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The Clinton News Record, 1943-12-30, Page 6P:SC:k' 6 Productive Power of Soil. Depends on. Good Fertilizer Millions of people throughout the ;world will depend upon the products of American soil in 1943 more than ever before. The reserve of productive power in our agricultural soils is needed now, a reserve built up through legume crops, use of chemical and animal fertilizers, and wise tillage an the past years. Larger yields of food and feed,crops per acre are the only answer, in a time when farm- ers have less labor, less machinery, even leas hi the way of repair parts, with which to do the job. Proper use of fertilizers will prob- ably do more to get this production than anything else the farmer can do. Nitrogen is the only essential fertilizer element that is scarce. Thrifty crops of legumes will help the farmer to fix in his soils addi- tional nitrogen for his wartime crops, and also to build the soil value for future years. If all pastures and meadows in New York state contained as high a proportion of alfalfa, clover, or oth- er legumes as practical, Prof. Rich- ard Bradfield of New York State col- lege ollege says, these crops would fix in the soil of the state almost as much nitrogen as the entire Untied States has used in chemical fertilizers in a year. Market Steers Earlier, 4-H Club Members Told Getting the steer calves ready for market a year or•more earlier than usual has been suggested to 4-H club members and livestock men. The club members, by feeding out the calves for six to eight months instead of handling them in the usual way, will aid in increasing the total amount of meat available. Calves from 2 to 10 months old and in reasonably good flesh are recommended. The animals should be started each February or March for fall sale, and in August or Sep- tember for sale the next spring. Fifty bushels of corn or its equiva- lent in concentrated feed are re- quired to get a calf ready for mar- ket, which will account for gains of from 400 to 500 pounds. In addi- • tion, it will require from 1,000 to 1,200 pounds of good roughage to feed a calf six to eight months, If possible, it is said, the calf should be started on grain before weaning. Because of the need for milk in the war effort and economy of gains, the calf should be weaned at about 500 pounds weight. Nurse's Pledge The wording of the Florence Nightingale pledge follows: "I sol- emnly pledge myself before God and in the presence of this assembly, to pass my life in purity, and to prac- tice my profession faithfully. I will abstain from whatever is deleterious and mischievous, and will not take or knowingly administer any harm- ful drugs. I will do all in my power to elevate the standard of mypro- fession, and I will hold in confidence all personalmatters committed' to my keeping, and all family affairs coming to my knowledge in the prac- tice of my calling. With loyalty will I endeavor to aid the physician in his work and devote myself to the welfare of those committed to my care," Bloody History Adana, where Winston Churchill and Turkish officials met, is Tur- key's fourth largest city, with a pop- ulation of over 76,000. It is situated about 30 miles inland from the northeast corner of the Mediterra- nean. The River Seyhan which flows through the city is spanned by a long, multiple -arch, masonry bridge over a thousand years old. Twice before in this century Adana made the headlines. In 1909 the Adana Massacre occurred, part of the gen- eral religious and political turmoil of that day. Three to four thou- sand persons, mostly Armenians, were killed in the streets or burned in their homes. During 1919-21 the city was occupied by the French army. Primitive Island Rennell island is the southernmost link of the 900 -mile Soiomons chain. Once a mere coral atoll it now is a cliff -girt plateau 50 miles long and from 6 to 12 miles wide. About 110 miles south of Guadalcanal and 100 miles southeast of San Cristobal is- land, Rennell has • barely emerged from the Stone Age. Contacts of the natives with the outside world are few. Traders have passed up Ren- nell because its products never reached commercial volume. When they hired island labor they paid for it with mirrors, beads, fishhooks, steel axes and knives. Metals are curiosities. Weapons are limited to bone and wooden spears. Students Ban Cars Only physically disabled students at the Pennsylvania State college will be allowed the use of automo- biles. Further clarifying its no -car ruling, the ail -college cabinet -chief governing body of Penn Staters stu- dent .• government -issued a procla-' mation designed to make hikers out of 99 per cent of the undergraduates or revert them to the use of the "one horse shay.": Cabinets with the sanc- tion of local rationing authorities, has taken over full responsibility for enforcing the ruling and punishing violators.., The ban also applies to the use of cars when leaving college rtt rigng'' after vacation periods. Vitamin B's Will Banish Lowly, Droopy Feelings One of the best tonics for spring and every other season is food pro- viding B vitamins. This group of vitamins in your food can give you a lift without a letdown, may change just fair health to buoyant health, may steady the nerves and even im- prove a frayed disposition. In wartime when every one needs to be at his own peak of fitness, it pays to mind vitamin B's. The war demands for longer hours, for heavier work, for enduring more nervous strain, all may increase the body's needs, for B vitamins. And the wartime food situation calls for wise shopping, to get enough B's in the market basket, and proper cooking to get them on the dinner plate practically intact. Because the B vitamins are so important to health, it is unfortunate that they are sometimes thought of as problem children of the vitamin family—difficult to understand and. difficult to get into meals without special attention. First, in their raw or original state most plant and animal foods con- tain some of the B vitamins, but only a few foods contain much. In fact, the really rich sources of B vita- mins can be, counted' on one hand. Some of these foods are relatively rich in one B, some in another. For special mention we might note lean pork, liver and kidney and other meat organs, whole grains, dried beans and peas, soybeans, and nuts —particularly peanuts. Other foods that supply vitamins of B group in- clude lean meats, eggs, milk, vege- tables, and fruits. Today all white flourand bread are enriched with thiamine and niacin, and soon ribo- flavin will be required also. Europe Suffering From Heavy Deficit of Food To make up present food deficits of our allies alone, we would have to feed 80 to 100 million persons, or nearly an additional three-fourths of our own population, it is said. New Zealand, Australia and Ar- gentina have been great producers of surplus food in peace time, but the long transportation lines from these countries make it difficult to get food from them to Europe. The east coast of North America is only 3,000 miles from England, while Buenos Aires is 6,000 miles away, and Australia and New Zealand are 11,000 miles away. Europe imported 10 per cent of her food before the war, or enough to feed 50 million persons. Today the deficit is probably 40 per cent or the quantity needed to feed 200 million persons. Food has always been the No. 1 problem of the world, for even in recent years only western Europe and the New World have had ade- quate food, as a result of mechan- ized agriculture and rapid transpor- tation. Darn Clothing "Those inclined to 'darn' every- thing might follow a literal meaning of the term if they hope to make their clothing, much of which has been curtailed for the duration, last longer by patching, mending and darning it," says Edna Gray, cloth- ing specialist. "A hand darn in re- placing the plain weave of the fabric is best in mending most small tears in wool material, while for a large tear, it is better to use a darned -in patch or an inset patch. To darn a straight tear by hand, start and fin- ish about one-quarter inch beyond the tear, keeping the rows exactly in line with the yarns in the cloth. The darn will show less if the rows of stitching are extended unevenly into the fabric. To give added strength, darn over a piece of the same cloth or over a piece of net basted to the underside allowing raw edges of the hole to go to the under- side. Need Navigators Fifty to seventy-five thousand sea and air navigators, it is estimated, must be drawn within the next two years from the ranks of the totally inexperienced and the semi -trained. This is possible through the wider establishment of navigation classes in colleges, high schools and voca- tional schools, as well as through such special agencies as the coast guard, U. S. Power Squadron, and through yacht clubs and racing societies. Equipment needed by boards of education and others for training is frequently obtainable through yachting societies or boat owners, who in many instances will also provide a part-time instructor or two. Such co-operation facilitates the rapid expansion and efficient operation of the navigation train- ing program. Soap for All Water A toilet soap suitable for use in waters varying from the softest to the hardest has been developedby chemists of the army quartermaster corps in co-operation with industrial technicians and soap chemists, the war department announces. The new soap is intended for use by Amer- ican soldiers overseas where bath- ing may take place one day in rain water in a tub.and the next day in the ocean. It was developed primar- ily as a bath soap, but can do double duty as a shaving soap, and in an emergency, for laundry. It is a mild, non -irritating soap, with no abrasives or gritty substance to as- sist in the cleaning action, and is effective in removing almost any taea o soda encountered.: • 'TETE GLINTON NEWS -RECORD Marseille Was an Old but Active Mediterranean Port Marseille, 'Mediterranean city of 600,000 held in a state of siege by the Nazis to enforce evacuation of the port district, was normally the busiest of aril French ports and the country's chief gateway to the Orient. The old port section, with its nar- row, winding streets, tumble-down houses, Apache hangouts, and sailor taverns, is the core of the modern city. Beyond the old town has de- veloped the Marseille of broad, bury streets, fashionable shops, luxurious cafes, •and residential neighbor - heeds. Nature blessed Marseille with a deep harbor. But use of it was han- dicapped -by hills almost isolating the city from the continent. Access was provided by tunnels, Canal barges as well as trains come and go through underground tubes," High- ways were built as alternate routes, Completion of the Suez canal in 1869 made Marseille the premier port for cargoes to and from India and the Far East. The city came to regard itself as the promotional cen- ter of France's sea -borne commerce with eastern Mediterranean coun- tries and the African colonies. A$ trade increased, the port outgrew its harbor. A policy of ceaseless im- provement was established. Addi- tions include three miles of break- waters, 15 miles of quays. Dean Sees Need Soon For `Rationing' Doctors The limited number of physicians in this country will have to be dis- tributed to meet the needs of the armed forces, war industries and the civilian population, Dean Wil- lard C. Rappleye of the school of medicine of Columbia university re- ports. An increase in the number of students in the medical schools of the country may necessary, ac- cording to Dean Rappleye, but the effect will not be felt for several years, because of the length of pro- fessional education. "The over-all medical needs of the country for military, civilian, and public health activities have not yet been visualized," the report points out. "At the present time there are aboutthirty-five thousand doctors in the army, and it is likely that by the end of 1943, on the basis of the present estimates, the army will need about forty-five thousand. "Should the ratio of doctors per thousand men in the army be re- duced the figure would be modifled. The navy's requirements will reach close to 10,000 doctors. At the pres- ent time the number of licensed phy- sicians under 45 years of age is 8I,- 000, and those between 36 and 45 total about 38,000." Removes Stains Wartime restrictions on various chemicals narrow the choice of a stain remover, but sodium perborate, one of the best, is still available at drug stares at relatively small cost. Textile chemists of the department of agriculture report that it is par- ticularly useful for white woolens. It leaves them soft and fluffy. Some ink and metal stains, iron rust, dyes and running colors do not respond. But many other stains yield to sponging with a solution of four table- spoons of sodium perborate in a pint of lukewarm water. The mixture must be used quickly or it loses strength. The sooner a stain is treat- ed after it occurs, the better the chance of complete removal. Thor- ough rinsing with water is necessary after stains have been removed. Stuttering Nervous Disorder Breakdowns of soldiers who are afflicted with dysphemia—stuttering —are increasing, because "many draft boards fail to discriminate in drafting these speech cripples," says Dr. Jaynes Sennett Greene, medical director of the National Hospital for Speech Disorders. If he had his way stutterers would he rejected fin active military sorvice because rept suffer grave danger of perman,en impairment. Their speech disorduw are merely symptoms of an under lying nervous condition, Local ex amining boards see only the s,vmp toms; they cannot understand what speech has to do with a man's abiit1 to shoulder a gun, and that hu i; nervously and emotionally disorgen, • ized. Turnip Vitamins Allthese years you have been eat. ing turnip8 and turnip greens. hut did you know just hots many vita• mins they contained? Turnip greens supply vitamin A, several of Cha B -vitamins and vitamin C. When it comes to turnips, rutabagas rata slightly higher in food value than white turnips. They contain no vita min A but do give, you a generous supply of vitamin 5-1 and vitamin C, riboflavin and niacin. Rutabagas also are slightly richer in carbohy- drates and minerals than the white turnips. Catholic University The Catholic University of. Amer- ica is an institution for higher learn- ing founded with the sanction of the pope and governed, under his su- preme authority, by the Episcopate of the United States through a board of trustees composed of bishops, priests and laymen. As defined by Pope Leo XIII its purpose is to "provide instruction in every depart- ment of learning for clergy and laity alike." Postwar Period May Bring Chance to Trade in Homes After the war you may be able to turn in your old housefor a later model, just as you have been turn- ing in your old car for a new one, Harry G. Guthmann, professor of finance at Northwestern university, predicts. This interesting possibility is the result of the wartime develop- ment of demountable prefabricated houses. "St is possible," said Professor Guthmann, "that World War II may do for the prefabricated house what World War I did for the gas buggy. "Not only has prefabricated hous- ing developed into a very lusty war baby, but there has been a large increase in the building of demount- able units.. Of 126,315 dwelling units for defense housing placed under the Federal Public Housing Authority last year a total of 65,883, or 52 per cent, were labeled as demountable prefabricated units." He pointed out that the houses built by the National Homes corpo- ration at Indian Head, Md., cost- ing $2,980 on the average, were de- mounted, trucked 40 miles, and re erected on new foundations at a cost of $474. "If houses are readily movable in this fashion, neighbor- hood will have less significance than it does now," Professor Guthmann said. "A badly located house could always be moved to a more satis- factory atisfactory location. "A householder, wishing a more up to date dwelling, could turn in his old house on a new model, and enjoy the latter on the home site upon which he had lavished land- scaping care and around which the homes of his friends were located." Marines Invent New Game: Knocking Japs From Trees U. S. marines are becoming ex- perts at playing a new game inaug- urated at Guadalcanal. ' Operating amphibian tractors, tanks, trucks and jeeps, Leather - necks ram their vehicles against coconut trees in which Japanese snipers are perched. The resulting impact usually hurls the tree's oc- cupant earthward in the manner of an arrow springing from a bow. Points acquired by contestants vary in accordance to the distance Japs are sprung from the trees, ac- cording to Capt. Harry L. Torger- son of Lynbrook, N. Y., a para - marine who recently returned to the United States from Guadalcanal. Captain Torgerson, a six-footer, is a former New York university ath- lete and is well-known as a semi- pro football player. He spent his first hours on Guadalcanal dynamit- ing Japanese out of caves, staying up all night to construct the bombs before making a tour of Japanese hiding places. One of Captain Togerson's bombs, exploding prematurely, ripped his trousers to shreds and blasted his watch from his wrist. Beauty Problem One of the women factory work- er's biggest beauty problem is the hair. Even when there is a good permanent, the hair needs more than the usual amount of care. If the atmosphere is dusty, shampoos should be much more frequent than usual. Once a week is not too often. The head sweats profusely, and seems to gather and hold tenaciously the dust and grit from the air. Besides giving off an unpleasant odor, the scalp often feels itchy. Comfort is quickly restored by washing the hair. Rub up a lavish lather, massage the scalp with it, and rinse it out. Then repeat. Rinse with warm water until all the soap is out, and then cool off with an al- most -cold rinse. Make Good Coffee Rationing has revived the old argu- ments about the best way to make good coffee. Boiling, the drip meth- ods percolation, and the vacuum re- turn process each has loyal support. ers. On one point, however, there is no disagreement. If coffee is to have the satisfying flavor that makes it one of America's favorite gbeverages, the inside of the contain- er must be spotless for each fresh brew. Wash the coffee -maker thor- oughly after every use. Scour the inside until not a trace of brown stain is left, then wash in warm suds, rinse, and dry with a clean towel, A coffee -maker that has been properly washed will not leave a speck of brown stain on a white cloth. Ail That Glistens -- All rock that fluoresces is not tungsten, a mining expert said re- cently. Prospectors use fluorescent lamps when searching for the much - valued war ore, but some are fooled when they think that everything that glows under the lamp is tungsten. Be- sides tungsten ore, materials which will fluoresce include zircon, Calcite, zinc, uranium, phosphate, anthra- cene, powellite and common sage- brush. Slacks Legal Women wearing slacks in public no longer break the law in Chicago, where the city council has amended an ordinance of long standing that prohibited either sex from wearing theother's clothes. The ordinance was changed to read: "With intent to conceal his or her sex," after a war worker wearing slacks to her job as machinist was brought into. court do a charge of violating the law: Americanized Japs in U. S. Infantry Battalion "I have never had more whole- hearted, serious-minded :co -opera- tion from any troops than. I receive from my present command," was the statement received by the war department from Lieut. Col. Far - rant L. Turner. This statement was considered worthy of • official release not be- cause it differs from the feeling that most commanding officers have about their present outfits, but be- cause it doesn't. The outfit in clues - tion is the 100th Infantry battalion composed of men of Japanese an- cestry. All the soldiers of ter 100th are American citizens, born tin the Ha- waiian islands and members of the Hawaiian National Guard. All of their officers of Japanese ancestry are graduates of the University of Hawaii. The members of the 100th Battal- ion were not stationed at Pearl Her- bor on December 7, but many of them lost relatives and friends. They are grimly determined to prove in action some day that their memory of Pearl Harbor is a vivid one Six soldiers of the 100th caused quite a furore in Washington one week -end when they registered at one of the hotels. A hotel clerk be- came suspicious and called army in- telligence, reporting "some Japs dressed as American soldiers." Wars Stimulate Women's Activities in Chemistry The scope of opportunities for women in chemistry is almost un- limited, Dr. Helen 1. Miner of Wayne university declares. Surveying the Detroit area, Dr. Miner finds that, while three years ago the majority of women chemists were engaged in teaching or medical research, today a larger proportion is represented in the fields of industry and medicine and the number is limited by the supply rather than the demand. "Conclusion of the war will not contract this extended horizon for women chemists," Dr. Miner as- serts. "In the reconstruction pe}iod which must follow there still will be acute needs for trained Americans of both sexes and of varied racial backgrounds to go abroad to assist in the multitude of problems—nutri- tional, medical, agricultural, and in- dustrial—which must be solved in winning the peace." World War I provided the initial stimulus for the first large-scale par- ticipation in scientific endeavor by women, Dr. Miner points out. "In 1918 the number of women chem- ists in the American Chemical so- ciety more than tripled the 1914 fig- ure and enrollments in medical and scientific courses in the universities throughout this country were great- ly increased." Flamingo Diet A special diet, devised to prevent red flamingos at the New York Zo- ological park in the Bronx from fad- ing to a pale pink, is proving suc- cessful not only for the red flamin- gos but also is starting to tinge the normally white feathers of other flamingos a light red. The diet was introduced in August after the zoo acquired four bright red flamingos from the Hialeah race track, in Miami, Fla. Other red flamingos, upon exposure to New York's en- vironment, had always faded to a light pink, barely distinguishable from white. Addition of special vita- mins and oils to the mashed "game food" and rice customarily fed to the birds supplied the new diet. Save Radio Batteries Battery -run radios, including a great many used on farms, should be operated on the basis of obtaining at . the very most only a single set of replacement batteries a year. Pointing out that production of farm radio batteries has been cut due to restrictions on zinc and to other factors, radio owners are urged to follow simple conservation rules for assuring maximum service from their present supply. The rules include: 1. Don't waste your bat- teries. 2. Avoid long, continuous ra- dio operation. 3. Keep , batteries away from heat. 4. Have the tubes checked regularly. 5. Disconnect batteries from radio when not in op- eration.• Plan Garden Carefully Careful selection of the varieties of vegetables for victory gardens this year is necessary if gardeners are to harvest good crops. Richness of the soil, amount of water avail- able, amount of space, the length of the frost -free season, and the amount of sun or shade should be considered before seeds are bought or other preparations made. Among the kinds which need special care in selection of varieties for early maturity are bush and pole beans, sweet corn, eggplant, peppers, tomatoes, cante- loupe, cucumbers, squash, pumpkins and similarly easily frosted vegeta- bles. Save Tax Dollars For every five dollars of allowable expenses that can be deducted from gross farm income in making out a federal income tax return, a farm family saves about one dollar in the amount of the total tax paid. Farm families are willing to pay their just taxes, just as are other citizens, but they should not unknowingly pay more than they are expected into the federal coffers, experts point out. Colors Mark Departments Of Largest Office Building The Pentagon, that monumental structure of the war department and the world's largest office building, located in Arlington, Va., across the Potomac from the capitol, is an awe inspiring edifice, both to ,visi- tors to Washington and to its newly arrived tenants. Especially is this true if they are seeking one of the individual 40,000 occupants which the Pentagon was constructed to house. The Pentagon has five floors iden- tified by their respective. colors. The first floor interior walls outside of the offices themselves are painted "yellow buff." The second floor walls are painted in a green shade, the third floor walls in a rather deep red, the fourth in a gray tone, and the fifth in quite a decided blue, —all done . with flat paints. The painting of adjacent hallways and corridors on the respective floors has been done in corresponding cob or schemes to further reassure visi tors and occupants of "where they are at." Approaching the Pentagon build- ing in a taxi, one wonders how he is going to get in. The taxi man solves this problem by driving right into a tunnel nearly 1,000 feet long under the building where you are startled by a collonade of seem- ingly interminable huge round col- umns of reinforced concrete with metal shells which are painted a brilliant, glossy red. When you alight in this highly modernistic tun- nel, at the Pentagon, you face multi- colored doors, the color of which is to identify the entrance to the re- spective ramps which lead upward From the concourse to the five floors of the building. Use Clever Substitutes For 1943 License Plates The nation's civilian automobiles will be identified this year by an unprecedented combination of new and old plates, metal tabs, wind- shield stickers—and even wooden plates. Shortage of essential metals Is responsible for these develop- ments. The largest number of states will attach metal date tabs to 1942 li- cense plates. Pennsylvania, which last year had a license plate in the form of a geographical outline of the state, will use a date tab cut like a keystone. Vermont will use 1943 date tabs made from salvaged tin cans. Arkansas is providing date tabs for passenger cars and license plates of treated wood for trunks and motorcycles. Only nine states are issuing new plates for 1943; in most cases they are reprocessing a single plate re- tained from last year when owners were given only one 1942 plate. Wy- sming is the only state to issue two aew steel plates, manufactured be- fore the WPB order took effect. 1111- nois is issuing two plates made of fiber board. Delaware has put its registration plates on a permanent basis with expiration dates indicat- ed by changeable inserts, following the practice of Connecticut, where permanent aluminum plates have been used since 1937. Strong New Fabric To meet the need for an extremely tough uniform fabric for clothing for mountain troops, textile experts of the army quartermaster corps in co- operation with textile manufacturing companies have designed and devel- oped a new sateen material with an extraordinarily high tearing strength, superior wearing qualities and ex- cellent wind -resisting characteris- tics. The new material is now being used in trousers for mountain troops and other special forces, with the expectation that it may be extended to other military clothing uses where fabric of similar characteristics may be required. Exhaustive tests have proved its suitability for the uses now being made of it and have dem- onstrated that it affords an extra measure of protection from wind and cold to the mountain and cold weath- er troops now wearing it. It is treat- ed with a water-repellent chemical material so that it will not absorb moisture, an additional measure of protection in cold climates, Soybean Flour New bread . containing soybean flour is coming to the grocers' shelves. Addition of the soybean flour makes the protein of the bread a more complete food, and more nearly equal in value to the protein of meat. Supplies of skimmilk for making bread may short of the quantity needed under the recent food Order of the secretary of agri- culture, Claude Wickard, which es-' tablishes a minimum percentage of milk to be included in bread. Bread and potatoes will be two of the main- stays of life, he says, and will pro- vide a great share of our energy food. Save Soap There are many ways of saving soap which will help in the war ef- fort. Keep soap dry after each use and only use as much as is needed to overcome the hardness of the water, Use a soap shaker for soap scraps and pour boiling water over them in a bowl. The resulting jelly kept near the sink can be used in wash- ing dishes and clothes. For the bath, small bits of soap in a thin bag are just as good as a large cake of soap. A thin cake can be pressed into a larger cake when both are wet and the small cake will become a dart pf the larger one. THURS. DEC. 30, 1943 Dont Prune Apple Trees jai: Early Part of Winter. DUB to the present shortage of help., there is a 'tendency to begin pruning. apple trees in December and early January, when the fall work is com- pleted, Pruning just 'before the very cold weather sets in is likely to take a heavy toll in dead and injured trees warns D. S. Blair, Division of Hort- iculture, Central Experimental Farm,_. Ottawa A surveyapple. c f the -commercial app_e• orchards in some counties of Ontario: last summer -disclosed that where... ever McIntosh, Farneuse, Spy and Ben Davis trees were pruned in Dec- ember prior to the cold spell of De-. e cember 20, 1942, the trees were eith• - er completely killed or badly injured. In one block of an orchard near Tren.,. ton; Ontario, thirty -time Spy trees' twelve years of age were primed ear- ly in December, the remainder were not touched until late winter. " The thirty-one trees killed out in the sum- mer to a tree whereas the unpruned trees showed' no injury at all. In an other block of Spys, fourteen years planted, the owner pruned twenty- five of thirty trees near the build- ings in early December and did not get around to pruning the rest until the spring. The December pruned trees were severely injured by trunk. splitting and' crotch injury and sev- eral were dead by mid -summer. In another orchard near Trenton, Ontar- io, severe trunk splittin • occurred on McIntosh eight to ten years out that were pruned in the first and se- cond weeks in December. Adjoining trees in the same block of orchard which were left unpruned until spring showed no trace rf injury. it is of interest to note that the MeIn-. tosh trees- which were pruned the latest, about mid-Decenrb-r just be- fore the cold spell, showed more it jury than those pruned the first week' in December. Older McIntosh trees in another block of the same orchard pruned in October did not suffer from winter injury. Location and cultural treatments were not contributing fac-. tors and there appeared to be just as. mach injury on trees pruned under one treatment as another. In an oreh-. : rd near, Whitby, Ontario, practically all the Fameuse trees thirty years of age that were pruned the first three weeks in December, were injured sev- erely. The -bark loosened all around the trunks of these trees and, in some well up the limbs. Trees pruned in November and after the first three weeks in December in the sante ordu, and showed little or no injury. These experiences indicate that severe winter injury resulting often. in complete killing of the trees may occur if apple trees -are pruned just, prior to unsually low temperatures, It is clear that apple growers cermet afford to take the risk of fall and early winter pruning as the pen- alties are often very heavy and may even be disastrous when whole blocks of orchard are killed out. To be on the saf eside no pruning should be done in the fall and early winter. In Eos. tern Ontario and Quebec no pruning. cuts should be made until early March. V Avoid Losses When Shipping Live Stock - In shipping live stock, two of the principal causes of loss are shrinkage and overcrowding. Shrinkage in Iran- sit•varies widely and often leads to misunderstanding and loss. Hogs will show a loss of about 5 per cent on the average after a 24 to 36 hour jour. ney. Lambs will shrink from 4 to as high as 8 per cent in a 24 to 36 hour journey, and well -finished grain fed cattle a shrinkage of from 3 to 6 per cent. Overcrowding cars may lead to sev. ere losses through bruising and tram,. piing, Standard stock cars, 36 feet. long and 8 feet wide, will aecommo. date approximately the following numbers of various classes of live. stock -22 fat cattle at 1200 pounds each, 75 ewes at 150 pounds each, 105 lambs from 75 to 85 pounds each, and 80 hogs at 200 pounds each. The freight rate on grade or commercial animals is charged on a hundred., weight basis on a stated carload minimum for each class of stock. So upnderloading in not economical, but. the •stipulated figures should not be exceeded under any circumstances, Overcrowding is particularly danger- ous in the case of hogs, Before shipping feeds, of a noa- laxative kind, such as a good quality hay, should be given, and at shipping. time the animals should be allowed he eat all they wish. --V---- -- The Veterans Guard of Canada is now being administered by a direct. orate. Its chief is Col. Herbert Rut. tan Alley, O.B.E. He has been Of- ficer Administering the Corps since August, 1940. Col. Alley is well- known to Veterans. From 1937 to 1939 he was president of the Ontario - Command of the Canadian Legion,