The Seaforth News, 1938-04-28, Page 7THE WORLD'S GOOD NEWS
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THURSDAY, APRIL 28; 1938,
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Animal Nutrition
Hon. P. M. Dewan, `Ontario Minis-
ter of Agriculture, concerned and al-
armed over mineral deficiencies as
shown in livestock in many of the
older counties in Ontario, deems the
matter so important ,that a. new de-
partment of animal nu$rition is beinj;
opened in the near 'future at the On-
tario Agricultural College, Guelph,
under the personal direction attd sup-
ervision of Dr, H, D. B•rannian, a nu-
trition expert at present attached :to
the O.A.C. Poultry Department.
Want and' For Sale Ads, 3 weeks, 150c
THE SEAFORTH NEWS
PAGE SEVEN.
Prepare Farm Horses for Work in
Spring
The mechanically -minded tractor -
farmer, no .doubt has his 'tractor ,thor-
oughly ovethauied in preparation for
the spring work, The farmer who de-
pends on 'horse ,p.ower may well take
a leaf out of '!the same book, ,far while
horses attend to their own repairs,
nevertheless a certain amount of "tun-
ing up" is n•ecess'ary even with horses
if etononii•cal power is to be obtained.
Most idle horses will have been win-
tered on a ,good maintenance ration
and 'rightly so, as 'horses Fattened 'dur-
ing the winter are inclined to be soft
and in poor condition 'for hard spring
and summer work. The maintenance
ration of rough feeds should now be
gradually replaced by a .medium grain
ration end better 'quality roughage,
preferably timothy hay, increasing the
quantity until a ,full working ration is
'being fed at the •sbart .of the heawy
spring work.
If the hair is long ,an•d 'heavy, clip-
ping is 'desirable and thorough groom-
ing is energy well spent at all times.
Clean and fit collars and harness care-
fully. Daily washing of shoulders al-
ter the day's work with cold •salt wa-
ter will cleanse and toughen the skirt,
especially in young horses.
Particular attention should he paid
to the teeth and 'feet of the ,horse. If
necessary, have the teeth examined
and "floated" to provide proper grind-
ing surfaces. Trim the feet carefully,
keeping the wearing surfaces level,
'For wonk on the land, shoeing is not
always necessary, 'but where needed
:frequency and correctness of shoeing
is important, Lice, worms, and ,hots
take their toll of the ,horse's energy
and should he eliminated early in the
campaign.
Plenty of good feed, timely atten-
tion, and thought, not unmixed with
the milk of human kin•rine,a, will work
won.ders in the development of 'basic
power and rippling force in man's
faithful Friend, the noble horse,
Kemptville Short Course
Forty-three young farmers from ev-
ery county in .Eastern Ontario attend-
ed the short course in agriculture at
Kemptville ,A'g'ricultural School this
year. It was the largest class in the
history of the institution, with an in-
crease of thirteen over last year, Prin-
cipal James C. Shearer states,
Sixteen youths attended as a result
of short course scholarships, The Ot-
tawa •ICiwanis Club, sponsor of the
Carleton 'County ,Grain Cltrb for Jun-
ior Farmers, sent two 'boys to the
course; two boys 'front Osnabruck
Junior 'Formers' Association, West
Stormont; four Locheil junior farm-
ers and •eight from Renfrew County
Junior Farmers' clubs were also in at-
tendance on sdholarships,
'IC'emp•tvil'le 'features but two br'anchh-
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1tiE SEAFORTH NEWS
SJ♦;A.FORTH, Ol�l'1'AK10;
es of agriculture each year in their
short courses, This year the first week
was devoted entirely to live stock and
the second' week to .field 'crops, with
the IKenuptville staff of capable lectur-
ers augmented by experts ;from the
Ontario and 'Federal Departments of
Agriculture. Next year marketing and
veterinary science will hold sway the
first week with soils and 'fertilizers
holding the boards for the ,balance of
thecourse.
IE. B. McMillan, Chesterville, Dun-
das County, won the prize donated by
the 'Central Canada IEx•hibftion for
the boy making moot progress during
the live stack 'course, while Thomas
Rlobertsan, Britannia Bay, Carleton
!County, won a similar prize in field
crop work.
The live stock course comprised the
slaughtering and cutting up of mar-
ket lambs; sterility clinics; ahsortion
and mastitis testing; dehorning, regis-
tratian, 'breeding, feeding, care and
management and judging practice.
Field crop • ' work included . seed
cleaning', weeds and control, latest
cultural methods for weeds; farm ma-
chinery, marketing of cash crops in
Ottawa Valley, culture of all field
crops
Seed Cleaning Plants
Seed cleaning plants have been es-
tablished in many centres and by
their. use the grain being sown is
much improved in quality and in free-
dom from weeds, These power plants
not only make an excellent job of
grading the grain so as to give a utri-
form sample, but by use of the prop-
er screens and various attachments
the weed seeds are practically alt re-
moved and it is possible to fairly well
separate' the different varieties of
.grain. The Government assists in the
purchase of these machines when they
are used for custom work. CTp to the
end of 1937 there were 63 seed clean-
ing plant- in operation and last year
over 7O(l,6fip bushels of :rain were
cleaned and nearly -l/ million pounds
of clover and grass seed; 11,7'94 far -
Mer.. were served by these plants.
There are many farmers in the vicin-
ity of these plants who might advi-
ably make use of them, but there are
yet many 'centres where cleaning
plants are not yet available.
The ordinary fanning did good ser-
vice in its day, and with the use of the
,proper screenings and adjusting the
wind ,blast a 'good job can be done
with the fanning mill, but we 'believe
a 'better job i$ accomplished by the
Larger ,power unit,
Quality of Chicks
The lowest ,priced chicks are not al-
ways the cheapest in the end. It will
depend upon the production and
health of the 'flock from which the
eggs are gathered, on the duality of
male 'birds .used and on the care taken
of the eggs after being gathered and
while in the hatchery. The ration fed
the breeding .flock not .only influences
the 'hatchability of the egg, but may
influence the vigour of the chick from
the 'fertile egg. Then there is the size
of egg which may be a factor, It
stands to reason that a chick from a
215-ounce-to-bhe-dozen. egg will he lar-
ger than one from a 2d -ounce lot.
There is a reason for chicks from the
larger size eggs 'being more expen-
sive than chicks from smaller sized
cggs. For instance, the eggs cost more
in the first place. Thus when buying
chicks more than the price .should ,be
considered.
Crate -Fattening Poultry
In crate •ar pen fattening poultry
for market, the greatest ,gains in
weight are made on the thinner, ,und-
er -developed birds that ordinarily
grade "`•C" for fleshing and fat if sold
straight off the range. Such ,birds
should make steady gains up to three
weeks •feeding. If the ,birds are in good
shape and reasonably fat when placed
in the crates a shorter .finishing period
may be used.
The average increase in weight in
normal crate feeding should more
than pay for the 'feed. The increased
returns from improvement in grade is
additional profit. Some ground grains.
such as corn and wheat, are better
than others but any grains the farmer
may have are suitable: Small and un-
marketable ,potatoes, cooked and
mashed, are economical and add pala-
tability to any nation, They also 'help
to produce white fat. ,Milk in any form
is desirable; whey may' be used 11
milk is not available. The addition of
mutton tallow or any animal fat to the
ration will increase the proportion of
fat on the 'finished carcass,
Breeding • Light Horses
In .nide breeding station districts in
Canada, 'saddle and hunter horses, and
horses for police, remount, and light
delivery pump.oses, aye 'being produced
in considerable numbers. This type of
horse .e
is it
t Leen
demand in Canada
and jib the United States, and there is
little likelihood of any decline in pop-
ularity. Horse ,breeding clubs among
Canadian farmers increased from 125
ht .19313 to 2514 in 19317, while the num-
ber of pure bred stallions qualifying
for approval in 19'37 showed an in-
crease of 21 .per •cent, over 111936.
Reforestation—Planting or Natural
Reproduction
(By I. C, Marritt)
There has 'been an .intense interest
in 'conservation and ,reforestation the
past two years in ,Southern !Ontario.
I1 is realized by many thinking peo-
ple that too great a 'percentage of
the land has been cleared in the fine
agricultural sections, and there aye
many thousands acres of s•ub-margin-
al lands that are ,growing 'practically
nothing of value, but fair .financial re-
turns world ;be received if trees were
growing. Much of this poor land has
to be ,planted as there are no seed
trees.
Floods are liable to occur on many
of the rivers and creeks, wells and
springs go dry, and winds have an
open sweep, thus snaking it more dif-
ficult to grow agricultural crops;
Reforestation is -a necessity in On-
tario. The method and the agency that
should die the work should lie deter -
mitred, Many think only of planting
when reforestation is mentioned.
They do rat realize that reforestation
iu•cludes natural reproduction. An area
cane be reforested naturally if there are
trees growing on or adjacent to the
area that is to be reforested. Tree
seeds ripen on the tree and fall to the
ground. Some of these germinate and
a small tree has started to :grow. It
will grow into a large tree if it is pro-
tected from stock and fire. and it it
survives the competiflon of other
trees.
The cost of reforestation by- nature
is negligible when cotnpared to pant-
ing, The cost td the farmer ie the loss
of pasture and the fence to keep the
stock out. Planting includes these and
also nursery and planting costs. An-
other advantage of natural seeding is
that it more sure. This is especially
true of poor sitee. Tree will start
and grow well on shallow spite, while
it is very diff' alt to secure a stated
by planting Deciduous tree: require
fairly dose spacing (3-4 feet) and the
cost of planting at this spacing is very1
high. •
An advantage of planting over nat-
'rral reproduction ie that only valu-
able species may he geoi; n, while the
vatnable and tweed specie grow in tot
woods that repr educee •ir un seed. The
reproduction of the valaab'e sordes
in a woods •can he errand by re-
moving the weed tree, t :,1 leaving
the mare valuable to seed up the
open places. The more valuable spec-
ies would also he favoured in thin-
ings, \l any tree seeds fell and were
blown around last fall and during the
winter. 'Other species will ,have seed
ripening in early sutaimer. Many of
these seeds will ,germinate and they
would grow into trees if the field is
protected from tire and stock.
Farmers mho are fortunate to have
woodland on the farm should plan to
do their part in reforestation by fens•
ing at least from stork. 'Many have
only a few acres left and they think
that it is hardy worthwhile. But even
an acre of woodland will help in con-
trolling Hoods, and will be a reservoir
tttat will help to keep water in aprings
and tvelh,
PRUNING THE APPLE TREE
1Experitrantal Harm Note)
The experience,' 'fruitgrower is fa-
miliar with the fact that young trees
are likely to produce larger fruit than
old ones. Hence any orchard practice
that :Inas a tendency to keep trees
young is likely to be rewarded with
higher yields of quality fruit. Prun-
ing has a rejuvenating effect on older
trees and one 7ractice that, provided
it is judiciously .performed so as to
maintain the maximum vigor without
reducing the size below that which
will .give the largest, well exposed
bearing surface to the acre, should
express itself in fruit of larger size,
better color and a resultant larger re-
turn. A systematic ,pruning of young.
trees is necessary at planting time
and during the first five seasons in
the orchard but should only be such
as is absolutely necessary for the de-
velopment of •a strong framework for
future production . The "modified
leader" type is recommended. It is
important that alt young trees be
kept in a .vigorous state of growth by
maintaining soil fertility.
If strong -grown yearling trees are
planted they should 'be .headed at
three feet. The first year the tree
should have produced a leader and
hwo scaffold .branches that spring
from the trunk at a wide angle, the
lowest being from 2 to 291 feet from
the 'ground n•arying somewhat itt dif- •
ferent 'provinces •according to depth
of snow -fall. These should be tipped
to maintain balance and stimulate
,branchiing, ,but should he left 'lt% .feet
Song. Severe tipping usually stimu-
lates too many side branches close to
the trunk which eventually must be
removed. This method is followed for
the second .and third years with only
enough pruning and heading.back to
preserve balance and maintain a slight
'.dominance of the leader. By the
fourth year the tree should have five
scaffold ,branches developed, evenly
distributed six to eight inches apart
vertically around the stain leader, !be-
tween two and six feet from the
Di H5 MCIuies
Chiropractor
Office — Commercial Hotel
Hours—Mon. and Thurs. after
Electro Therapist — Massage
noon and by appointment
FOOT CORRECTION
by manipulation—Sun-ray treat-
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,Phone 2127,
ground. After this the leader is en-
couraged and all the pruning is siavp-
ly a matter of thinning out.
Opinions differ as to just how
much ,pruning should be done to trees
that have reached the bearing age or
are at full production, but essentially
it should be confined to the removal
of bran•ch•e.s that will correctly modify
elle form of the tree to the grower's
desire and result in the development
of trees that are structurely !strong'
and that have a maximum bearing
area that is not only well exposed to
sualtght but adapted to the operations
of spraying, thinning and 'harvesting.
Considerable study has 'been given
to the type of wood an which 'quanti-
ties of quality fruit are borne, and it
has been .determined that the branch
diameter of fruiting woods hears a di-
rect relationship to the quantity and
quality of the .fruit 'borne. In a close
examination of a fruiting tree numer-
ous lateral branches will the observed
that have trade no terminal ,growth,
'that appear teak and stunted and
show only leaf -bred development. IA
closer's'tudy will reveal that this wood
was oduct:c-e once 'bah is naw fruit-
ed aut end will never again be fruit-
ful notes the tree is cat SG heavily
(which would not ,be advisable) as to
stimulate new growth on it. This
wood is further characterited by its
down Lard—growing habit and its weak
slenf.kr growth, occurring usually on
the (ower side of more vigorous
branches and particularly in the inner
part of the tree. This is the wood that
should he eliminated -by pruning. It
will mean a more detailed pruning
practice, resulting in a greater num-
her of cuts, and will require more
time. If practised' correctly no large
cuts will be madethat •would remove
both ,productive and unproductive
wood by the elimination of latige
branches carrying Iboth'productive and
unproductive laterals.
Every effort should be made in the
pruning of mature trees to maintain
vigorous fruiting- wood throughout
the entire tree, from top ,to 'bottom,
inside and out, that will replace the
fruit brads that are sacrificed in the
harvesting of the apple crop. It is
simple to develop trees that pr aduee
ap;stes on -the top and outer branches
but to deeelnp trees that maintain
fruiting -wood throughout requires
mucin careful and 'detailed removal of
.unproductive wood, ,combined with
judicious cultural practices. Trees
pruned in this way are usually not so
tall, probably a little wider and' are
more productive than much larger
trees pruned in the way we have been
schooled and 'which we have been
practising,
Do not over -prune. Mistaken prun-
ing can cut orchard: profits more ra-
pidly than any other defective prac-
tice. with the possible exception " of
poor spraying.
Many orchards itt the Annapolis
valley have been partially ruined and
their •productiveness irreparably dam-
aged 'hy the promiscuous slaughter of
the taps of the trees expressed in the
parlance of the day as "dehorning".
This type df pruning is not generally
recommended' but may have a place
in some older orchards that ,have (been
set too closely and that have been al-
lowed to grow uninterruptedly upward
for a number of years •without proper
heading..Even in such orchards, how-
ever, the dehorning should not be too
severe at any one time, but should be
done gradually over a 'period of two
or three years. If a systematic prun-
ing is given the orchard during its de-
velopment, and subsequent ,prunings
are directed towards maintaining the
proper height and spread of 'branches,
the ,practice of dehorning will not be
necessary. •In older closely -planted or-
chards where the trees are crowded,
rather than a severe dehorning, a sys-
tematic tree thinning (removal of
trees completely) is advised, and in-
terplanting these vacancies with young
trees of desirable varieties. The re-
maining old trees should be renovated
by 'careful, detailed pruning to enable
them tp produce as abundantly as
possible until they in turn are sacri-
ficed to make room for the younger
trees. The object of 'pruning should
'be rhe maintenance of a balance be-
tween fruitfulness and growth. A good
maxim: Use the head more than the
shears in all !prtuning .practices. ---+R. D.
L B'li9'h, 'Dominion Experimental
Station, 'Kentville, N.S.
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