The Brussels Post, 1891-10-30, Page 7OCT, 30, 1891,
THE BRUSSELS POST.
AGRICULTURAL,
Milk Period of Heifers,
How long a !toffee should he milked bar
first season io 11 T10141011 that has lunch to
do with the future milking of the cow, says
joint Gould, In an exclumge. The cow is
now as near (811 artifkial creature AS 0110 0111
well he. In her votive state tulik.giving is
restricted to a few weeks, and If left to her.
gaff her milk habits drift haute to the original
Nye), es truly as do her habits, form., and
conditions The heifer in some way has
4 tendency to dry off at about one hundred
days and the dairyman 110 IV 0000 LO it that
13110 10 well fod at this time, and every 18'
(108001(7)11) made to have her give milk at
least 300 days. Heredity hae done much to
eliminate this, but ilia even now of import: -
1(1100 011011g11 to guard against. Tho other
clay a man told me that he had two heifers
that wore going to drop (Alves at 22 months
obi, mid that Ito was smug to dry thorn up
as soon as ho could, let, them grow another
year, and then they would bo good cows. (1)
BEis better plan, I told him) was to goner•
ously food those heifers, see if 1)0 00111(1 not
control matters so that they would not drop
their second calves until they were 36 or 38
months old, and keep them in mitk a full
year and lel thorn grow on generous feeding
as a true cow can, and not stifle the milk
habit at the start.
Stook in the Orehard.
After the fruit is gathered the orohard
may 1333 used. for stook. Sheep and hogs will
clean up the refuse, end also benefit the trees
by their manure. If the orchard is fenced
in with a hedge the field will be suitable for
winter, as the hedge and trees serve as wind
breaks. During severe weather, however,
all classes of stook should be protected in
the barnyard.
Moldy Butter.
Packages of butter in jars or tubs shonld
never stand long 0(3 the bottom of the cellar
says the Country Gentleman, however dry
it may be. Tho earth frequently molds
beneath them, and thus taints the butter at
the bottom of the tiackage. This defect can
be remedied by having some smooth, fiat
stones placed on the bottom of the cellar, on
whieh to place tubs, jars, butter bowl and
cream pail.
ful (mince growing requiree that every 1(30
effected he promptly remove,l. titnall and
RUSSIA IN PERSIA,
imperfect speckle's should also In, pleked I
off early 4110 00080)), This will require
oonsiderable labor, but it will be Idea ef English Influence in the Shali'e Domain
labor that pays. Tne old notion that 1 a Thing of the Past,
quinces Carl be grown witliont any other
oaro than planting the trees and 14.1403'OBLillg stuggl.trs Doupi law,/ .00,0 BIT rot.
a crop is exploded. Thus grown they do
not aw1 8110(71(1 not pay, If they did it rum:.
would put 31 03-0131101(1 on lazinees owl negli. l :British diplomacy has lost in Persia,
That, at Wain, is tlei present appeals:roe of
affairs in the oldest enuilre of the world,
For several yeani extraordinary 061(110 have
been -made 10 03-1008 British 1116 110(1(0 there.
The British Government has offielelly done
all in Its power to hold the favor of the
hlialt, and to get a grip upon the whole
Persian administration. Private &forte,
too, have not been wanting, Not so very
long ago it was exultingly proclaimed that
a concession had been granted to an. English
corporation by which it would absolutely
control the financee of the Persian empire
for the next, hundred years. And it has
been « ournmon boast that British Ministers
at Teheran have long had far more influenee
at court than 3311 the rest put together.
There Is still fresh in mind an address ovule
by Lord. Salisbury, in which that statesman
dwelt at great length opou the wealth and
resources of Persia and the (dose relations
that existed between it and Great Britain.
This has 11001111 fool' poradhle, To -day
1(1 10 evident that Russia not only has got far
ahead of Groat Britian, but has practioally
13011 the game. Persia is still nominally in-
dependent. But it is altogether
gems that does not belong (0 01)3- 1(1011141 01
farming 03- fruit geowing.—Ainerican Culth
voter.
--
TwosRoweet Barley.
Mr. S. B. Lawrason, a prominent burley
inerehant of Brant County, was in Toronto
this week placlog a cmantity of that cereal
with local melt& ere, He says the demand
in the United States 10 small because the
price, 70 to 80 cents, is high, and that eons-
paratively little Canada barley will bo sold
over the border. The duty is practically
prohibitory. Mr. Lawroson, says the bulk
of the Canadian crop will be sent to England,
where there is a continual market for it.
Two years ago the Dominion Government
imported 0, ((((1 1>1 two.rowed barley and dia.
tributed it among the farmers in Western
Ontario. This barley is demanded by Eug.
lish maltstors, and the experiment has been
watched with deep interest, It has proved
a success. This year the average yield was
nearly 50 bushels to the acre and the prize
55 to 00 cents, whereas the six-ronntl variety
yielded an average of lass than 40 bushels
and brought but 40 to 50 cents. Mr. Lawra.
son says another season will perfectly de.
monstrate the staying qualities of the new
barley. Several schooners from Lake Ontario
are now in Kingston harbor with two.rowed
barley for Great Britain, and the Canadian
farmer's lugubrious face is wreathed in a
perpetual smile to think he sees 0 way to
get even with that awful man MuKinley.
Apples for Stook.
Drying Fruit,
An importaut future improvement in
fruit raising, and in the disposition of the
°rope, must bo in discriminating between
the best evaporated specimens and the more
common, tworer and worthless sorts. Many
manufactueers admi1 that they use fruit of
second quality in their evaporators, says
the Country Gentleman, OA there is no clif-
forence in the appearance where sulphur is
freely used for bleaching. They bring the
poorer up to the appearance of the best by
tho nso of sulphur. In the common purchase
of fresh, ripe fruit external examination is
the guide'but it moss to answer the mar -
pose in selecting evaporated supplies. Pur-
chasers must know the sonme with which
they are dealing, or they are liable to ob-
tain a poor article.
According to a recently published paper
by the American Health association it is
not easy to obtain a superior quality in ap-
pearance of an unbleached fruit ; but, on
the 011(03- 1)0(18, the align fly yellowish brown
color of unbleached (hied fruit is an OWL -
donee of ripeness, good quality and proper
drying. Rapid drying gives lighter color,
and such fruit well if excluded from the air.
Sulphuring produces the deception of mak-
ing all, good and bad, appear alike. But
with unbleached, this deception cannot be
prautised. What we want is II genuine
good article, mode from fruit of the fittest
flavor, and obtained from 0, source that WO
can rely on. Purchasers should become on -
1 gI, toned in this matter, mul a higher
standard of excellence should prevail than
by the pronsisouous 110$ of good and poor
fruit, in which the poor 11(80 the majority.
Binding Twine Kills Stook.
The use of twine by farmers in binding
sheaves of grain is booming& source of dam
ger to the lives of cattle. Lest week two
valuable cows belonging to William Mulouk,
Iti. P. for North York, died at 'Newmarket
without known cause. On examination
the stomachs 01 (1(10 dead animals were found
to be congested with undigested binding
twine, and the discovery probably explains
the loss of many other animals.
In a recent number of the AMPTEra71 Agri-
culturist appears Dm u,ticle by the late Col.
11'. 1). Curtis on the subjeot of feeding apples
to animals. At this season of the year, the
subject may bo worthy the attention of all
who have refuse apples to dispose of. He
says 1 "An orchard planted 35 feet apart
will contain 37 apple Uses, per acre. Those
trees, well grown, will produce 500 bushels
of apples. Apples have a food value, accord-
ing to chemistry, says Prof. Sanborn, as
follows :
Cost o-
Prelefa. Fofs. lordratee. Fibre. Total.
003-18.-8.58 4.08 64,02 1.30 78.88
Apples. .6'2 .37 13.78 1.34 16,11
Compared with corn at a cent a pound
and apples at 10 cents a bushel, one dollar
would buy 78.87 pounds of digestible 111011(183-
111 corn and 80,55 pounds in apples. The
corn has more fat, but 11 18 not so well balanc-
ed 33, food as the apples. Experience teaohes
me that apples are a complete food ; for when
a boy 11 73(80 my chore to feed the hogs, and
my father used to winter a large =ober of
033(00 00 nothing but apples. 'These apples
were of the common sorts, and there were
two large bins, one of the softer kinds and
one of the harden Of course the softer
sorts were fed out first. These apples were
shaken off from the trees, the ground under-
neath first having been cleared of all stones
so they would not bruise more than necessary,
were handled carefully, and then put into
the bins when perfectly dry. The badly.
bruised ones wore left on the ground, to be
eaten by the pigs. No ono who has not fed
swine in this way can estimate the value of
apples for animal food. They are excellent
for sheep, and all young stock as well, and
good sheep, and all young stock as well, and
gond for cows, notwithstanding the common
prejudice against them. This prejudice has
arisen from the Mot that when cattle eat too
many of them 01 0110 time they aro apt to
produce colic arising from flatulency. Clover
will do the same thing ; yet uo rattonal man
will condemn clover as u ofit for food. A
few apples fed to a 1(11101) 00W with her meal
will promote digestion and assimilation. I
would not at first give more than four quarts
twice a (lay. This amount may be gradually
increased to a peek' making half a bushel a
day. The cow willgive more and bolter
milk for this extra food. They are fino food
for colts, to be 0(81011 111111 bran." We believe
these hints are sound and practical ; and
what can farmers grow, in bearing years,
with so little trouble and 008)1 08 apples?
Apples are bulkier than corn, but the pro-
portions of the nutritive elements in each
are not so widely different
Is Soil Inexhaustible ?
The American Ageloulturist practically
says no. This is how it arrives at this con -
elusion : " Ono foot in depth of a farily good
agricultural soil contains 4,000 pounds of
phosporioacid, 8,000 pounds of potash, 16,-
000 pounds of nitrogen and lime, magnesia,
soda, chlorine, sulphur and silica to afford
food for all the crops which these thsee
elements mut feed per acre. After farmers
by careful and skilful cultivation have ex-
hausted all this great store of plant food in
the uppermost foot of this soil, which will
regent; several centuries, will the soil be ex-
haueted. Not at all. As the land is gradual-
ly charred into vegetable growth, and the
surface is removed as farm crops, as it
gradually deepens, the subsoil which con-
tains the ('0)17 80(00 elements becomes fitted
for plant food. And thus the imperishable
neture of 0(011011 applies to (11(0 8011, which
can never bo exhausted during all the ogee
width aro to come. All that mankind has to
do is to tree its aets, under the instruction
of science, to develop this latent fertility of
the soil, mud to go on feeding the human race
tuna the end, if tut end ever shell come,
when the earth will no longer exist as a fit
habitation for mankind."
Making Quinoes Pay.
Whenever the quince tree succeeds it is
among the most reliable and profitable
fruits that can bo grown. Its 118011 (5 ten,
elerness, and we were satisfied that this is
rather for the root than the top. In places
W110110 the groand is covered with snow, so
as to preveet (loop freezing, 0011100 trees
endure a temperature of 100 to 20* below
003-0 131)11100)1 apparent injury. Ear this rem.
son the guinea ia apt to be planted in odd
nooke on low ground and in home corners,
snowdrifts pile up in such places. They are
also generally molter than land that has
been for many 700)10 03-011 to the plow mai-
voter. Sometimes a (s33td spell comes while
those places are eet covered with snow.
0.'he qmnee root runs neer the susface of
the ground. It is very porous and if frozen
is more damaged for the largo emount, of
$1Ap it contains,
Always at the approach of 13(1(1 01 it la
well to mulch 11)0 (3-1)1100 tree, mid with nm,
Iwo if it ean be spared. Thou potto over the
mulch at least rt, barrel of N911101. 100 Ned1
tree, allowing 11 10 soak into the soil instead
of reuniog Mt (1 (1110 were done every fall
just before hard frorsing ocerirred them
would 0o less complaint el quinee Mos dry.
Mg out by the sovoro cold. The quinee
is subject to leitf and twig Wight, Seams.
_•-
selven of 010 801`Vi1111 of the lonsesuirering PACTS ABOUT RAILROADS.
donkey, tho physical streagth Ewa endumn.„
of the serieso deserve recognit hm, the owe An 0311(830 10,,orro1lye 00818 810,000.
that bo is very unsutisfamorily fed. 11 111
All expert oleotrician amens that an
w"th1g in th" (18,111 13" with electrio train inakiog 125 inihrs an hour
11 18 SUM iU00, 39110 00111111111111 11110 11SAIIY, LOE,d1 WOUld NM 11100 7,0011 feet in which to came
10 18 H114111
Thu gauge of the Itontan chariots 2,000
years ago was 4 foot 8i inches mine 08
strindard railroad gauge of to -day,
The railroade of the country employ 700,
000 men. Each year they lose 2,000 of their
number in killed and 20,000 of them aro
injured.
There aro over 1,1 00,000 railroad ClIrfi and
33,000 locomotives in the United States.
Two hundred styles of louontotives aro
made.
A now railroad is to be built between Chi-
cago and Omaha.
Chicago is to have a 8500,000 railroa
station built by the Illinois 000 11311.
Over 1,000 miles of railtvay are projected
in Mims,
Now York Steam Railroad Mett's Uuion
has 5,000 nounbers.
Nino women are station agents on the
Brooklyn local railways.
The railroada of the states aro collecting
8300,000,003.1 every year on fictielous bonds
and stocks,
A company from Chicago is to build a Hee
of 8111,0,0 1111 Nicaragua 200 miles iu length
through a dolt collhe region.
A female engineer, Miss Ida Hewitt, is
regularly employel on the Cairo & Kanawha,
Valley railroad in West Virginia.
Many sailroad telegraph operators in the
West are giving up their places to become
firemen, brakemen or switchmen, because
those occupations are paying better than
telegraphing.
The directors of the Chicago, Burlington
& Quincy. railroad say that the strike of
their engineers three years ago cost the
company at least $6,000,000.
The increase in railroad earnings during
the month of August over same mouth last
year was a little over seven per cent. For
tho year the increase has been about 17,•
000,000.
The first railroad in Canada was the
Champlain & St. Lawrence, which 1908 011013)1
fifteen miles in length. In 1832 the charter
was obtained for its construction, and 1)1 33-08
first used in 1836.
There was recently shipped from Phila-
delphia to Brazil a cargo of railroad machin-
ery to be used for new railroads building in
that eoontry. This cargo 03013 valued at
81 50,000.
The "Ponos) o building a locomotive
at Altoona, Pa., that will be three times
the ordinary length, and will be attended
by two firemen. It will haul a train ot
loaded freight cars a mile long.
Min badly and Het him a very leol example,
In Peseta, AR (31 Turkey, the moral qualities
of soldiers often beeome deteriorated 330 they
rise in grade. Tee rank of vakil is thug the
first atop toward moral rah). After the
vakil, or sergeant, crane the nal 110133u 081(51( 1(,
sullen (captain), yavar (mojor), sarhong
il(entenent.colunel), and earrip (uolonell,
liy rho time a MIMI becomes colonel he is
Impel eeel y lost.
'W HERE DID COLUMBUS LAND ?
Tho Lost .'teineriiii '0 of the Great
On theh
eve of tiego7.
bration of the four -
hundredth anniversary of the discovery of
America, scsiontifie men are eaenestly, but,
to all appearances, vainly, terricavoring to
rediscover and identify tho Wand upon
which Christopher Coked:um landed on the
morning of Friday, Outober 12, 1492.
Strange as it may appear, it is undoubtedly
a fact that no definite and satisfactory con•
elusion ooncorning tho " first landfall" of
Columbus (08 03-01' been reached during. all
the 08(1101100 that have rolled away since
the Great Discoverer first crossed the Sea of
Darkness and unbarred the gates of the
Now World," We do know that en 1110
date above mentioned Columbus, thou on
his first voyage of discovery, arrived at an
island of the Linta.yos or Bahama group
called by its natives Guanahani ; this island,
as he himself tolls ns, ho renamed San Sal-
vador; but exactly where GuanahaniSan.
Salvador IR situated, and by whet name it
is known in nue day and generation, are
questions which have 1103-00 beeu conclusive-
ly answered, although many investigators
have devoted muoh time and study to the
subject.
In 1825 Don M, F. Navarraste, civil
officer 01 1(10 Marine Department of Spain,
found 111 the archives of the Duke del In -
fantod° a manuscript of the " journal of
the First Voyage of Columbus to the Indies,"
abridged from the original document by and
in the handwriting of Bishop Las Cams, a
contemporary and companion of Columbus,
who had visited the New World several
&toes. Las Cases, fortunately, (lid not
abridge that part of the Journal which gives
the account of Colttmbus's " first landfall"
and his subsequent cruising among the
Bahama latitude. Therefore it, might readily
be supposed that both the landfall" and his
" track" through the Bahamas could be
identified by Columbus's own descriptions of
Guanahani and the four othes islands he vis.
Red on his voyage from San Salvador to the
coast& Cuba. 'The genuineness and authen-
city of this abridged copy of Columbus's
Journal have yet 15 1)0 inipeaohed,"and 11 15
the only existing evidence regarding his
discovery of the Bahama Islands taken
from the writings of Columbus him-
self. All other original documents
of Columbus have disappeared. and
and his contemporaries and followers, even
his own son Fernando, give no information
to aid us in deciding which of the Lucayos
Islands is the veritable Onanahani, or what
" track" Columbus followed on his cruise
through the Bahamas to Cuba. Therefore, to
°note the words of Ex -Assistant Secretary
of the TJ. 0. Navy Captain G. V. Fox, " no
'landfall' or ' track' of Columbus through
the 13alminas, supported by 0880r0000 105 op-
position to the statements of Las Casas's
abridged copy of Cal umbus,s log, can stand."
This is the opinicn of a careful student and
a most patient investigator: it is, moreover,
an opinion not likely to be gainsaid or eon.
troverted, By the log of Columbus, there-
fore, all theories concerning 1,io " landfall"
and " track" must stand or fall: and in order
to identify any of the Bahama Islands with
000501101,1, 1190 81011(101 proofs of such ident-
ity must be produced: Cast, the island must
correspond with Columbus's description of
Guanahani; mooml, it must oacupy a posi-
tion relative to the other islands visited by
Columbus which shall accord with the
statomentsof the log respecting the distances
and bearings of uanallani, from (1110 000008
and third Islands at least. It is possible to
select arbitrarily a " first island" which,
1311110 111 tallies with Columbus's description
of Guanahani, does not give a point of de-
parthre from which the second or the third
island can beseeched by sailingon the coarses
laid down by Columbus, or by traversing
the distances he gives as separating the
" first landfall" from the islands be came to
farther on his cruise.
On the other hand, it is equally possible
to designate an island whioh, so far as its
distance and bearings from a second and a
third island aro concerned, satisfies tho re-
quirements of Columbus's log,, while in
physical aspect and topography it in no way
oorresponds with the slight sketch Columbus
has given us of Guanahani. It may readily
bo seen, therefore, that the question of this
" first landfall " 19 0.103-7 complicated and
not-tebe-casily.solved problem. It is like
the " map puzzles " given to children, of
whittle each section must be carefully fitted
relatively to all the othets in order to melee
a complete and perfect whole. That the
" Columbus puzzle" has been successfully
put together by any one of the eminent
gentlemen who have attempted to do so,
the writer is not prepared to admit.—f From
an article by \Valiant Agnew Paton, in Oc-
tober Lippincott's,
. ENDED. JWSHIAN 5011(3-0111010,
and is practically as much a part of the
Czar's domain as is Tarkestan or the Caucas-
us. Already the foreign relations of Persia
aro negotiated by Russian Ministere. In a
tow weeks all Persian legations throughout
the world will be abolished and their func-
tions will be openly exerted by the Russian
legations. 'Then a " protectorate" will be
proulaimecl and Persian sovereignty will be a
thing of the past,
How this state of affairs has been made
possible is interesting to observe. In Persia,
as 10 other countries site hos net out to sub-
jugate, Russia has proceeded by creating
antagonism against the sovereign. There
is no doubt that Nas.ed.Deen is 0 thorough
anglophile. His preference for England
and English things is most marked. And
the same may be said of his great Minister,
Mirza Ali Asghar Khan. To them British
blandishments have been directed, and with
them British policy has succeeded. They
have linen ready to grant ahnost anything
Lord Salisintry might ask. But they are,
after all, not Perste 1 and with Perna it-
self England has never been in favor. The
war whtelt Lord Palmerston waged against
Persia has never been forgiven, and to this
day 130 one is so bitterly hated by the mass
of Persians as an Englishman. 13y his
fondness for European ideas and manners
the Shalt has given serious offence to his
people. By his especial
FONDNESS FOR ENGLAND
ho has intensified that feeling to such a de
gree that people have actually talked of
deposing hum And while EIngland has been
mekingup to the Shah, she has boon really
weakening his authority and swelling the
opposition to him. Rama, on tho other hand
has addressed herself to the Persian people
and has so skilfully insinuated anti -English
ideas among them that the pressure has
now become felt upon the Throne of Light.
In plain words, the Shah is conquered by
public opinion, and is literally forced,
against his will, to throw himself Into the
arms of Russia. He had the choke either
to yield to Russia or to be swept from his
throne by a fanatical revolution ; and he
has chosen.
England has been always a blunderer in
her dealings with Persia. Site has used
threats and force too much, and not enough
Englishmen have settled in Persia to exert
any social or commercial Influence. No-
where in the world are Englishmen more
scarce. There aro a dozen of them at the
Tahreez consulate. At the 13r1Resi-
dency on the Persian Gulf there are five or
six. At Ispalmn 1(103-0 0(0 two 1111.001011110100.
Some three or four commercial agents are al-
so to bo found, and there aro about fifty tele.
graph 0(101) 1018 on the Teheran line. That
Is all ; about seventy-five Englishmen in ell
Persia. And how many Russians? Seven-
ty-five hundred, or more.
There is one strong bond. of sympathy
between Persia anclRussia, and that is their
persecution of the JCWS. In Persia there
are nearly 20,000 Jews, and they are all
practically outlaws. Every other religion
is tolerated. Even the Zoroastrians, or
Fire•Worshippers'are treated with the
utmost respect. But every man's hand is
against the Jews. One might say they are
the chattels of various petty officers. Thus
in each province, a certain tax is assessed
Woman Suffrage in Now ZealElla,
Sir George Grey, ex-prernier of New Zea-
land, has outdone all other chivalrous at-
tempts in behalf of woman suffrage. He
has made a. proposition, 13111.011 will be sub-
mitted to the house of representatives, that
a netv upper chamber be formed in the goy-
ernmeet, of Now Zealand composed entirely
of women, and that it replace the present
upper chamber. This pleat if successful,
would be overdoing the mitten For the
last fifty years women have been clamoring
for an equal share with men in the govern-
ment Thole wildest vision never discer11.
ed anything boyortd this. Now Sir George
comes forward with all the ohivalry of a
medieval knight and 13101100 to enthrone and
aosky women by giving to them alone the
highest legislative authority. This power
at present consists of fifty members appoint-
ed by the crown for life. 51 18 time that in
the nature of &dugs there (0 110 valid reason
why this upper &umber should not
consist exclusively of wench, as it I as
hitherto consisted exclusively of mem
but the loudestprotest against it
would. ootne front 190111811 them-
selves. What they want and° what, they
have been olamoring for is a place by the
side of men. They do not wish to reign
alone, even if tho highest assembly wore
given to 1110111. Sir George in 1)18 080000 of zeal
for women defeats his 033-11 01(88, Let him
be moderate 108 3-0,11011381 in his demands, as
women themselves are, and by (legroos be
13-111 800 that popular sentiment is taking
care of all that, and thatwomen are gradual.
ly coming to have a shots in the public offices
and in all the perquisites that public office
implies. Inordinate chivalry savors of un-
bounded sentimentality, or, comiug as it
does in this ease from one skilled in wire -
punkt , hints of some political motive. Wm.
AGAINST T1111 JEWS
who dwell therein; and it is about three
times as heavy as the tax against any other
people. This tax is sold. That is to say,
some officer of the province pays it to the
Governor, and then sets out to reimburse
himself from the Jews. Often he pays a
premium tor L110 privilege, and the job is
knocked down to the man who will pay the
biggest premium. Then the speculator sets
out, armed with the full authority of tho
Government to oolleot the tax from the
Jews, and as moch more as his avarice
prompts, or the prosperity of his victims
make possible. No one ever makes him give
an 00008111 of Ms collectirg, and if ho wrings
from the Jews twice the amount of 1)10 1031,
he is se Ditch richer and they So much
1100000, and that is all.
Thu military power of Persia is not:groat,
yet 11 1105 great possibilities. The 10301103-
13-10(3 1100 established by Shah Abbas Mime
in 1 823, tont the present Shah WOE the first
to organize it on 0. European model, which
he did by the employment of (.400/111111 SAld
Austrian officers. The Persian army consist('
of 105,000 men, comprising 6,000 artillery,
53,090 infantry, 31,000 regular and irregular
cavalry, and 7,200 militia. Less that one.
third of this force ia maintained in service
during (10000, 11,11C1 the whole of the standing
army of Persia on A peace footing does not
exceed the total of active officers in the
Russian army. By
VIE MAR'S DEGREE
of July 5815, the army WIIO for the future
to be recruited by conscription instead of
men, T,owever, learned long ago to bo on
their guard against excess of oourtesy, and ocoasional levies, and the period of service
for soldiers fixed at twelve yeast+, instead of
gi te, for life, but tine decree was put in execution
in only few localities. Christiana, Jews
and Fire.Worshippers are free feom military
liability in Persia. The artny is organized
by provinces, tribes and diatricts. A. prov.
nee furnishes several regiments, a triih 0110,
or in some cases two, and 13 district provides
ono battalion. Chiefs of the tribes and
districts in which the troops are rcernited
are almost exclusively appointed officers,
Persimi troops eve yet, fee from perfection.
esroially against those overfree bearing
Things She Won't Confess to,
That sho laces tight.
Th.t, her shoos are too small for her.
That sho is ever tired at a, ball.
That she paints.
That sho is as old as oho looks,
That she has been more than fivo minutes
ressing,
That, oho keeps yoe Native officers are mostly ineapable, and
That mho blushes when oortain porson's nnaequaloted with military matters ; while
menu te mentioned. the lturepatm officers of all ranks have ne
That she ever says a thing the doesn't real standing the Persian - army. With
mean, first.class instruction and good dicers, the
That she 18 fond of fmandal. Porphin aarbez (i)1fantryman) ((51311(1 11(1 nixie
That she —she of allporsons.in the world—. 011 excellent soldier. though on the march
le 111 love. I'orsian infantry immoderately even them.
LatestFrom Europe
Balfour Wins the Prise --An Amateur
Weather Prophet—Englend'a Greek
Cruiser.
31she Intrigues for the leadership of the
House of Commons, have termloated in the
appointment of ItIr. Balfour. Balfour
undenishly the strongest man iu Lord
Salisbury% Cabinet but it is not improbable
that his masterful character will make hint
a poor leader of the House of Commons, in
dealing with which toot and good humor
are most necessary qualities Balfour boasts
that he leaves Ireland pacified and easily
managecl. He quits Dublin Castle with
the prestige of this alleged success, and if
1110 new Chief Secretary should muddle
things the fault, of course, will not be Bel -
four's.
The new master of Ireland has not yet
been (Mooted, but the favorite candidates
are Mr. Ritchie, President of the LocaL
Government Board; Sir William Hart Dyke,
who was Chief Secretary from June, 1885,,
and Mr. Jackson, Secretary of the Treasury.
The last pained is a fairly able man, very
popular in the House of Commons, and isat
present first favorite. The only drawback
in Tory 0708 18 that his seat for North Leeds,
which he would vacate on the appointment,
isnot a particularly safe one. He had a ma-
jority in 1886 of 610, 001 10 the previous year
Awes only 257.1 'Balfour's transference from.
one place of profit under the Crown to an—
other does no11 afloat the tenure of his seat
in Parliament.
There is an amateur meteorologist living
in a Landon suburb who seems to be worthy
the attention of weather prophets. In July
last year, he wrote to the newspapers here
predicting a furious storm on the 12th of
this month'chiefly on the ground thatMara
would on that date be in conjunctiou with.
Satuen. The storm commenced at the pre-
dicted Sine, and has scarcely finished yet.
The amateur, while demeaning himself with
some amount of modesty, asserts that this
is the twelfth storm clue to the conjtmetion
of the aforesaid planets foretold by him
months in advance, and consequently he
feels competent to warn professional pro-
phets that "while British meteorologiste.
continue to ignore planetary action on the
atmosphere they will make no progress in.
predictive meteorology."
One effect of the split in the Irish party
has been discouragement which has fallen
upon the activeNationalist workers in many
centres in Ulster. This isparticularly 15100/...
fest in the revision of the voters' lists for
West Belfast, which tuts just been complet-
ed. The Orangemen have gained no fewer
than 900 new voters, a feet which probably
will lose Mr. Sexton his seat at the next
election.
It is interesting to know that trade com-
petition in Europe is now so great that the
British manufacturer is compelled to make
enormous sacrifices in order to secure busi-
ness. This week a large Staffordshire firm.
took an order for 14,000 tons of steel rails
from a foreign Government at £4 2s 6d. per
ton, o. price which, under the stipulations laid
down in tho order, will result in the loss of
nearly fifteen shillings per ton.
The British Admiralty claim to have pro.
ducedin the now war ship Blake the largest
swiftest, and most powerful cruiser in the
world. She has cost 82,500,000, and if offi-
cial hopes be confirmed she will be cheap at
the price. She is guaranteed to steam twenty-
two knots an hour. Her boilers will de-
velop 20,000 horse power, and she has
phenomenal 000d.carrying capacity.
INGENIOUS GERMAN INVENTIONS.
raper Saes for FOotwear and Shoe 1(ace0
from scraps.
In military circles in Germany consider-
able attention is given to a recent discovery,
which would bring about the patting into
use of paper soles for the footwear of the
army. All the elasticity that can be de-
sired,. and perfect protection against water
is churned for these soles. They are cont.
posed of layers of parchment -like paper,
which are made waterproof through a
turpentine treatment the layers being
strongly put together with a cement made
from Venetian tarpentine, Spanish white,
shellac, and a preparation of linseed oil,
treated with oxide of lead. 'rhe soles,
when put together, are subjected to a strong
hydraulic pressure, and can be adjusted to
the shoe either with glue or thr00311 nailing
process.
A new German invention i$ announced
for the cutting of shoe laces front scrap
leather, by which even the smellest dealer
is enabled to apply Isis offal to this use. The
1110011100 10 simple and cheap, selling at the
price of eighty-six cents, our money. Scraps
;novel or round shape can bo used , tne opus.-
titm oonsisting simply of putting yoult pleas
of leather in position and then drawing it
from the other side until the material is
used up. This ingenious little contrivance
regulates the keeping in proper position of
the 1(13,1(503- 3.0 be aut. The plate of the mach-
ine is provided with three holes so adapted
to secure perfect rounding of the laces by
having them passed through once. The
knife is adjustable and permits of cutting
frotn the finest to the thickest WOVIC that
can be asked of it.—grieh Leather Trades
Journal
The Last Letter Written by Dickens.
Charles Diakens' last letter, one of the
most interesting (1110(1 (10 ever wrote, mune
into the market a few days ago at Bristol,
Eugland, aud was speedily snapped up for
O (temple of guineas. It 1300 tvritten to a
Mr. Makeham and runs as follows :
"It would lie quite inconceivable to me—
but for your letter—that any reasonable
reader mould possioly attach 0 soriptural
reference to a passage in a book of mine,
reprocluoing 0 much abused social figure of
isp000lt, impressed into all sorts of service on
all sorts of inappropriate oecasions,withotio
the !tautest oonnection of its original source.
I ant truly shooked to find that any reader
Dan make the mistake.
"311090 alwari striven in my writings
to express veneration for the life and
130/10 of our Saviour, because I fool 1b; and
because I rewrote tha)1 history for my
children—every one of whoni knew it from
having it repeated to them lmg before
they oould road, and &moat as soon as they
„mild speak.
"3301 I have never tnade prodatnation of
this from the housetops."
111r. Mitkoham explained in the tendon
Daily NOW the cireminstaimos 11110103- 39111011
ho wrote to Dickens niter the novelises
death. Tho figuro of speech of which this
gentleman complained was drawn, ho says,
" from a passage of tho Holy Writ which
lc greatly reverenced by o. largo number of
his countrymen 0.s 11. prophotio description
of the suffering of our Savior," and is to lin
found in the (0111 1) chapter of " Edwin
Drood."
Mistress—. W11.0 11 (10111 water
you took up to 11r. Thomson's room 3"
Ilridget—" S. mum, from tho 1101 (01(10."
Seeing God.
" The pure in heart shall see God. This
promise does net simply give assurance that
those who obey God in this life shall have
the blessedness of beholding Him in the life
to mote. It means that the obedient child
of God shall have God revealed to him in
this life as a consequence of his heart purity.
Through his obedience he has unfolded
within him new powers of perception that
lay hold of divine things. Ile becomes
conscious of the presence of an invisible
intelligence with 13-110111 MS SOW holds
001111111101011, and from whom he drawn
higher endowments of 1.3333s mud life. Just as
the senses bring him uno consciousness of
the material world which surround him, so
the newly owakened susceptibility of tho
heart makes him aware of the presenec of
God. We beeome conscious of the outward
visible world because our senses are respon-
sive to its influences. Wo see the material
universe through the effect it awakens in
our material senses. 5131110801110 way, when
our spiritual nature is nutdo alive in God,
WO become responsive to the influence of His
presence. He is made known to us by the
effects that are wrought upon us by His
personal influence upon us. Our spirits
respond to the benign influences of His
Spirit in more exalted forms of personal life.
There are breathed into us aspirations,
motives and dispositions which WO know
come front 0 source above us. They are the
revelations of God's presenee to us and in
us,"
OOLUMBD 6' VESSEL.
_A. Fat Simile or tbe Sante Maria to be made,
ror the World's Fair
Lieut. -McCarty Little, one of the ables
officers of the United States Navy, has been.
detailed by direction of the President of the
United States to proceed to Spain to super-
intend. the constraction of o Inc simile
of the caravel Santa Maria, in which.
Columbus sailed. It is proposed to have
this caravel as nearly exact as possible. It
will be manned by Spanish sailors in the
costume of the thne of Columbus, sod it
will be rigged with the same sort of rigging
he used. There will be on board copies of
the same charts that he had, foe similes of
the same nautical instruments. The crew
13111 1)0 of the same number, and it has been
suggested that to carry out the truth of
history those should be in the craw an Eng-
lishman and an Irishman, for according to
Naverette, the eminent Spanish historian,
William Harris, en Englishman, and.
Arthur Lake, an Irishman, were membere
of Columbus' crew.
Them will also be a notary on board,
wearing the ancient costume, and represent-
atives of all other functionaries who accom-
panied Columbus.
It is proposed to have this vessel make its
first appearance at the grand naval review
which is to take place in the harbor of New
York, whore the little ship will be saluted
by the monstrous cruisers of modern inven-
tion, representing all the navies of the
world. At the elm of the naval review it
is proposed to have this vessel transferred,
with ceremoty,by the representative of the
Government of Spain,to tho President of the
United States, and then have it towed
through the lakes and Welland Canal to
Chicago, whore it will be one of the most
interesting Nei:tires of the exposition.
At the close of the exposition the vessel
will be returned to Washington and itnehor-
ed m one of the new basins of the Poto-
mac,
4A1 08 jr:081:, ,)017 01;300,
Foots and Figures,
A Philadelphia Chinaman has thittty gods.
Berlin, with 1,315,000 people, has only
26,800 dwellings.
Of the twelve largest cities in the world
three nee in Japan.
Behest Bonner doors not think the trotting
mile will res.& 2;05.
During the past year 22,037 persons visit -
ad the birthplace of Shaltspettro, as camper.
ad with P2,300 it 1880. The year shows
belanue of over 31,600 to the credit of the
birthplace,
Harverd University has 365,000 boned
volunice in her library ; Yale has 200,000,
Cornell 1b0,000, Columbio,00,000) Syracuse,
75,000, Dartmouth 08,000, Lehigh 07,000,
Bowdoin 84,000, University of Virginia
world's population in
estimate of the
as follows Europe, 38000,000
800,0:30,000; Africa, 127,000,000 ;
Australia, 4,730,000 1 North America. 80,•
000.
210,000 ; South interim, 36,420,000 ;'total,
Lake Winnipeg Wolves.
In the winter of 1800 deer were unusually
seam in the forests east of Lake Winnipeg.
A wet; oold summer had destroyed an uncom-
monly large proportion of fawns. Conse-
quently wolves 130110 33-111100)1 their accuetom-
ed food supply. Their distress made them
forget their fear of human beings.
One morning in January news reached
Winnipeg City that a band numbering one
hundred wolves bad slain many Indian
hunters along the east shore, This turned
out to be true. Several of the men were
0000311 11 on footOne climbed A tree Lind shot
twenty wolves, Another clubbed a dozen.
to death before they pulled him down.
Ono hunter mounted a platform erected on.
polos for the purpose of keeping skins above
the reach of wildbeasts and vermin. Ho had
intrdly begun firing when the wolves pressed.
and leaped about the posts in such numbers
that they threw 8013-11 the platform and
tore the man to pieces,
The same band had visited other camps.
How many Indians in ell wore devoured
could not be exactly ascertained ris more
than one hunting party was said to hove
been completely wiped. out.
11 is estimeted that at toast 1,000,000
pounds of rubber aro annually used for bi-
eyel e tires.