulting in diarrhoea
ter of conjecture as to which will be of a fatal nature.
the harder to raise, and which will be Ventilation must be maintained
the more subject to disease. ( without producing draughts. The
We should differentiate between a quarters must not be so close, how -
prenatal predisposition, and a tend- ever, that on opening a chicken odor
ency to contract disease as a result of is noticeable, nor must there be suffi-
environment. It is commonly said tient opening to cause the temper-
that a sick hen will not lay. This is ature to fall during the colder hours
probably true, but a hen low in vital.'of night. Chills have a most disas-
ity will lay, and the chicks hatchedtrous effect on young chick life. If the
chicks appear listless when let out of
doors in the morning but soon regain
their normal activity when in the
from her eggs . will inherit constitu-'
tional weakness. Consider such gross;
defects as watery whites and ,chalky
shells which probably appear in vary -i
ing, degrees, frequently to pass un -i
detected. Both of these substances
must furnish nourishment to the de -I.
veloping embryo, and it cannot build`
up a normal body from materials.
which may be lacking in essential sub -1'
stances. Then again there are the
unseen components of the egg, such;
as the newer known vitamines. If a I
hen has Iaid heavily for some time,
the food supply being deficient in some
of these essential substances, and her
body supply has been called upon until
no longer an available supply exists
there, it will naturally follow that the
egg must be lacking in these ma-
terials. If vitamines are essential to
the health and development of a
growing chick they must be considered
during the twenty days which it
spends in the shell. The presence or
absence of vitamines in cows' milk has
been found to be dependent upon the
animals' food. A food supply, though
eatherwise abundant, but deficient or
lacking in vitamines results in a milk
product correspondingly deficient.
Possibly the same can be said of the
hen's egg, with regard to these elusive
though essential substances.
A Canadian at Harvard.
Clarence 1V1. Warner, formerly of
Napanee, Ontario, is another Canadian
wlio occupies, an important post iu the
United States, as curator of the .Cana-
dian section of Harvard University
library. Through bis keen interest in
Canadian history he has secured enor-
mous and valuable. collections of re-
cords relating to Canadian affairs.
The Food of Pigeons.,
Practically all :cereals constitute a
good feed for domestic pigeons, says
a"bulletin on pigeons, just issued by
the Poultry Division of the Dominion
Experimental Farms. . •The best are
peas, wheat, barley, . and buckwheat,
which should be fed mixed and whole,
as they are more palatable to the
pigeons. Care must be taken, in
order to avoid bowel and digestive
trouble, not to feed green or absolute-
ly new and unseasoned grain. All
grain should be fed in hoppers, so as
to keep it clean and wholesome, and
the hoppers should be so constructed
that the birds may not be able to turn
around on the open front.
As to the value of the various'
grains that may be fed, the bulletin
says: Barley in limited quantities is
a good summer feed; cracked cern is
a good feed when used in limited
quantities, but care should be taken,
owing to its fattening propensity,; not
to use it too freely, especially with
birds in confinement; wheat is one of
the best grains, but the use of lin-
mature or new wheat should be avoid-
ed; pigeon breeders look on peas as
essential and they generally form
from 25 to 50 per cent. of the ration;
clipped oats or, better still, 'grouts, are
recommended during : the laying sea-
son rye is not a satisfactory feed;
hemp is heating, but can be given oc-
casionally -in small quantities: to add
open, consider the ventilation made;.
quate. If this continues the chicks'
health will soon suffer.
Chick dietetics has received con-
siderable attention, and the brands of
suitable feeds and methods . of feeding
are almost legion. When chick mor-
tality increase a 'finger of doubt is
almost invariably pointed at the, food.
When standard feeds are used, and
methods followed which have stood
the test of time, they should be ques-
tioned only after all other predispos-
ing causes of disease have been placed
beyond doubt.
The actual cause of chick disease
whether it be protozoa or bacterial
organisms is of fai less concern than
the conditions which permit the spread
and multiplication of the parasites to
the extent of causing disease.
Little hope of treating the subjects
should be entertained, but rather
every effort should be given to preven-
tion. Time and money expended in
sanitation and hygiene , are good in-
surances that will pay well. With the
foregoing attended to, unless the
chicks are subnormal when hatched,
the mortality should be maintained at
a minimum.
HORSE
As the spring planting season is
short, farm operations must be rush-
ed. This entails long hours, and with
modern machinery it also means
heavy work for farm horses. Horses
working in harrows, discs and manure
spreaders are pulling heavy loads, and
an many eases they are pulling them
over broken ground. Because the work
is hard and the hours are long the
horses most be in good physical eon-
clition. This is only possible when
horses are fitted for spring work.
If they have been fed a liberal grain
allowance they will be fat and soft,
and should get regular exercise to
harden their muscles. If they have
been carried through the winter main-
ly on roughage, with very little grain,
they should be given regular exercise
and the grain ration should be in-
creased to one pound per :hundred
pounds of live weight. Violent changes
in either the diet or the habits of
horses aro injurious, and for this rea-
sou: the farmer should begin getting
his horses in shape a month, or pre-
ferably six weeks before heavy spring
work begins, gradually increasing the
grain and work so that the horse will
be in shape to perform a heavy day's
work when th.e rush season begins.
The grain ration should be increased
to at least one and a quarter pounds
per hundred pounds live weiglwt when
the heavy spring planting commences.
The hay fed before and during the
busy season should be either high
grade timothy or a•.niixture of bright,
clean timothy aid clover, The grain
fed while the home is being fitted may
consist Wholly of oats; or a mixture
of three parte of one to one part of
bran may be feat. Bran is too laxaft
five for horses at heavy work, and no
more than one part of bran tO live
or site parts ot oas should bei fed
during the busy season except on Sat-
urday night when a bran mash is ad-
visable.
Sometimes a horse does not seem to
be digesting his food properly, in
which case the teeth should be exam-
ined and any that are longand ragged
floated smooth. Indeed it is a good,
practice to go over all the horse's
teeth each spring before starting to i
prepare the animal for spring work.
' By properly fitting his horses for
spring work • the farmer will avoid
sore shoulders, his horses will finish
the season in good condition and they
will render much more efficient ser-
vice than if they had begun the spring
work without being properly fitted'
for it.
Gorki as a FeedingStuff
variety to the ration, and is looked on
with favor for use during the mating
season, A. continual supply of pure
drinking water should be kept before 'filt
the birds and in the loftse' of pigeons I
bred in captivity, hoppers containing
rock salt, fine gravel, crushed oyster
shells, charcoal, and pulverized niter -
tar, in separate compartments, should
be constantly replenished,
Corn, says a Dominion Agricultural
Bulletin on Commercial Feeding
Stuffs, is probably the mostp alatable
and highly relished of all the grains
used in feeding live stock. While rich'
in starch and oil, it is lacking in pro -1
tein and mineral, matter, and is, there;
�
fore, more suitable for fattening]
stock than far caws producing milk or
in calf or for young and growing
stock. Indeed for. all classes of live'
stock it must be supplemented with
feeds rich in protein and ash consti-
tuents, if satisfactory results are to
be obtained, It is particularly relish-
ed by poultry; but must be. sparingly
fed to layers or they will become non-
productive through over -fatness. In
fattening poultry also its excessive
use tends to the development of fat
rather than the production of a prop,
erly fleet ed fowl.
(Vale ere so soft when first taken
from the ground that they may be
Irrxlied apart with the fingers,
Must Go All the Way.
The Good Book tells us that, if we
transgress the law in part, we are
guilty of all. This advice can be car-
ried over into the farming business
to the advantage of the man who tills
the land.
ITT growing crops there are limiting
factors. Good seeds are necessary,
but good seeds alone will not give a
maximum crop. Plenty of available
plant food is necessary, but an abund
anoe of pre-digested plant food alone',
will not give a maximum crop. A fine,'
well -compacted seedbed is necessary,
but such a seed -bed alone will not give
a bumper crop. And so on with all
thevarious factors required for the
•bringing to maturity of a crop that is
worth while.
Now, the point is this: Unless we
are willing and able to go the whole
distance and provide all the factors
re"uired in the growing of a maxi-
mum crop, or in the developing and
fitting of stock, then it is better that
we go to work on the road, accept the
managership of some bank, or run on
the free-for-all ticket at the next
election.
HOGS
One pretty good rule is that 100
pounds of skim -milk are worth one-
half the price of a bushel of corn for
feding hogs.
Another rule, a little more reliable,
is this: When fed alone, the value of
100 pounds of skim -milk equals the
market price of live hogs, in cents per
pound, multiplied by five. If fed in
combination with corn or barley, it is,
worth the price multiplied by six in-
stead of by five.
The following example shows how
the second rule works: If hogs are
worth eight cents a pound, 100 pounds
of skim -milk would be worth for feed-
ing eight timesfive, or forty cents, if
fed alone. If fed with corn or barley,
as it usually is, it would be worth
forty-eight cents. A limited amount
of skim -milk for feeding small..,, pigs
or brood sows is worth much more to
the hundred pounds. The larger the
percentage that milk makes of the
total feed, and the older the hogs, the
less the milk. is worth. The above rule
is for pork production in general..
N:
Planting of Fruits, egetabl es and Flowers
So much of the success in the gravy
ing of fruits, vegetables and flowers
depends upon the quick establishment.
and early starting into growth of the
plant that it is very important that
promptness, when the right time
comes, and care in plantingshould be
impressed on everyone.
Fruit trees, fruit bushes, and straw-
berry plants all do bet when planted
the roots from becomingdry and in
firming the soil about the roots after
planting, as is the case with fruit
trees and bushes. The hardening off
of plants in the cold frame is very im-
portant when one grows one's own.
plants. If plants have been grown in
the house or in a hot -bed and are set
out direct from there to the open field
the foliage will be soft and very liable
as .soon as the soil is ':dry enough to to be injured by sun and wind. The
work in the spring. This means early danger from light frosts will also be
spring before growth has 'begun. The much greater than if the plants are
later the planting is left the less the hardened off by exposing thein in a
chances of success. Too much cannot cold,;frame or other sheltered place
be said about the importance of pre- and protecting from frost for a few
venting the drying out of roots before days before planting out in the field,
by which time the leaves will be much
better able to withstand sun, wind and
frost. '
planting. Sometimes plants arrive
with the roots rather dry, and if there
is delay in planting they may be very
dry, if not actuallydead, before the Some vegetables require much high-
tree or plant is set out. In the, case er temperatures than others, and little
of the trees and bushes, they may leaf is to be gained by -sowing seed of cer-
out after planting, but, the roots be- tain kinds early •or'setting out plants.
and Seed is veryaiable to rot without ger-
ing dead, the leaves soon wither
th 1 td's ' t' "f thet erature of the
When received, trees, bushes, and soil is too" low, and very little frost
strawberry plants should be opened ; will kill some plants. ,
up, . and if the roots are at all,. dry , The following classification of var-
they should be well soaked with watea•: ieties as to time of: sowing will be
before heeling in until they can be found useful:
I S a Y Y, Seed to be sown early in spring-
bundle 'fora few days the roots lire ;carrots; lettuce, onions, pars-
bundle
y to die from this cause. They
nips, peas, radishes, kohl-rabi, garden
should be taken- out of the package cress; salsify, spinach, parsley, and
and heeled in well, spreading out the• leeks, l
plants and roots so that the moist soil Seed sown in hot -beds but plants
can be brought in close contact with .will stand some frost—cabbage, cauli-
them. When trees,.bushes or straw- flower, celery.
berry plants are taken to the-Field'to • 'Seed to be sown after clanger of
frost is over unless protected—beans,
plant the roots should be exposed.to;'
the sun as little as possible and should:
be planted as promptly as possible so
e p an ie . mea ung i tem
1 Strawberry plants are ver
s,i!jeeet to heating, 'and if left in, the
beets
as to prevent the roots from :heeme nn
corn; .cucumbers, melons, and squash.
Seed of late cabbage is not sown until
May, but the plants will endure frost
dry. One of the most important itelnsl`and seed of Swede turnip should be
sown late, though turnips will stand re. 111 C ( Art D
in planting is to make the soil firth, frost. Where early potatoes are de -
Dissolve in,..
boiling water
Use enough to get
a big lasting suds
Big lasting suds -one
secret of Rinso's amaz-
ing power to dissolve
dirt. If you don't get
lasting suds, you have
riot used enougk Rinso.
Soah an hour
or more °vim Kew,
(Colored clothes only half an hone
After soaking, only the most soiled clothes need
a light rubbing with dry Rinso.
Your clothes don't need boiling if you use Rinso.
But if you like to boil your white cottons, use,
' enough Rinso solution to get the suds you like.
Ritmo is made by the largest soap makers
in the world to dothe family Yash as
easily and safely as LUX does fine things.
LEVER BROTHERS LIMITED
TORONTO
R302
ter:- ,• arts ..
forfloorscan b
A good crack filler
Putting Away Hams for
1
the Summer.made by mixing flour paste (flout
boiled in water) with plaster of Paris.
I have had quite a number of years'
experience in putting up hams for the
summer. As 1 have never lost a ham
or had one bothered by the insects, I
gladly give to other's the simple pro-
cess I have used. 0
When the hams are removed from.
the salt they are smoked for several
days. Then I carry them to the kit-
chen. 1 male -a thick flour_ •paste by
dissolving the'flour in cold water and
pouring into the mixture boiling water
.until it has conte to a starchy thick-
ness. I stir cayenne pepper into this
until it has a reddish cast. About two
tablespoonfuls to a gallon of paste
will be right.
I dip each joint of meat into boiling
water for an instant to destroy any
insect eggs that may: have become at-
tached to it. Then I rub paste over
the ham until it is thoroughly cover-
ed, after which I wrap it in light
brown wrapping paper, taking care
to see that the paper adheres to and
covers every part of the ham. Thus
all flies are excluded from coming in
contact' with the meat.
As soon as the paper on the ham is
thoroughly dried, I place each ham in.
a canvas sack, tie it tightly, and hang
it in the smokehouse to remain until
ready for use.—W. D. N.
To Control Striped Beetle.
Y P
Here is m recipe for taking care
of the striped vine bug, the squash
bug and the onion maggot: I save all
fine ashes and soot from the stove and
pipe during the winter, keeping them
dry. Then I take a syrup pail, put a
stout bail on same and punch about
two holes in the centre of the bottom
of the pail with a twenty -penny spike.
I have used this dope for twenty-five
years and never lost by it. I have
raised onions on the same ground for
four years, and the fourth crop was
the best.—N. M.' Croat.
Recipe for soap: Dissolve one can of
lye in two and one-half pints of rain-
water and let stand an hour or till
blood -warm, then pour five and one-
half pints melted lard into the lye and
water, stirring all the time while pour-
ing and till it looks smooth and well
dissolved, then set away till entirely
cold. Cover while cooling,
about the roots as d
firm moisture will not reach the roots .h d. of their .bei f • '
in any quantity from . roven' layers, in
proven'
andBrown
the following varieties: White
Leghorns, Anconas, M:inorcam White and
Barred Rocks, Rhode Inland Reds, White
Wyandottes, also White Pekin'Ducklings.
We carry a complete lino of Baby Chick
supplies, Hovers, Brooders, incubators,
Lamps, Spare farts, Hatching Eggs, ate.
We pay express and guarantee 100 /o safe
arrival. Write for circular to the
Toronto40 Heights
SPoultrySupply
nTo onto Ltd.
, if 'it is not ma e sired, they may be planted even when DUCKLINGS
t �ue 1s angel etr nig frozen
promptly and continuously and, even after they are up as it has been found
though the plant may be in good con they will cone on againain even after
clition When set out, it inti�' dis be -being
frozen, and in places where the
cause the soil about the *roots becomes ..•
season is short early planting ensures
too dry after planting: Proper depth the largest crops.
ofplanting is important.' Trees and g P
Seed sown in.hot=beds; but plants
bushes should be planted from .two to will not staled f cost --•melons, egg
three inches deeper than they- -1)i ere' plants: peepers,
Ornamental trees . and shrubs re-
quire the sante dare in planting as
before. This provides for a slight
heaving which may occur the -first
winter after planting. gtrawberry
plants, however, should be planted as
near as possible at the depth they
fruit .trees and fruit bushes, and
should be set out early for best re-
sults. In growing annual flowers for
were and if .touted too setting out it is important to harden
they do not do' well, p them off, as is the ease with vege-
shallow they are likely to die. v tables if best results are to be obtain -
reducing the top of the trees and
bushes front one-third to a ,tial:, .by
pruning immediately after planting,
success' will be mud,. surer than. it the
whole top is left. on as in the disturb
once in transplanting- many roots are others should be scat: in the open
ed, There is a great advantage in
time of blooming of using' plants ratit-
er than seed of most annuals but
Sweet Alyssi ni, Eschscholtrr--1, Poppy,
Annual Gypsophile, Pottuleea and
destroyed, and the top must be red"' -..W \T. 1Vl coon, Dominion llorticul-
ed to offset this loss, twist,
Tti the planting. of ' vegetables elle -
same caro is necessary in preventing, ISStJ1 No, 15--13,
In scalding hogs, do not have the
water boiling when, the hog is plunged;_
inbut a few degrees below the boiling,
point. We add a bucket of cold water,:
If the water is too hot, the hair will
set, making cleaning a difficult task.;
To a kettle containing fifty gallons of
water, add "a small shovelful of hard i'
wood :ashes. These are <a great `:help,
in removing the hair and black scurf.
Built for
Years of Service
Thi " rantfordMixer" Concrete Mixer for
small jobs 13 built to stand up undor hard
usage. It cute Labor in half when build-
ing silos, foundations, barn Boors, eta.
Many farmers use It to mix feed or fertil-
izer. : Blade for hand or power, We also.
build larger size mixers for heavier work.
Write for booklet.
COOLD, SHAPLEY& MU IR CO., L1 noted
200 Wellington St.
Brantford,' Ontarla
Irrigated Farms in
Southern Alberta
In the Famous Vauxhall District
Bow River Irrigation Project
An especially,geod location for mixed.
farming and dairying.' Splendid" op.,
portunity for young men now living
in districts where good lend cannot
be bought at reasonable prices.
THIS IS NOT PIONPIIERING. the
first 10,000 acres are fully settled and
'another 10,000 acres now ready for
settlement: 'maximum distance from
railroad, seven miles. Geed roads,
telephones and schools, 'Easy pay-
ments, elttending, over 18 yeast:.
Tine Is the Best Band Buy lirAiberta
Write for further information, to
CANADA LAND and IRSCOVITIO14
COMPANY, LIMITED
hr...tmr1,1, anion - Year:
TEA TIE
On the
Horse-
relaneedllfieiMieree
This book is one of the
best ever wit :ten for tho
horseman and the tanner,
In plain everydayy, under.
ntandable Sngltshit deals
orlth every ailment that
horseflesh is heir to, and tells Low to
troet them. Itbos chapter, an shoos
and•shoeing, breading and feeding.
Tia book is worth malty dollars to the
handler of horses, but all. ou have to do
1s to ask your druggist for iG 11 Is absoiuteiy.
free, Bore 10 ono opIuion 1
9ountBSnwfna; its„ Jae. 19, 1922.
Ploaao send me by ma11 your. MAT rook
eitoiving twitting and actions of silk horses
ants boon using ,yo00 Zondalrs..Spirvin Treat-
Monter
x
M ntteryearsandtbinkitisagroattreatmonh^
PERLY C01r.1 lf,
if yyout dtugglst hos nota copy of the book left„
wrltl us direct i
Dr. O. J. KENDAL CO.,
Enosmurgi Valls, Vt., U.S.A.•
8
You Can Make Big Prof is 1
$4 to $5 per acre iterated an fertilizer' on grains hos f equctttly
made gains' of S to 12 bushels per acre on Wheat, or 23 to
30 bushels on Oats send 15 to 20 bushels on Conn. -
Remembcr it costs just as much to grow the cro s tui in you gss
low yields as it does whenyouget big yields. You', prom
elle y s
with lite Yields is rftany times greater.
Fertilize your crops this spring with GUNN'S
SHUR-G.1N Fertilizers and gat the; Biggest
Profit possible.
Consult•our Agent or write us..
Agents wo;zted in torrltoribe
weerowo Aro not represented...,.
1:204 St, dols St a st
TORONTO
?mlleo