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The Seaforth News, 1923-08-16, Page 7Address communications to Agronomst," 73 Adelaide Bt. West, Toronto NEGLECT IN THE' SUMMJR CUTS WINTiR EGG PROFITS. Hot days and sultry nights bring treating with sodium florid°. This ss tender, palatable pasture. This some their own problem to the poultrymen, most .easily applied dry. There are times is quite difficult to provide as whether he be operating on a commer- cial scale ommer-cial''scale or managing a farm flock, The birds require different care and different feeding during, the hot', days. The old hens must be kept on the job and the young stock will have to be SHEEP Profit derivable from mutton grow- ing on the farm lies largely in bring- ing ,the lamb crop to early maturity. I find that this can only be done by. giving the lambs the best of care after being weaned, Lambs that have been well nursed during the suckling. period have made : large bone and flesh de- velopment and come to the weaning time prepared to shift for themselves. Lambs as soon as separated from their mothers should be provided with two common methods of using it in drouth invariably prevails 'through- the powder form. out the country at tine season. Then, The Pinch Method—The bird is too, a great many faints are not well held by the legs and •pinchesof the fenced so that pastuie that might he powder dusted into the feathersabout available can be utilized to, the best the vent, in the loose fluff feathers advantage.; given: every encouragement if they are and along the body feathers extending The flock owner must keep looking to do,their best next fall and winter from the thigh forward. .. ahead in order to meet conditions of when prices begin to come up, Much The Shaker Method—This., le Mull- the season and provide the essential has been said of winter care, but win- lar to the pinch method except' that a pasture the flock requires at all times. ter careis much more difficult if ,your can having a perforated top is used in of the year. Where the fields are well stock goes into winter quarters weak- place of using pinches. This requires fenced,eacond-growth clover and June ened by summer neglect, much more material and consequently grass: meadow pasture is available it it is frequently diluted with some fine makes the finest kind of feed for the substance such as flour or flowers of developing of the lambs. Being sec- This is the time of year to get rid sulphur. and growth, tender and nutritious, the. of the cull hen. Culling can be done . Dip Method—In addition to using lambs make splendid growth, at any time, but the amateur will find the sodium florido as above, it is I find ita good practice to change less trouble at this time of year. The sometimes used as a dip. This re- the pasture for the lambs- as fregnent- spirit of spring, with its Slush season quires more labor but is a thorough ly as possible as it not only gives the for eggs has passed rapdily into sum- method of cleaning up a flock. A warm lambs a change of feed, but t think mer slumps. • Summer slumps may be sunny days should be chosen and the the pasture supply can be kept up for used by two factors; First, poor work done during midday to give the a longer length of time. Feeding a feedug, and secondly, the inability of birds a chance to get dried off before light grain ration of oats, corn and the individual hen to stand the strain. going to roost. This practice is rapid- wheat bran is neceseaxy in order to In other words, the constitutionally becoming m balance up the pasture and to induce rapid bone and flesh development. '5550 TIME TO CULL ore - common among weak, the mentally disinclined, and poultrymen as they are overcoming a physically unfit, should be doomed to fear of wetting the birds. slaughter. ,: Time and space will notBeach and Freeborn give the follow - permit an extensive article at this ung directions for making the dip: time on Dulling. A few of the high "The solution should be prepared in a points might be enumerated. The big wooden container, avoiding contact beefy hen with the chuckle head, yel- with galvanized iron. The ordinary low' shanks, new plumage and a mass wooden wash tub is excellent for this of hard fat stored in the egg sack region should be given carfare to mar- ket, Small, undersized, crow -headed, round -bodied types showing lack of vitality and vigor should also be let tepid water. The best method far go. Keep an eye on the busy, indus- dipping the birds is to hold them with trious biddy who sings all day and the left hand by both wings. They are then placed feet foremost in the warm dip and submerged until only the head remains above the surface. They should be held in this .position for twenty or twenty-five seconds, Rations for Heavy Mick Yields. The opinion too often held that one cannot afford to feed a heavy grain ration to milking cows is rapidly ur One ounce of commercial changing. Experience is teaching purpoee.that low feeding is wasteful and a sodium floride, or two-thirds of an generous ration profitable. To try to ounce of the chemically pure salts make ones grain supply spin out by should be dissolved in each gallon of reducing the .ration is like withholding waterfrom a thirsty, plant. The Record of Perfoinsance work with dairy cows has taught useful lessons on gauging the ration. The desire to make records at any cost has taught that a good cow sen be trusted to judge' of the quantity of a well balancedration that may be eaten with profit. At the Lacombe, Alberta, Experi- mental Station during the year 197.2, ten Holstein -Friesian cows qualified in the Record of Performance with records ranging from 12,992 lbs. of milk and 619 lbs. of fat to 21,885 lbs. of milk and 858 lbs. of fat within the year. No fancy feeds were fed to these sows, the object being to use only such feeds as were within reach of every dairyman. The meal ration consiste,•l of a mixture of 220 pounds of oat chop, 120 pounds of bran and 100 pounds of oil -cake meal, This gave good results as a protein rich feed for heavy producing cattle. All cows were well fitted for R. 0. P. The meal wee restricted for a few days before calv- ing and for some time after calving, until the inflammation had gone and the cotes were back to normal. There is then less danger of over -feeding or causing digestive troubles. At other times the cows were allowed practi- cally all the meal they would clean up, The dry roughages consisted of al- falfa, prairie hay and oat green feed. Alfalfa formed the main bulk, but birds make excellent use of such dairy hay and'greenfeed were fed ae'- well, by-products. and it was found that the variety' is better than any one feed. Oat and corn silages provided the bulk of the seceulent roughage. In the late fall and early winter- months, swede tur- nips were fed, These were fed at the mid-day feeding. A sample daily ra- tion for a cow giving 70 pounds of wears no yellow pigment in her shanks. She is a most docile and friendly individual, always looking fdr something to eat. Her plumage may be dry and hard, and possibly broken, but she will be out -doing her more while the feathers are ruffled to per - "dressed up" sister of Ieisure. Note mit penetration of the liquid. Just when you handle her,. the spread in before removal the head should be the egg sack region, indicating ovarian activity. The deep, . long ribs, the long, broad, level back, the clean-cut head, and the hard, close plumage, These are all earmarks of heavy pro - Auction and "laying type." meriNG-MOUSE 0oslern0NS. Conditions in the laying -house are apt to become very bad in summer. A hot, stuffy house, odoriferous with the gases from heated manure, and in every chink and crack a nest of finites is not at all conducive to health and production. It may be difficult to ventilate some houses properly to maintain a sweet-smelling condition, but frequent ever, a liberal feed of mash and ani" cleaning will aid greatly in maintain- mal protein to keep up production. ing a healthy atmosphere. Itt most If thehouses are warm, put the houses adequate summer ventilation mash hoppers out in the shade where can be secured by keeping all. windows the hens will consume more. The wide open and if windows are opened standard mash mixture is used for under the dropping board on the summer feeding,cohsisting of equal nos.th side will aid materially in keep- parts groulsd oats, ground corn, bran, ing the house cool and provide air cir- middlings, and meat scrap. Sour milk culation. Care must be taken to have or buttermilk may be used to replace all openings covered with wire net- about one-half of the meat scrap. The ting to protect against skunks, wee, eels, etc. This precaution will also aid materially in preventing infesta- tions of mites by keeping the spar- rows out. Sparrows usually harbor and carry mites and Le allowed to fres- quent the poultry house and build nests they are sure to be a source of yermin. They also deviop a mania for 'visiting mash hoppers and feed bins. In this way they will materially reduce profits and are very apt to be carriers of disease organisms from infected flocks and yards. Mites and`lice reduce the vitality of stock and interfere with production. These two common pests vary in their • habits and real be dealt with accord- ingly. Mites live in cracks and cfev ices, about the nests, roosts and drop- ping boards, attacking the hen during ithe night while she is on the roost or during the day while she is on the nest;: Mites may be detected by the characteristic "pepper and salt" ap- pearance on the roosts and about th' cracks and chinks. This is caused by excreta from, the parasites. They are described as both gray and red mites. bage sown about August 1 snakes ex - In reality, however, the gray mite is celleht•greens for fall feeding. Give usually the same animal before )irealc- bens in Confinement a feed of greens' fast; After his meal of good' hen's the first thing in the morning and blood he takes on 'a reddened appear- again in 'the forenoon, and also in the. ance due to the blood in the body. A afternoon during the hot weather.' characteristic odor accompanies badThey enjoy salads for summer rations infestation o c s on and one Can soon learn to lust a. much as we do. reco slue i - i g them and detect their pres. During midsummer the luster sup.1 0050 10 that Tay. Using louse killer', ply becomes. warm and stale. You will on the birds will have but little effect' be repaid for the trouble of frequently' on mites. They can be readily con- changing' the water. Keep the pans trolled, however, by using a .good :clean, and particularly when milk is, insecticide on, the roosts," nests, drOp- being fed. Foul drinking 'dishes are ping board, etc. The writer has' found not conducive to good heolth and the waste oil from the crank case of the birds will drink .more water if it is automobile or tractor to be a very clean and cool.. Remember, egg1 are efficient and inexpensive mite control, 55.9 per cent- water. Illveryone has, some. at hand or can The faster you drive tine morn easy secure it from a local garage for a ducked underthe surface.' Hold the birds above the tub for a few minutes to allow them to drain. One hundred birds will use up approximately five gallons of dip .on which basis material should be available at the start of the operation to keep the dip replenished. SUMMAR FEEDING. During the long warm days our ra- tion can be changed quite materially from the one need. during the short cold ways of winter. The hen no long- er requires an . abundance of heating food. There must be supplied in quan- tities sufficient, however, to maintain body weight. She does require, how - milk a' day for this time of the year is as ' follows: Pry roughages, 12 pounds; Det silage, 5 pounds; swedes, 35 pounds; meal mixture, 22 pounds. In summer the cows had rye and oat pasture as close to the building as possible, They were oleo fed silage, hay and uveal, as much aa they would clean up. Liir�t Stock Markets. An' important, paragraph in.the re- view of, the present situation of the. cnttle trade by the Markets Micelle Bence Service' of the. Dominion Live Stock •Branch reads: "The`` strongest demand on the market is .to neat weight stock of good killing quality, find this Condition' may be depended upon to mint -finite during hot weather, Heavy supplies of soggy grassers will break the market Caution in liqui- dation with particular attention to season conditions, is strongly advised. Midsummer demand is mostly for small: meats, but,. 'in view. of scarcity,; a good outlet overseas and strengthen- ing United States markets on choice and good ` heavyweights, such cattle inay'be depended upon to strike good levels. The excellent condition of pas- tures, the good prospects for grain, hay, and. fodder crops should suggest a policy of operation in which full finish and a judicious carry-over are the main. issues. There is nothing in the general situation to negative the belief that the beef market is well on the road to recovery. The usual autumn depression is of course inevit- able, but the degree of it depends en- tirely on the general policy pursued. Those who take note as •to seasonal conditions of markets will probably benefit" Relative to hog prospects the re- viewer bas this to say: ''Our latest cable advices from Great Britain are in more optimistic tone than early in the' month' (June), and hopes are en- tertained of a sharp reaction to pricee, Producers are advised to get their hogs in, good finish and to sell subject to official grading, which will give them the -benefit on select stock. The majority of the Canadian packers are now purchasing on the basis of.. the new standards, and producers should see to it that their hogs are so bought at country points." As to sheep, a short supply led to the market holding up well, and on laastei•n-markets at the end of June the average price was well above that for the corresponding month last• year. Western prices, however, were not as strong, but supplies were generally so meagre' as to prohibit the establishing a market. Heavy ebeep were some- what hard to move. Choice lambs weighing not above 75 lbs, are the choice of the market and good prices are forthcoming for such stock. From eighteen to twenty dollars per hun- dred pounds was no uncommon price for choice lambs during June. Light stock is always preferred, especially in hot weather. Simple Canning Recipes. At this season of the year whon there is a demand for information as to canning, drying and storing pro- cesses for fruits and vegetables, the booklet of recipes issued by the Do- minion Fruit Branch will' be useful to many. The recipes are nit only simple and practical, but their reliabil- ity has been tested by leading author- ities. The booklet is available, free of charge, to those who apply to the Publications Branch of the Depart- meet epart meet of Agriculture, Ottawa. The grain mixture may be slightly changed, reducing the quantity of corn in favor of a little more wheat The quantity can be materially reduced. We usually recommend feeding about seven pounds per day to one hundred hens at this time of year. This will tendto increase the amount of mash consumed. A moist mash fed: at noon will also tend to Met—ease mash eon- sumption and aid inholding produe- tion up. Do not forget green feed. So often when the hens are out we neglect the green feed. If they have access to a good alfalfa pasture or `some green annuals as rape or oats, they will fare very well. However, during midsum- mer the greensupplyfrom grass runs low and it will pay you to find some supplementary greens. Sprouted oats are excellent and can easily be grown in summer. Rape makes a good sum- mer feed, but must be fed in small quantities' as it is, very apt to cause "green" or "dark" yolks. Chinese cab - small suns. The roosts, nests and -dropping ,hoards should be thoroughly painted with this oil. Kerosene will the Province of Ontario at the Agri have a killing effect but evaporates cultural College, Guelph, is being fully very quickly; and has' to be equipped for experimental work. Not applied : investigation more often: There are' on the market only • willscientific igation be many wood preservers, coal tar by- undertaken in connection with cheese products and other patent prepare. and butter malting, but attention will tions which may be used with equal be given to powdered milk' "d ice satisfaction. . - cream production, as these industries Body lice can best be •controiled, by are growing in importance and prey- — ing remunerative to Ontario dairy= t9BUS No, 33—'28.. mnn misfortune will overtake you.. The neW dairy building provided by Says Sam: Know your boy or,girl before you begin to figure on how to keep them on the farm. The old straw stack moved back to the field and spread evenly will pay bountifully for your pains. Choosing the Right School -Teacher By Margaret Rural school boards and farm par- ents are just beginning to realize the need of employing rural -minded school teachers to teach the children who at- tend the consolidated. schools. By "rural -minded" teachers we mean men and women who have farm interests most at heart; men and women who have been reared on farms themselves and who see a future for the pupils who stay on the farm, It is bard for the town or city - trained man or woman to sense the romance in farm life; to understand the opportunities it offers for a suc- cessful and useful career or to visual - ice a future 10 such quiet surround- ings. Too often these city -trained teachers (all unconsciously, perhaps) hold up to their pupils' eyes the glow- ing opportunities of the city. They •are entirely lacking in rural minded- nees, because it isnot a part of their Conn Rhoads direct their education toward the lines of success: When these' children aro taught the value to their community of the farmer -business man; of the rural community centre; of crops scientifically raised; and of the chal- lenge it offers to a young man orwo- man to take the ground and make of it a productive place that feeds and clothes its people and promotes the scheme of life, then we shall be train- ing our children eo love the life that is open: to them and to choose '..he Tarin as their abiding place. The child who lives on an average Tann until he is through high school, has much of bis real farm knowledge learned. Froin the. time he is old enough to throw morn to the chickens,. to the time he takes charge of the "north forty," he has learned much of the habits of animals, of the growing of crops, of the value of land .fertility and of the importance of farm ac- counts. Why then should the farm school board, bring in a factor that ofttimes lessens the value of the very thing the farm parents want instilled into their children's minds, by putting them in charge of . teachers whose training and ideas are entirely foreign to the conditions around them, Iiach year young :men and women. ere going out from our consolidated schools to be trained in school -teach- ing. Let us endeavor to have many of than return to the . farm districts to teach, where they can give to' their pupils' not alone a necessary fund of book knowledge, but also a knowledge of the importance and the opportun- ities in rural life. We need teachers who can direct the attention of the pupil toward advantages which may bo his. lacing+ In all the . daily teaching in the farm districts there should be a note `of. loyalty to life on the farm. Les- sons along many lines can be taught with direct reference to use in a rural life, No city -bred span 05 woman can really asinine the :farm attitude, no hatter how desirous he or she may be, of instructing the pupils in the pre- scribed lessons oe the school. There- fore, all boards selecting teachers £or rural, schools should. endeavor to se- lect teachers having a love for farm life; who have themselves been reared on farms and who can instil into the. minds of a larger percentage of their pupils a real desire to continue rural life. • Such teachers can become great ±0c. tors in keeping, boysand girls con- tented in ,t`he rural districts and can ere Fire Dissolve to boiling in Water Use enough to get a big lasting suds Big lasting suds—one secret of Rinso's amaz- ing power to dissolve dirt. if you don't get lasting suds, you have not used enough Rinso. Soak an hour or more °t((v°vh.",�,_. (Colored eiotheaonly half an hour) After soaking, only the most soiled clothes need a light rubbing with dry Rinso. Your clothes don't need boiling if, you use Rinso. But if you like to boil your white cottons, use enough Rinsesolutioit to get the suds you like. Rinso is made by the largest soap makers in the world to do the family mash as easily ,and safely as LUX does fine things. LEVER BROTHERSTORONTO LIMITED R302 n: A Twilight Pastoral. Fair Jennie takes the milking -pail, And, to the meadow trips along, The sunbeams slant across the vale, And sweetly rings her merry song. The meadows with white daisies glisten, The cricket. stops his chirp to listen; As o'er the fields her sweet voice rings. • And high upon an elm tree bough A robin gaily sings. Richard hears the sweet voice call, And sees the cows slowly moving toward her, No call for him, but yet he goes, For twilight is the time to woo her. So Richard leans upon the bars, And wooeth Jennie till the stars Shine through the haze the twilight brings; And still upon the elm tree bough The robin gaily sings, —;a. R. Pitcher, Live Stock Slaughterings and Sales. In inspected slaughterings this, year, the Dominion Live Stook Branch re- ports a decrease in both calves and sheep compared with last year, the totals being 187,359 calves compared with 178,721, and 97,792 sheep com- pared with 101,227. Cattle slaughter - lugs show an increase of 22,694 and hogs of 152,259, the totals being 222;- 689 22;689 cattle to 199,955, and 1,092,544 hogs to 940,286. Sales at public stock yards during the first six months of this year show an increase of about 50,000 cattle and approximately of 100,000 hogs, com- pared with last year. Calves showed a decrease of over 11,000 and sheep and lambs of 12,000. O.A.C. No. 104 Winter Wheat., The Q. A. C. No. 104 variety of winter wheat originated at the Agri- cultural College by crossing the Daw- son's Golden Chair and the Bulgarian varieties and has made the highest tested v : leading varieties t e record of five 1 ad g on one hundred and twenty-eight farms throughout Ontario. Not only is it a high yielder, but from equal quantities of flour it has produced more bread than the Dawson's Golden Chair..,eIt is interesting to know also that it has been more hardy even than the Dawson's Golden Chaff and almost as stiff in the straw and seems to be less susceptible to emu;. '5 Then Her Love Died. She: Row can anyone exist without music -such food for the mind! He: Ain't fish better for that? 1 Let us improve our community by substituting self-starters for cranks. Don't wait for someone to be in pain to get Kendall's Spavin Treatment in the house.. Forel! external hurtsand pains —for all muscular troubles. Kendall's Spavin Treatment makes good. 81153,39505, tut, Doom010 eh, -1151 9505'0 FMee mo oaf empr oriaur'}11P.SyTd$ 585 geese 11550 5Fad t it 0teflOsS s epgvbl oto}o s i have 515505 Yvan And found ti setoit50#t b5,5l1) t i have hvdPmoQfor atiktahtot$5504 Wiena5 5.&&aJN'." Cat a bofle at year druggist's toeing. �� Regular Serf -brae Treofinent-Refund/orifumen use. DR. B.J. KgNDALL OOPHPANY, Eaoebarn Salla Vi., U.SA.KE �!:', sz SPAVI HE Agricultural Industry is our most important er i n lies re1 ' industry; founded on the soil `wh . Ontario's greatest wealth. What shall it be? Now, young mast sinceyou have passed the parting of the u ways and decided to Make.' Your 112e and living within the broad field of agriculture, take advantage of the Province's most liberal offer of edueatlon: Ontail° Agricultural College that Yee, an education at the g will: makeyyou a bigger and better man on' the land, In the ad. ag mfnlstrative-office or in the science labo'JstorY. There are many professtons• withinn. the Agricultural Industry, one of which may interest you. • The would-be Agricultural Chemist, or Bacteriologist, or Entomologist, or Biologist, or Botanist, or (leneticist, or Apiarist:, or Cerea1ist, ter liicanomiat, br Auimaal Husbandman, or Poultry Speciailet, or Dairy Speoiallst, can get a thorough and liberal training at the Ontario Agricultural College. Should you decide to continue as a .practical farmer tile training will be.:ot life-long eetvic0 to you, Should youdecide to become a professional man the education given by the College makes etch possible to you. The college calendar giros full information. Writs for it. J. B. REYNOLDS, M.A., A. ee. PORTER, B.S.A., President. Registrar. .10110 MISplif • OS 51 COMMON SENSE ABOUT GERMS ._ A reader of a thoughtful turn, would like a little light upon the germ theory of .disease. If germs are So very deadly, and if they multiply so feat, how is the human race saved from extermination, she asks, She would also like to know what common sense tells' us to do about germs. The fact of the 'matter is that dis- ease germs, do-lige/ono though they are, do not have everything their own. way. They are not very long lived. They cannot exist unless they find suitable soil. They must have proper degrees of temperature and moisture. They are blasted by the breezes of the atmosphere and withered by the bright rays of the ssus. .11! every single dis- ease germ, proved fatal to every per- son attacked the result would bea, speedy end to the human race. But disease germs must attack in force to be effective, they must find a non- resistant soil, and even then the hu- man body will generally destroy them after a resistance that we speak "of as an "illness," I think it is safe to melte the broad statement that germs from the body of a person in health will do no harm to other persons. Itis true that even a healthy personcarries constantly: germs that are capable, under certain conditions, of creating disease, but while the body is in health they lack.. virulence. There is one- great exception, and that is in the bodies of persons who are "disease carriers." These "car- riers" are those who had had a dis-, ease, such as typhoid fever or diph- theria, have recovered from it so that they are immune to its germs, but for some reason still harbor the live germs in their bodies, and are capable of passing them on to other persons int such a way as to transmit the disease. I do not think that harmful carriers are so very numerous, but there are enough so that I feel sure that all persons employed in dairies, in baker- ies, in restaurants, or in the produc- tion or preparation of any food sup- plies should up-plies'should be regidly questioned as to their previous illnesses and a physi- cal examination made to ,determine their safety to the public. Just as the human body in health is perfectly safe to others, the same body in contagious illness is actively dan- gerous to others. The germs that rest in the mouth and throat harmlessly during health become active for evil when health has given way to inmate Most of the spread of contagious dis- ease comes from a well person coming in contact with one who is ill with the disease. I will sum the matter up by saying: Don't bother about germs so longas you are in good health. In case of illness quarantine yourself until you know that you cannot spread con- tagion Avoid actual contact with per - sots who show symptoms of contagi- ous disease, That's all you can do. Don't worry,—Dr. C. 11. Lerrigo. Topics in Season. To kill thistles: If from one-half to one teaspoonful of caustic soda is put on the heart of a thistle, it will wither to the ground, and the roots will (lie in five minutes. It is not safe to go into a silo of freshly cut corn unless fresh air has been first freely admitted. Lot the blower run for two or three minutes, to force air into the silo, before going into it. The danger is due to gas caused byfermenting corn. Some- times people are killed by the gas. Cut second -crop red clover, pile "it: up and don't thresh it After you plow your wheat ground, take this clover. and cover the bottom of your spreader with it. Pill the spreader with ma- nure and scatter it on the wheat ground, then disk and harrow it in. This gives youa mighty good stand of clover, the next year. To kill trees, use this formula; One pound of arsenic, one pound of wash- ing soda, one-half pound of whiting, and four gallons of 'water. Dissolve the soda in a little water, make a paste of the arsenic by adding a little water, then add the arsenic paste to the water containing the soda, stirring all the time. Boil this mixture for half an hour, and be careful not to inhale the h fumes for the are poison- ous, Better do y the boiling out-of- doors. After boiling, remove front -the fire, and add the rest or the water, with which the whiting has been 'nix- ed, Make a girdle around the tree, hacking doitniward and leaving the chips in place to form a frill, Pour a pint of so of the arsenic solution into the cuts. If the tree is small, cut it low and swab the stump with the arsenic' solution, and this will pre- vent suckering. Wo repeat, 'do' not inhale the fumes of boiling arsenic. Fertilizing flowers: When the plants' come into bud give an occa- sional application of liquid .manure, using a long -nosed watering can with- out the sprinkler, At.liudcling time the plants will have used a part of the nourishment itt the spring dressing, and the use of liquid manure brings food' in a quickly available loon air time when it is most needed: Appli- cations maybe made once a week. The liquid should be the color of weak tea and, is applied at a- distance'of from two to five inches from each plant,, according to size. i Wet the toil thole- oughly Rats are about as mush good to the farmer as a hole in a doughnut, but not quite.