The Clinton News Record, 1935-11-28, Page 6'PAGE 6
;E CI:INTON NEWS -RECORD
�,irmely information for the
usV _ Farmer
B
( Furniahecl by the Department Of Agriculture )
The second estimate of all the
principal grain oropa of Canada' in
1985 issued by the Dominion Bureau
of Statistics is lower than that of
September last. 'The ` wheat estimate
is reduced from 290,541,000 bushels
to 273,971,000 bushels and id now'
below the 1934 production of 275,-
849,000 bushels,
Feed to Fatten Geese
The best feed on which to fatten.
geese is corns. If you have ' no -corn
available, use buckwheat, oats and
barley, mixed. There is nothing
that will put flesh on geese at this
season of the, year like'wholes'cern.
Do not feed your geese mashes.
Whole corn with a small amount of
green feed such as cabbages will
answer the purpose best:
Manitoulin Turkey Show
Manitoulin Island is known as
a district producing turkeys of the
best quality. Possibly no other com-
munity produces so many Christ-
mas dinners. Much of this success
is due to the activities of the AIt
Manitoulin turkey show. For tea
consecutive years this fair has .been
conducted by the Manitoulin Co -Op-
• erative Turkey Growers' Association
in co-operation with the Dominion
poultry services and the Ontario de-
partment of agriculture. Each year
has seen an improvement in both
numbers and quality. The 1935 •show
was held in the community hall at
Mindemoya. The 175 birds on dis-
play taxed to capacity the space and
composed the ' most outstanding
breeding steels of the Island.
Hay and Straw Crops
South -Western sOntario: Some 6,-
000 tons of timothy hay are report-
ed north and east of 'Goderieh to
Toronto and 6,500tons of timothy
grass Mixed hay in- the north and
west areas. 6,800 tons of alfalfa are
reported north and east of IGoderich
to Toronto and 18,000 toil in the
Owen Sound-Meaford area and in
scattered localities. In addition 1200
tons of clover hay are reported from
,scattered places in the district. These
.supplies -of, good hay for the market
may be much increased '""should there
come a greater demand. In addition
there are lar'gtel surptesses of dis-
coloured hay catised by adverse
weather in the haying season.
North-Western Ontario: A large
surplus of timothy and timothy
clover mixed hay in Ontario west of
Fort Wlrlli= is reported.
Eastern and Northern Ontario:
Ontario from Peterborough east and
including the Ottawa Valley has a
surplus of market hay in almost ev-
ery county. Counties bordering on
the St. Lawrence river report a sur-
plus of about 7,500 tons of timothy
and timothy mixed hay, much of
which is grade no. 3 on account of
rains during the harvesting season.
A large quantity of timothy hay is
reported in the lower Ottawa Valley,
which includes a substantial carry
over from the 1934 crop. Northern
Ontario reports a surplus supply of
about 23,000 tons of timothy and
timothy clover mixtures,
Can You Beat the Lie Detector?
By Wtillianr Moulton Marston
Psychologist, discoverer of the sys-
tolic blood pressure deception test,
popularly known as the Lie Detec-
tor..
When, in 1913, I began research
on lie detection in the Harvard Psy-
chological Laboratory I proceeded on
the principle that no normal person i
can lie without effort. Now, it is
impossible to increase one's effort. -
mental, nervous or otherwise—with-
out increasing the strength of the
heartbeat. And increased strength
of heartbeat shows an increase of
the systolic blood pressure—that is,
the pressure of the blood in the ar-
teries when the 1 heart muscles
equeeze together.
Therefore I reasoned, no normal
person can lie without increasing his
blood pressure.' i • This reasoning
proved sound, Every time a subject
lied, his systolic blood pressure went
up. The more important the lie the
greater the rise in blood pressure.
I published the systolic blood pres-
sure test for deception in 1917, Im-
mediately the newspapers dubbed it
the "Lie Detector" and referred to
it ars a mysterious apparatus. Act-
ually the Lie Detector uses standard
types of the sphygmomanometer —
that little gadget which doctors
wrap around your arm just above
the elbow to take your blood pres-
sure—to reveal the added mental ef-
fort used in lying.
Innumerable objections to the Lie
Detector came in from all parts of
the world. Only one seeced to me
important. A psychiatrist -main-
tained that anybody could beat the
blood pressure test if he believed hts
own lie—believed it, that is, with his
conscious mind. Many people, es-
pecially criminals, he said, repeated
a lie so often that they came after
a while actually to believe the stor-
ies they had manufactured in self-
defense.
About this time I met Mr. L. in
Washington, D.C. A. respected mem-
ber of a well known southern family,
He had been convicted of a second de-
gree murder and had served a term
in the penitentiary. Since his re-
lease his one hope was to prove to
the world that the story he had told
to the jury at his trial was true. So
absolute was his belief in his own
When the house seems empty with Mary away
• at boarding school ... and letters seem a long
time corning and the holidays are weeks
away .. .
Pick up the telephone. A Long Distance chat
will cheer you up and Mary too.
® Night rates on ."Anyone"
(station -to -station) calls
NOW BEGIN AT 7 P:M.
...0•.,.m
story that he`i begged me; to test it
with the Lie, Detector anad publish
the .results.
Here was a case, perhaps, which
would test the psychiatrist's theory
that a mam who consciously believed
•
his own story could beat the Lie De.
teeter, L had shot '• his uncle in self-
defence, he clai5ned. His story had
two angles: first, his alleged motive
for quarreling With his ,uncle—some
financial transaction in which his
uncle had cheated him. This the
jury had believed. The other part oli
his story had to de with the physical
action on the occasion of the shoot-
ing: L said his uncle had threaten-
ed 'him with a heavy cane. L. had
-drawn his revolver as he ibaeked out
of the room: and the uncle had rush.
ed'him, swinging the cane at his head
This part of the story the jury had
not believed. But the jury had been
wrong. This part of the story was
true, according to blood pressure
results. Then came the eclipse! The
Lie Detector faithfully revealed that
the first and major portion of L.'s
convincing tale was a lie.
He broke down and wept. Then he
told the whole truth. The whole af-
fair had happened over "the honor
of a southern lady." The lady wham
the uncle had seduced, it turned out,
was a relative of L.'s wife. This *as
later verified. The true story would
have acquitted L. in any court. His
honest belief in his own innocence
had spread emotionally, during the
solitary years behind prison walls to
an equally strong belief in the whol-
ly fictitious transaction. Here was a
singularly satisfactory proof that
subconscious knowledge of the fals-
ity of a story would reveal itself in
heightened blood pressure, even
though the witness had come con-
sciously to believe his own lie.
When the United States enterer'
the World War it was proposed to
use deception tests as part of our
spy catching system. A psycholo-
gists committee named by the Na•
tional Reseacrh Council, arranged
with the Municipal Crim:inaI Court
of. Boston to try out the most prom-
ising deception tests on prisoners un-
der jurisdiction of the Court, As a
result of our exhaustive examination
we reported to Washington that the
blood pressure test was 97 per cent
infallible when used by an expert.
Extreme skepticism met this en-
dorsement. Then it chanced that the
all-important code book was stolen
from the Surgeon General's office in
Washington, probably at the instig-
ation of a German spy. I was called
upon to examine 70 Negro messen-
gers who had access to the building.
Some of those colored boys had to be
herded into the examining office at
the point of a gun! They though the
test was black magic and they were
all terribly afraid of it. ' Here was
an excellent opportunity to test out
another criticism of the Lie Detec-
tor—namely its alleged failure when
suspects were afraid or ennotionally
upset from causes having nothing to
do with the problem under investi-
gation.
None of the Negroes, terrified as
they were, beat the lie catching ex-
pert, We uncovered an amazing list
of articles which some of them had
stolen from Various offices. More-
over, the messenger who had stolen
the code book was found, and the
book traced and recovered.
' Since, the fair application of the
blood pressure test has been made
by many criminologists with uniform
success. Dr. John Larson of Chi-
cago, has demonstrated in more than
2000 cases that the Lie Detector can-
not be beaten by the ordinary crim-
inal. The test is new being used in
more than 25 leading American, cities
by police or criminal authorities.
In 1922 the Lie Detector test was
proposed for the first time in court
room procedure, Dr, Brown, a weal-
thy colored physician of Washing
ton, D.C., had been killed and a re-
ward was offered for the arrest and
conviction of his murderer. James
Frye, a young Negro, confessed.
Then suddenly he recanted his con-
fession and claimed he had nothing
whatever to do with the killing. Ask-
ed why he had confessed, Frye said.
he had been promised half the re-
ward for his own conviction!
Frye's lawyers, ' completely baffled
by his fantastic tale, begged me to
test their client's story with the Lie
=Detector. Lt was found to be true,
Frye had been approached by a neg-
ro who had promised to share the
reward money with Frye and to get
him out of jail as soon as the reward
had been paid. But the other Negro
could • not collect ' the r4ih ard, so
Frye .had retraced his confession
At the trial an offer was made
before the jury to put in evidence,
the blood pressure test record show-
ing Fry.* present story truthful,
Undoubtedly this offer made a very
great impression on the jury. The
test itself was excluded' on the legal
ground that it had not been made in.
court. (Nevertheless, with no other
evidence in Frye's favor save his own
testimony and the offer of the Lie
Detector results, the jury acquitted
him. A subsequent investigation veri-
fled the Lie Detector's findings. Frye
and his' attorneys • gave' the Lie 'De -
teeter full credit for saying hire
from otherwisb certain' hanging. The ruling in the Flys case left°
'ioriTy 'one" way omen - to put the'`( a°.
Detector test in evidence. The test
Must '; be given in open. court. .This
was dnoe successfully by a student
assistant of mine Edward J. New,
in Indianapolis in 1924. It was, an
assault and ibattery case. .Both de-
fendant and witnesses submitted to
it voluntarily, taking the Lie Detec-
tor test while on the witness stand
New then went on the stand as an
expert, showed the charts of the blood
pressure, variations made while',wit-
nesses were testifying and pointed
out lies in the defendant's testimony.
The defendant was convicted. Since
that time Lie Detector results have
been used in cases before the courts.
in California, Wlashington and other
states.
The difficulty of getting the . Lie
Detector accepted by legal author-
ities hasbeen greatly enhanced by
the failure of other types of decep-
tion tests previously proposed. For
example, the byeathing test, rated by
psychologists as next most reliable
to blood pressure, is handicapped by
the need of very complex apparatus.
This test is abased on the fact that
people put more effort into their.
breathing when they are about to
lie. This "catching of the breath"
isinvoluntary, it cannot be control-
led andtherefore makes a good test.
But a subject who understands the
principle can beat it by catching his
breath continuously. While he can-
not help doing it when he is about to
lie, he can do the •seine thing vol-
untarily when he is telling the truth.
But to beat the Lie Detector test
one would have to master the rare
art of controlling the heart beat.
Although jurists are over -skepti-
cal concerning the blood pressure
test it has a far higher rating of
reliability than tests upon which
handwriting, experts and psychiat-
rists base the] opinion whichi (are
accepted in evidence. It is true of
course, that the Constitution says
that no criminal defendant can be
compelled to give testimony against
himself. Legal authorities generally
believe that this prohibition applies
to the Lie Detector. If compelled to
take a deception test against his will
a defendant might have to give evi-
dence against himself.
However, following the Indiana•
polis case, the Lie Detector can cer-
tainly be voluntarily introduced by
THURS., NOV 28, 1935;
ThoseFarm Schedule
Cards
The Ontario Department of Agri.
culture, with the assistance of the
rural sohools, dstributes blank Sched-
ules to farmers twice each year, in
June and December, for the purpose
of preparing estimtaes of the nums
bers of lire stock on farms and the
acreage a field crops. Great impor
tante is attached to the successful
completion of the Survey, as only in
this way can reliable estimates 'of
the numibers' of hogs, cattle, sheep
and other' live stock be prepared. The
final figures for Ontarie are combin-
ed with figures for other proviaces to
secure Canadian totals, and then for-
warded;te the International Institute
of Agriculture for the preparation of
world summaries.
.S:ome persons ase of the opinion
the information is used for taxation
purposes. This is strictly not so.
Each report is considered absolutely
confidential and the information is
used only by the Statistics Branch
for compiling agricultural statistics
by township or county division. Par-
ticulars for individual farms are
never divulged to any one. •
the defendant into many. courts.
Dean •Wigmore of Northwestern Uni-
versity Law School, America's great-
est authority on the law of evidence,
suggested that an enlarged blood
pressure indicator like a thermom-
eter might be set up in the -court-
room' thus enabling the jury to ob-
serve directly the fluctuations of a
witness' blood pressure while he tells
his story en the stand. Mr. Wig-
more's idea was that there could be
no more legal objection to permitting
a jury to watch the behaviour of a
witness' blood pressure than there is
to theirobserving his facial expres-
sion or the flushing and paling of his
cheeks.
Sooner or later this suggestion will
probably be put into practice. When
judge and jury are able to determine
with scientific certainty the guilt or
innocence of accused persons, the
greatest step toward justice in the
world's history will have been a-
chieved.
�SNAPSlIOT CUIL
ABOUT VIEW FINDERS
You will not cut your friends in two
1 T_TOW did I ever happen to do that
Ll when I took this picture?
There are the fish and part of Bill
but I certainly did a fine job of cut-
ting him in two." Haven't you
heard those sad words before? Sere
you have. •
The answer is very simple. The
lad taking the picture failed to use
the viewfinder properly when he
made the shot. He probably saw that
the string of fish was in view, but
he quite overlooked the fact that the
proudly grinning Bill was neatly cut
in two.
Most modern cameras have two
kinds of view -finders. First, of
course, is the familiar reflecting
finder—the kind into which you peer
from above. Properly shaded, it will
give you an accurate idea of what
each shot includes. Then there is the
"direct" view -finder, mounted on the
top or side of the camera. In using
it you hold the camera at eye -level
and sight through two rectangular
openings. What you see, the camera
will get.
With either or both of these finders
there is really little reason for fail-
ing to get what you want in a picture.
Of course, there are limits, defined
by the size and shape of the film and
the capacity of the lens, You have to
if you useyour view finder properly.
select the most interesting bits of a:
scene and concentrate on them.
When an artist does this, he "com-
poses" his picture. Many volumess
have been written, on the subject oe
composition, but the whole idea may-
be boiled down to this: Good compo-
sition is simply a pleasing arrange--
ment of the elements of a picture, an:
arrangement that puts the emphasis:
on the most interesting feature.
A little care in using your view-
finder will, almost invariably, give-
you a well composed picture. Per-
your
oryour eye will reject an arrangement.
that is confusing or displeasing; [t
will warn you thatsomebody's heads
is going to be lopped off; it will re --
veal whether or not the finished;
picture will tell a story—the story
you had in mind when you unlim-
bered the camera, for "telling a
story" is the essence of a good pic-
ture.
Although we have only ourselves:
and a few friends to please we can,
increase that pleasure vastly by.
pausing, just before we click the,
shutter, to cheek up our picture in:
the view finder. If it's what we want
—lire away! And, when the finished
pictures come back, we shalt cer-
tainly not begrudge those few sec-
onds of concentration on the view,
finder,
JOHN VAN GUILDER'
arlifSeaseeissiesennfientreflfreami
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