The Brussels Post, 1891-10-16, Page 7OCT, 1(i, 1 4)1, THE BRUSSELS POST.
010919111111.160.0.1.9.0/11W15.911909.1921.31C=01.1211.3111431111.IIIM.6191.1.1.1.117.1....0.11691613.1.0121=02.1111.01.10,914111..109.611
WPM IRON RAM BSI
OPENING OF TEE IIJT.ERNAT1U11AL
TUNNEL U1lDB.1 THE ST.
CLAM RIV1a.
(Description or the t:1' eat Syorli-'1'1m' mon
Who conceived and 1tutLded 11,
A lining of lo Lek and concrete protects the
tower third of the tunnel. The bolionl of
the Leonel is planked. At suitable places
ladders and aelety ]platforms aro placed in
the tunnel, Wires for lighting are earrled
through, a1111 I,y 111ean0 of huvandese0»t
eke:trio lamps it is brilliantly illuminated,
The tunnel in dry and (hero IN noting at
pall 0011(0sl.ive of i(0 smb-ngnouns location,
'1'iw des amt 1>y the open nut tinge leg a )cal
and the lu ogn from sunlight, to electricity
ie not at. all tutelage fel to the traveller,
1unrd x(1(10 of L•reoo„tad pine, 10x12 In•
Wes, aro placed outside the tt el rails of the-
Tlto real tunnel under the St. Clair Jlty, track, Thu two are cif creosoted pule, 8x8
great
u1', is, 11l its lowest p0101, :111,83 for below
tubes square and P feet long.1'he most wonderful accuracy with which
the surface of the water.
At Its shallowest place theca is 8.43 feat
of clay between tho top of the tunnel and
the bottom of 1110 river.
There lo .10,-17 feet of water above it in the
deepest uhauael,
From one and to the other, open ants in.
eluded, rho tunnel is 11,745 1 eat long; 0at1101'
lees titan `if utiles,
The over -Arched, cylindrical potation of the
tunnel is composed of Oast iron, forming a
circle outside of '1 feet, and inside of 10 feet
10 inches in diameter.
The length of the actual tunnel -the tube
of iron -is 0,020 fent-noa'ly 1 1-7 miles.
Tho weight of this enormous tubo of iron
is 28,000 tons, IL would, therefore, load
fourteen of aha 2,000 ton ships that ply the
great lakes.
The steel bolts and nuts that unite the
segments and rings of Iron together into a
water and air -tight tube -the tunnel proper
-weigh 2,000,000 pounds, or 1,000 tons, u
ship load of themselves.
7 hew i re twenty miles of truck, orshunt-
ing0 as Iinglishmon terns them, in tho 1(p•
p10180Lo1 to the tunnel --tan miles on each
side of the river,
The Amorieun open cutting is 2,533 feet
long; the Canadian, 3,102 feet. The
Alno'icau cid ting i0 52 feet deep, 200 foot
ido at, the widest point. It descends at a
grade of ono foot in fifty, The Canadian
cutting (s 00 feet deep, 2(10 feet wide at the
widest point. 1t descends at the same grade
ono foot in rifty.
A view of these sleep ontting0, as they
descend from the surface, impresses one
forcibly with the magnitude of the tunnel.
There in 2,1100 foot of the tune) under
the bed of the river propel' t that is, the
swift, clear waters of 4110 St. Clair flow
over rot her more than half a mild of the it on
guarded tunnel.
Its cost is within a small 0.00110t of 4.2,.
500,000, with appreacbes, fittings and all
appliances. The cost of the tunnel proper
was 31,400,000.
An average of 700 mon wore employed in
its construction.
They worked day and night, eight hours
constituting a day's work.
The work toga) on tho cuttings January
1, 1880. In the afternoon of!August 24,1800,
one year nine months 111111 twenty-three
the engineering work was [101(0 la shown by
tho circtnnsta0e00 that the two portions of
the bore, working toward the center, mot
with only the fraction of an inch out of a
direct straight lino, Tho dirs011011 of the
boring shields was observed every morning
with transit instruments set on masonry,
with 1c sorioa of disks, and a tube contain-
ing erose-wires-
T'ho president of the tunuo1 company,
also the president of the Grand Trunk Rail-
way of Canada, Sir Henry Whatoly Tyler,
M. P., was bow 10 London, March 7, 1827.
Ho graduated at the Royal Military Acad.
omy at Woolwich. He spelt four years in
the West Indies, In 1851 he was on duty at
the Loudon w'orld's fair. September 8,1852.
he married and Inas lad twelve children
From 1853 to 1877 he was government in-
spector of railways under the Board of
Tracie. In1805 he reported on the Mont
Canis tunnel and summit railway. L11800
he reported favorably for establishing the
Brindisi indigo mail route Ito was the
chairman of rho English Channel tunnel
commission, and declares that the project Is
quite foasiblo. Ino urged the building of
the St. Clair tunnel. 111 1875 to inspected
about 1100 miles of railway for too Turkish
Government. In 1 87 7 he inspected the Cape
Colony railweys. in 1877111 retired From the
public service and received knighthood. He
public
president of the l (rand Trunk Rail-
way of Coneda and intimately connected
with other 0010m010ia1 undertakings, As a
Conse'vativo ho represented Harwich From
1880 for flue years in rho House of Com-
mons, then ho leas the member for Croat
Yarmouth. Ho is an nn20uhLed an1hnri(1y
on railway and engineering subjects. He is
athletic and active. His eyes are blue,
features aquiline, and board and )air pro-
fuse and snowy white.
Joseph Hobson, chief engineer of the St.
Clair tunnel, Is a Canadian, his home being 111
Hamilton, He served his apprenticeship as
a provincial land surveyor in Toronto. Ho
lens angllgod for several yeer0 es a surveyor
and 011g100er hi Canada and the United
States. In 1870 he wa0 appointed resident
engineer of the international bridge at
131d alo over the Niagara River. In 1873,
when that bridge W119 clone, lie became chief
as0i0tent engineer of tho Groat Western
flays after hegiuning, the workmen from Railway of Canada, and in two year's its
1 chief engineer. Mo. Hobson is 0member
opposite ends conversed with each other • of several societies of engineers.
tbrongth an auger 1)010 hood 1(1(0 1110 01ay I lir. Robson is as modest and unassuming
as he is able. He gods about his work with
0oohlcss and equanimity, is not puffed up,
.tLi110e1.11 no evil, gentle in demeanor, easily
approachable, and always considerate.
Mr. 11ob00n has had abla lieutenants in
the St. elate tunnel works. Fret assistant
engineer in charge, Thomas E. Hillman ;
second assistant engineer, 11, S. Jllaiklook;
mechitnieal superintendent, 5. T. Eames ;
superintendent of excavation, 'Chorales 11.
\l urphy.
ginning. Sir Joseph Hickson, late general manager
The tunnel is made of rings of iron, each of the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada,
ring being composed of twelve segm0uts j tinder whose administration the work of the
and a key, thirteen in all. Tho width of a tunnel was begun, and the main portion of
between 'the shields and exchanged tobacco.
In a little while thereafter the opening was
enlarged and the filet man Lo pass through
was Chief Engineer Hobson.
An engine and ear were run through the
tunnel April (1, 1801, at 5 :30 p. m„ two
,)'cat's throe months and eight day's after
the beginning of the work on the tunnel.
Thee remain some finishing touches, but
the work is in effect eomplet00, two years
eigh months and eighteen days after its be -
ring is eighteen i» 0(110, the segments being
four feet ten inches long and two inches
thick. They have inside flanges six inches
deep and one and throe -fourths inches thick.
Tho segments bolted together melte a ring
that on the inside is nineteen foot ten inches
in diameter. Tho rings aro 1)1010ned by
bolts through the flanges to eec1) other,
forming a continuous tubo 0,020 feet long as
montioled above. The fitting is water and
airtight, the edges of the iron segments
having boon planed and made accurately in-
terchangeable.
To unite the different pieces of this im-
mense tube of iron required 828,150 steel
bolts, soven•eighths of an inch in diameter.
The segments are protected from rust by
a coating of tar. They are first heated -and
plunged in the tar, 80111011 cooliug,thorough•
ly and perfectly covered then.
The method of boring was by a specially
devised tunneling shield, which protected
the workmen irons breaking earth and
quickly advanced the work, together with
the method of immediately following it up
by placing the segments of iron so as to
complete the circle of a section of the tube.
The 3111110 device is now employed in the
Hudson River tunnel at Nov York and was
treed ruler the Thames in London,
When quicksands were 011110 t under the
river bed at St. Clair, and danger from water
was feared, the pressure of atmospheric air
was applied and the work wont on in safety.
This pressure was applied at a maximum of
twentyono pounds to the square inch, re-
sulting in the egnivelent of two and ono -
half atmospheres. It was necessary to mea
the air 001119ressol'0 for nearly six months,
or from April 7, 1800, to Ootober 2, 1800. An
ingenious lock arrangement hold the air in
00nfinement. Horses could not endure the
presstn'e of the atmosphere under these con-.
dition0. Mules had to be substituted, and
they withstood the unwonted condition of
tho air well.
A deal of care had to be used in getting
0100 of proper oon01itu1ioa to work in filo
tunnel in the compressed air, Physicians
examined all applieents for work and at
every shift of the gangs. Throe gangs of
seventy-five 11180 00011 were employed in
this worst. Several deaths resulted during
its progress. Some time was always token
at Overt' shift to got the work111011 1100hls-
tomod to rho heavy pressure and to bring
1110111 back again to the conditto) of normal
otmoepheeic pressure, If oily (1110113100 0180
Made about this the distress of tyre men was
apparent. They would bo stria ken with n
sort of blulcl staggers ; their legs would
wobble, a0o0mpalued by blooding at, the
mouth, hose and oars, An unpleasant fool-
ing, often alnollnting to decided pada, was
felt in the oars of entering the high -press•
are chamber.
Fresh air 30 now 0ttppli001 to tho tunnel
by meals of blowers in milt abundance as
to keep it thoroughly well ventilated and
sweet.
The drainage ofthetunnel is into a pump
theft on the Ontario side. The quantity is
not above fifteen gallons a minute. .I.lno
2raht1150 tubes era under the railroad 1r,t011
-three In llmnllor, 1,110 centro one eighteen
inches in diameter, tho outside onou each
twelve inches in diameter.
Tho enormous amount of tough blue cloy
excavated from rho tunnel has been mod to
fill in low lands owned by the railroad com-
pany. 13a1y earns of the marsh on tho river
front et the lower part of Port Huron have
130011 covered and elevated to a hoight stf-
iioient foe buildings and tracks,
it ,luulpleted, is one of the best known raft•
road men du Canada and the United States,
Ilis long connection with the Grand Trunk,
the advances 11(11011 that road made under
his administration, and the vigor a,ndab111-
ity which lie manifested while in the con-
duct of its affairs, are 0111 remembered.
\]t'. L. J. SOageant, the 'present general
manager of the Grand Trunk, has boon for
a long time connected with that company.
A alar of uncommon anergy and executive
talent, he has advanced to aloading position
in the railroad world. Thoroughly under-
standing all the minutia: of the railroad, he
has an equally broad grasp of business
cosies, and an exoellen( knowledge of ltn-
man nature. With mental equipments of
so comprehensive a,character, the con Howe
Which the directors of the road repose in
hila is gratified by the prosperous business
of the company and the toot and conserva-
tism of his manogement,
•
A Payable,
110 0.i 811,:s (11 1401.31,1. 1.001(1,1.,
Said t'hrl:( our Lord, "I will go and see
11011' the uaur, my brethren, believe hi me,'
110 1111000.1(1(11(11(11(011110(1)1l the gulp of birth.
Jolt mndn htulsnlf hnehvn to the children of
11(81'4(1.
'then said tin chief priests and rulers, and
kings,
"Behold 0 Av. the 1111 e1' "1141 good ((201(14;
(foto, lot ns won -hip 141111 pomp and slate
ililu a10110 l,'lle ly (nighty (1(1(1 gl'uat.”
With ettrpety of gold t lm grimed l hey spread
Wherever the Pon of Man should t.t•,,1(1,
11(11 in the palace eluunbers, lofty and rare,
They lodged 1(1 in and served lino with Itindl0
(1ust 411"•11110 env.; ell through arches din
Their ,inMina floods In praise of bim :
And In church and palace and Judgment hall,
110 saw Itis Imago high over all.
1311101111, wherever 1I Is stops they led,
The Lord In sorrow bent down His bond,
And from under the heavy foundation stones,
'Ulm het of Mary heard bitter groans,
Anil In church and palace and Judgment hull
Ile marked groat fissures that runt the 801111,
And opened wider and yet mom wld0
As the living foundations heaved and sighed.
"Have y0fo"ndod your thrones and altars,
t,
011 Lhohoubodloeand 001110 of 110(01( man 1
And think ye that building 0114111 endure,
11,111011 abettors rile noblo and crushes the
poor?
" \vitl1 gates of si Ivo' and bars of gold
Yo have feu'od 1117 sheep from their .rattler's
fold;
T hove hoard the dropping of their tears
In Mucron those eighteen hundred years."
"0 Lord and Mader, not ours the guilt,
Wo built but 1(0 cur tethers built;
Behold thine images, holy they stand,
Sovereign and 8010, through all our land.
"Our trust 1s hard -with sword and name
To holt( the mirth forever the same.
And with sharp crooks of steel to keep
8111!, as (Auntsoftest them, thy sll0ep,
'Then Christ, sought out an artisan,
A lnw.brewed. stunted, haggard num,
And a motherless girl, who -ti flowers thin
Pushed from her faintly Want and sin.
These sot ho In the midst of them,
And as 11,01' threw back their garment's horn,
Vor fent' of defilement, " Ln, hero," st1dd He,
"The images y'0 have made of itlu 1"
.lino brook through tho tunnel is of extra
hoary steel, rails, 100 pounds 1,0 tbo yeed,
The Ego' Trade With Britain,
As serving to show the 91000111.8181110 and
future prospects of the Canadian egg trade
with Britain tho following utterances con-
tained in a reeeut issue of the Liverpool Pool
(which we have no reason tosupposehasb00n
inspired) will bo road with interest by those.
Canadians who have tho welfare of their
country at heart. Says the Post
" The importation of °enaction turkeys
and chickens was a prominent leetur0 of the
last Christmas market, but it is not se woll
known that a very largo and growing trade
is being carried on in ogg8. Thane to the
oold storage now unhvorsal ou Atlantio
littera, it is possible to deliver Canadian eggs
in Liverpool hl a condition that will com-
pare not unfavorably 10(111 the best Irish
produce. During the throe months preced-
ing the 31st of July no fewer than 9,000,000
eggs were shipped from the S(3. Lawrance to
Liverpool, Glasgow and Bristol, and they
MVO boon fetching 111111081 the host price in
thcnarket, obovo 7s. per long hundred being
the average price realized. Itis clear thore-
fore that the Coneclial egg trade threatens
formidable competition with at, load the
lower olosses of foreign eggs, such as those
brought from Russia, Go'many and Franco,
while so great is the 001180ming power of
this country, so far 418 eggs aro conimii0ed,
that anything like overstocking is hardly n
possibility. T110 total Import of eggs into
100glanl during last year was 1,234,04.0,520,
the value being; 3,41.8,802."
In this hatter that 0111011 seemed at first
to be an evil bids fair to result in our ultim-
ate gaits. The five colt n dozen duty imposed
bythe United Burros has bat turned. the
alention of cur shippers 111 other directions.
And certainly the outlook is not di00onfag'
hlg, but full of promise,
Her Sneoe5eer Will Be a Beauty.
" I have ono request to make," said rho
pretty typewriter, when she hod accepted
hot employer's proposal of marriage,
"Nemo ' o it, my love."
" Let me select my 8ruoetiani' at the desk,"
The haughty are etways the victims of
their own ra01100n0108ion0.--1l.e Sage.
Ily this wonderful snsa011tibi116,y Ca all the
impressions of nature the non finds himself
the receptacle of celestial thoughts, of happy
rolationsto ell mon, The imagination 01114011-
00
m l0h-
00 ,him as if there were 110 other ; the memory
opens all his cabinets amp ar0lrivos, science
1100 length and breadth, poetry ler splendor
and joy, and the august circles of oternel
law,
Thou[n1L
non art the sky and [ the sowing lark;
Thou art the o d oo' and 1 I lin t bbi'ety 1'n'e ;
Thou r 00 the 1:nr and 11110 wmnd'ring barque
Whose loving currant o'er toward. thee
(10100.
Then art the ohm rind 1 the clinging vino ;
ph00 art the field and 1 the 1rag110 mower;
Thou art the tree that 1 weak arms entwine
Thy leaves w'1t1, mine to n11lgle in ono
bower.
'l'hou art the silvery moon and I the placid
dyer,
Deep, deep within whose bosom is reflected
over
That inmgo fond and trno, forayer and for -
oyer,
NORA LAIImI1t0,
Toronto, 1851.
Adam Never was a Boy.
Of alitho neon the world has seen
Since Tinto his rotund, began,
There's one I pity every day -
Earth's hest and faro -omit to In ;
And then I 18 ,113 What fun hu dosed
By falling to enjoy
'Cho wild delights of youth time, for
11e never MLR a boy.
He never stubbol hi1naked too
Ag 01110 a root or stone •
;
Ho never with 0pin-hook fished
Along the brook ample ;
TTo neve' sought the bumblebee
An10111 De daisies 003'.
Nor felt 1641 business ends, because
IIo never was a boy.
He nova' 1(0010)' played nor tied
The over•ready pall,
Down in the alley all 0101,0,
To trusting I'idok toil ;
And when ho home hvnn sw'imaln' canto.
His lumpiness to cloy
No slipper interfered, because
Ileum—or was a boy.
Ho might refer to splendid times
'Hong Eden's bower, and y01
Ho never acted Romeo
To 18018 Year Jullot
He never sent 11 valentine
Intended 10 (8010y
.A._good but maiden aunt, because
Reliever was a boy.
Ho never auto kite string, no,
Nor laid an Easter egg,
II0 never ruined his pantaloons
A -playing mumble -peg,
He novor from rho attic stole
7'u Ili 11 " the lold 1110.10' watching, for
He novor was la boy.
I p11.3 12111. 'Why should T not l
I oven drop a tear,
Ile slid not know how much be missed ;
ITo novor will, 1 four,
and 011011 111e scones of "othor days"
114) growing mind 0mp10) ,
I think of him, earth's only man,
Who never was ahoy.
xac®uam>suapmnuroxaO
AGRICULTURAL,
Oolie in/braes.
One of the 11100(1 noted veterinarians lin
the country gives the following treatment
for collo,
There aro h few diseases for which a
3leao'iption of the remedies which 181 (onn•
manly employed by those wig) keep no
ol, opt of niedicln00 on. (lead should be game,
Of these colic le the 011146 violent and
dangerous, 11 conies on suddenly, the pain
la very severe, there are intervals of roar,
and rho horse remains strong and is usually
very violent in his movements, It is
hnportnu1 that remedies should bo given
immediately. if attended to at once the
following treatment proves beneficial : Ono
tablespoonful of chloroform mixed with a
gill of whiskey and a pint of warm water is
to be glvell. Then inject a pint of warm
soap -swim. if the oltloroforin oa11nol be had
use a pint of very warlll water in which as
In 04 salt as possible line been dissolved.
In case the treatment has boon long delayed
bleeding most be resorted to before the
above remedies are given. The medicine
can be giver by means of a long- necked
bottle, though a drenching horn: is better.
For bleodieg a 1(0an1 should bo used, unles0
the ono who attempts it is a practiced
surgeon, in which case a lancet may bo
better, Tho horse nest be blindfolded ou
the side from which the bloc d is to be taken,
17hen, eta, point in the neck about two inches
from the angle of the jaw, the jugular vein
should be found, the hair moistened and
smoothed, and n gentle prestr0 applied with
the fingers of the left hand, in which the
instrument should be hold. Tho vein will
enlarge at once. The edge of the ileum is to
be placed in a direct line with Lhe comae of
the vein and over the center. It may bo
struck with a stir& or the fiat, but the blow
must not be so hard as to cut the opposite
side of the ,'cin, A good•sized blade should
be used, as a small quantity of blood drawn
quickly is more W110501111 than a larger one
which flows slowly. When a sufficient
amount of blood has poen tauten, the edges
of the wound should be brought ex0otly to.
ggetllor, a small, sharp Mn passed( through to
keep them in place, and a few hairs from the
mane of the holm wound around the ends so
as to completely cover the wutuld.
The horse must be fastened so that he can-
not rah rho wound, In 24 bout's the pin
may be carefully, removed. Such are,
substantially, the directions giver by the
celebrated Yo,attfor bleeding the horse,
Thorn aro times when bleeding is neoo8sary,
but in the majority of cases it is injurious.
The blood is equivalent to the life, and its
withdrawal must have a very depressing
effect upon the vital forces.
To Jessie's Danoing Feet.
How, as a spider's wob is spun
With subtle grace and art,
Do thy light footsteps, every ono,
arose and 1001'0ss my heart l
Now hero, now there, and to and f ro,
Their winding 111n80a turn ;
l'ho fairy foot so lightly go
They seam Lho earth to spurn.
Yob ovory stop loavos there bohind
A something, when y011 dance,
That (01000 to tangle up my mind
And all my soul entrance,
How as rho web the spillers spin
And wanton bvoozos blow,
Thy soft and filmy laces in
A. swirl around then flow 1
The cobweb Meath thy chin that's crossed
Remains demurely pot,
While those aro over whirled and tossed
Pint show thy saucy foot ;
Thal:, show the silvol' gayalass of
Thy stockings' silken sheen,
.And ,1,0911 of snowy skirts above
The silver that 1s soon.
ITov, as the spider, from his wob,
Dangles in light: suspense,
1)o 11,188,eet ,,tenon ren' flew and ebb
Sway Int enraptured sense 1
i'h7111,11 ,ting puce, thy 2021(t3' airs,
Thy every charming pol0--
'1'11ero are not more alluring 011W:0s
bInd 1110 with than those.
'0wg
in011 Away onsl Wit 11 easy grace
hy witching 81op0 repent;
Tho love 1 dare not -to thy face --
I otl'or, at thy foot,
D. ELl,ly. ltton11,
Their Mother,
My boy salt 1001)111(1 111111.11111110 the cools,
From 1113 stool at my foot one day.
And the firelight blemished the curly head,
And pbointed the checks set (h a dash of red,
And heightened 1110 very eyes, us ho sold,
In Itis Wrest oonadonlial way 1
' ;1lnnma, T think, when Thu a grown no non,
1 spell have Just two little boy a"
1'smi(od-ho WAW MR' I- but lin,lIdnotBOO,
An dim/4%1 id Why, yes, how' Vico thnt will
But If ono waren girl, it 100(110 to 1110,
11 would add to your holsolold jo3'0."
"\Veli-y'es," reflect i111)', "that would be
Mee,
1(1And tell you lust what I'll do,
('11 nano/ ono 1(obh10 Mr lee, you knot,'
Thal the bright cyte .hewn will, a deeper
glow,
"And there's Just the awn of us now, and se
Ill name the girl Annie, fo1' your,
"nut how would their mother like that?" I
asked,
" Do you think that she wouhl agree
L'or ns both to have 11a111014 while she fall
none 1"
With the mystitjod, nizz3eilook nC 0110
Wholly befogged,sat my loglonl. 0011,
011,mother 1Why,wpmissue1"
comber the farmer would have gained in
0110011 and lost heavily in 14 insten000. It'
bold till May there would have Leen a gain
111 10 out of 2(1 years ranging from two to
tWelltytlnle ec'(110 per bushel, the evet'ag'
being nearly Mine and a half cents, while
rho losses would have averaged nearly anl•ell
and nine te1n11(0 cents - , gam in the w bole
per3.,d of eland one and six tenths coots.
Few fanners, however, can alli,rd to hold
their grain till flay,
Ladoga Wheat,
Ladoga wheat has been somewhat exten-
sively grown in Manitoba tins year, si11
011(1 such satisfactory results that there is
talk of its supplanting the red Fyfe which
won the prnvinco its great reputation me a
wheat producing country, The Ladoga
ripens earlier than the 1"yfo, and thus Motive
less danger from frost, It is, however, a
loss valuable wheat on the world's market
than the western ataudardi tzrain, and las,
moreover, not pass8dont 01 the oxperiment•
al
stege. A good deal is looked for !rem
grinding experiments the (15111(0 and Lake
of tho Woods Mills are to !Hake with this
season's grain. Tho Free Press thinks that,
even at a lower price, it will pay the farmer
butter to grow Ladoga; but that in any
event the Fyfe will he grown, the most
looked for being a division of the ground
between the two varieties. The extra
g011(11y of the root Fyfe more than justifies
the extra risk, even when it involves the
Winnipoggors sitting up all night now and
then to watch the mercury,
The Best Fowls.
To an inquirer for the best farmer's fowl,
a writer in the Country Gentleman says that
in a oold climate 11e will probably foul the
Black Laugshans will snit him best as winter
layers, '1 heir remarkably heavy feathering
enables them to stand severe weather, and
with good feed and comfortable quarters the
pullets will begin laying in the fall and eon•
ttnu0 steadily throughout the winter. The
many good qualities of this breed will prob.
ably render 1t more and more popular as it
becomes better known. The chicks are
healthy, 'notate more rapidly titan any other
of the heavy breeds, their flesh is of excel-
lent quality, and the hens are good brooders
and unexceptionable mothers. Although
the Langshaus will take a wide range when
permitted, yet on account of their heavy
bodies they may be confined by logy fences,
and when properly cared for in a small fango
tl;oy are remarkably contented and cheerful.
They have white ekiu, dark legs, fine black
feathers, showing brilliant greenish hues 111
the sunlight, and grow to alarge size. Their
heavy leg -feathering is by some persons ecn-
sid0red on objection, as the feathers become
wet in clamp weather ; others declare that
the feathers help to keep them warm, as no
doubt they do when the weather is dry and
cold.
Iu a changeable climate like Kentucky,
the Plymouth Rock will conte very near
producing as many eggs the year round as
any other breed. Although fhb pullets do
not reach maturity as early as the Leghorn,
yet they require a shorter time than the
Bra1mas and (loohine, and while they are
sufficiently well feathered to stand the cold,
they are not troubled with superfluous
plumage on legs and foot. They are remark-
ably active for their sire, delight in a wide
rouge, and cat easily fly over a five-foot
fence. When confined, their tendency, like
all other large breeds, is to take on fat and
decrease egg production.
The Wyandottos, IL comparatively now
breech in this country, are coning into
general favor, Their small combs do not
suffer from frost, they are plump, shapely
fowls, of a fair size, and have clean yellow
legs and skin, which with many persons is
an indispensable recommendation. Others
again prefer above all the Light Brahma8,
which have a long-established reputation,
and declare that when kept in close 00n -
(Moment (and they are so hoary that a very
low fence will suffice) they will produce
more eggs in winter than any breed yet
known. .Choir' ohiaksaro not at all hand-
some, aro very hat dy, feather slowly, and
grow rapidly.
There are some fanciers who prefer white
fowls to ell others, and in truth there are
fete birds handsomer than a white Leghorn
or a white Minorca with its proud, erect oar-
rioge,bright-rod comb, trim build and snowy
plumage. Others declare that all white ani'
male oro delicate, more (liflicult to raise, and
can bo discerned at a greater distance by
hawks and other depredators. A third is
10112 111 his praise of black chickens, and as
ha acquaints himself with their needs and
shows diligence and discretion in caring tor
them, ho too is s10ces8ful, In fact there is
so ouch to be said in favor of each of the
well -tried. varieties that it is exceedingly
difilealt to soy which is absolutely the boat,
as all of them, when kept nude' conditions
favorable to their regnh-enoida, will no
doubt give 818 (0factiot. And the poultry -
keeper who micas that breed most, pleasing
to his individual twee 111 color and general
characto'isties, and w'hnnmkOsit his especial
study to )]ring ills strain to its highest do-
volopmen1, cat scarcely fail to succeed.
Manuring Fruit Trees.
A correspondent of the Titre G'rowrr says
that in his experience manuring fruit trees is
not an easy matter, as perhaps the fertilizer
may not fully affect the trees in two or three
years, The Judielous use of a fertilizer will
not allow the growing of apples for 25 cents
a bushel, but it will give the grower apples
that tare better worth ed a bushel,
Fruit culture will pay better profits if more
fort Hirers are used. Cee all the yard manure
you can make, then 8npply the 110ficielry
with commercial fertilizers. Neter sow
nitrate in the fall, as it not at once absorbed
by the gro0i'rt plant it is liable to leach
away and be lost. Sir John B. Lawes rarely
sows a crop without the application of fort
ilizers. He sows nitrate very early in the
spring and advises that season in this coun-
try. In 0. very airy season Me. Harris found
good pasture only where nitrate had been
seem, The more I use nitrate on roses the
more I notice its good effects. Phosphate
causes an early growth and ripening ; hence,
itis good for the grape crop when itis desir-
able to gather early. Nitrate tends to pato
ripening, 418 growth is continued too long,
'When to Sell Wheat,
It goes without Allying that every farmer
las a right to act on his own heat judg-
nholt as to the proper bone to Kell hi0 81110411
or corn or indigoes, lie is under no more
onnpulsion to sell Lustily. as a gnostical of
business, then the morcha 11 or nanntaOtnl'-
or, But, in considering the fl'egoently made
rec'Omlllen(la(3eih t , hold in ("tlu', present
enormous crops for a hi1:4 price, it 10 well
to tithe all the c•11','utila1;lln.,.9 1nl,, ae`llllllt
and to listen also to the teachings of the
past. Stat(8(fes have Noel carefully getic1'•
ad, 'for example, with respcet t o the pro.
bnble gain no less f,001 holding wheat from
September to I)onenbor and to May cf the
succeeding ,year. They cover a period of 91
years from 1870 to 1800 inclusive. They
show that by holding his wheat until De.
PEBSONAL.
The Countess of Caithness, Madame 13Ia,
vutslty''0 imecossnr is extremely fond of
liamond4 the only feature in 181(10(1 she is
said 10 resemble her predecessor,
'e en r, u eb c
Alts. haunt I alts Ln ,,, who el tato l
her one hundredth birthday in New Fork
day sde oft;••
a few ay ago, is a 1(a t (lemony, and
can perfectly r'oosll seeing Napoleon at the
heard of his troops, on a black charger, at
the time when he invaded Germluly•
Ankeny, Mrs. William 11. Kipp's country
place et Rhinebeck, on the 1 f udse11, is u very
old 001001111 homestead, and took it0 name
froin that of one of the three Ind(als who
0igned the original decd. It is said to be
the only 0010130 between New York and
Albury that ham always remained in the
possession of the family to when it woo
deeded by the Indiana.
-Frau Blsraaeck, the wife of the ex -
Chancellor, is a 0(11iu1 of hypoelmudria,
cud fancies herself in a extremely delicate
state of health. In spite of this, and agahlat
her physician's alders, silo drinks large
,iuentil.ien of champagne, her favorite buver-
age. She is a toll woman, with white hair
and prominent cheek -bones, and talks
volubly in a iiighpitubed voice, Her coon-
olny is said to border upon parsimony.
While in Auotralia recently, Beruberdb.
and her conlpony'wont out sixty miles into.
the bush, and slept 111 tents, for the full of
the thing. One night the gentle Sava, rJ8O-
od every one by punching him with 11 bans
boo netting rad, in order to secure a large
following for a projected hear -hunt. The
actress (laterite have killed the anin,al they
were in search of, but some of her attendants
deelaro on the sly that it was insignificant
in size.
Lord Tennyson and William Black are.
Loan warm friends of Mary Anderson Nav
arro. Many of the best literary people of
England have been estec11811v cordial to
her.
Manitoba's Harvest.
Under date of Winnipeg, Sept. 21, a cor-
respondent writes : ' I have now com-
pleted the circuit of the principal 8011001 -
producing districts of Manitoba and some
points in Assiniboia, N. W. T. .1 have
found that the stories of the great harvest
of the West wore not exaggerated. No lam
guago could be ton strong to describe the
marvellous growth of this year's crop. This
harvest has demonstrated more clearly than
00017 the extraordinary fertility and magni-
ficent capabilities of the Canadian North•
west as 1L wheat -producing country. In
numbers of cases I have seen crops harvest-
ed which would stagger eastern farmers by
their luxuriance -crops which by ordinary
rules of farming could never be expected to
grow, sown from poor seed, scattered care•
lessly over land whiolt already had grown
two crops without ploughing, scratched
over once with harrows and left to take
chances, Many settler's Have reaped un-
merited success. In sharp contrast to the
growth of these crops com08 the question of
their ripening and the danger of frost, which
at present is the most serious drawback to
the developnnent of the country. Farmers
contend that one good crop compensates
them for their loss and yields good profit
tor every two lost. With that established
it is easy to see what enormous profits
farmers would reap if the danger of frost
was overcome. The question, therefore, is
of paramount importance and must receive
attention heforo all others. The frost in
Manitoba, this year was not so severe as in
others, but was sufficient to cause very con-
siderable loss to the conntry. The full ex.
tent is not yet definitely known. The story
of the harvest will be told in threshinl5.
Until then any estimate is liable to bo
wrong. Al the worst I personally do not
expect there will be more than very little
unmarketable, while full 30 per cent, should
bo magnificent sample No. I hard, A good
majority of the remainder will be good for
milling purposes. Regarding the yield, so
far all returns aro very encouraging, wheatrunning from 35 bushels to as high as 49,
Yields like that will go far to compensate
try loss from frost.
The home, at North Conway, New Ham-
0hlre, 01 Lady Blanche Murphy, a daughter
of the Earl of (.ainsborougil, has been sold
at auction, aid will be Im110 into a hotel,
Lady Blanche ran away with Thomas P.
Murphy, hot music teacher 11011 her father's
organist, Was disinherited, and cause to this
country. Here, in her house among the !tills,
she wroto for the papers and inog',zioes, and
thus aided in the support of the family. At
her death, a number of years ago, the Gains-
borough family claimed her body, and it 10
interred in the burying -ground of Gainsbor'
0ug1 Castle. Her husband survived hex
until last fall.
Some one has resurrected this story about
000101020re P. Vedder, long State Senator
tram the Chautauqua district: While a
young man, teaching school, ho had occasion
to punish a mischievous girl, and, as was
usual in that day and locality, was about to
resort to the ferule. Te the offending maid,
according to " The Bnffale Express," be
said, Miss —, give me your hand."
She dropped her head and blushed. Again
he said, sternly : " Miss —, I say, give
ate your hand." Slowly lifting her eyes,
she remarked; " Mr. Vedder, this is et»ber-
rassiug for ate. You should not make such
proposals in public. However, you const
ask my papa heat."
During llistop Nowman'smissionnry trip a-
oundtlleword d,awhile ago, he spent sane trine
iuIndia. One day a lotof native pastors wer0.
called together to hear the Bishop's view,
on the best methods of carrying ou cyan',
g01i0a1 wort.. Native converts, according
to the missionaries are apt to think they
know ,just what to do and are peefeotly
qualified to get ,along without advice. L'is.
Imp Newman began lois tall(, but was con-
stantly interrupted by the native brethrens
wino jumped up one after smother to remark
that they thought this at' thatwould be
preferable. "Now, look here," finally ex-
claimed the Bishop, losing his patience it.
little . " If any or you thick you can con-
duct this meeting bettor than I can will you
please rise." lltore was silence for a
moment as the Bishop glanced around the
room. Then four of the brethren gravely
rose and waited to be counted.
A Tyrant Gone.
Ex -President Bahnaoeda, of Chili, has
ended his career by suicide because he
dreaded to meet the V01151 nee of the Juntlt
and saw no other avenue of escape. The
rejoicings that took place in Valparaiso
when the 110800 became known show that
Its fears were not ill-founded. He was
dreaded while in power and the 1'ementinont
Ile than aroused, but controlled, would have
found oxpro0siol if ho had boon caught
alive after his fall. IIe was a relatively
young man to have filled so large a plane iu
the history of his country, having been born
in Santiago only fifty-one years ago. IIe
entered politics at nu early ago as a revoln•
tionist. Being a mon of strong ohm•octelr
marked ability as an orator, a good oduoa-
Lion anti means that made ihim indep0nd-
out, ho soon became the 1lbe'a1 leader,
entered the Ministry in 188,1 and the
next year was elected President, His
administration was highly 61(00000101 for
thrao years, but in rho fourth
year Bahnaoo,la made changes in his
counselors and public office's that ap•
11at'ontly portended a Dictatorship. He
Was ineligible ruder the 00nstitnlien to re: -
elution and hie actions wore interpreted as
foreshadowing an intention to overripe the
constitution. An apparently purposeless
revolt in Valparaiso nud other 1.00118 was
amid to have been instigated by 1al.maceda
to give hint an excuse to declare martial
law before the day of olooton, but it failed
of its mimosa, 11allnneeda then appointed
a ministry stat lyfa"tory to the entnitry, but
continued his intrigues; these beim; again
exposed 111' boldly ordered the ilonse of
1'ongres8'11,'011 o.1e1 forced civil wear upon
the country. All his acts ;after that
were 1111se of a Dictator, Ino removed
high pnldle , (lii'm'3 and pot his tools in
their places, furred Maria and ordered earl*
110eatmns, The members of Congress who
(Limped arrest lied and organized the C'on-
gre0sicnel party, by which Bhlmacetl,a was
at last overthrown. Ito appears to hav0
been an aide and at ole Blue a patriotic
111o11,but w'as wreaked by personal amid.
tion, upon which a 0urb had been put by the
constitution of the 0011111'y,
FAMINE IN RUSSIA,
tat11enttIfnl mixtures Sold for Rre0d-dn-
pnrting Food from America.
An analysis of the bread sold in many
places in Russia by unscrupulous merchants
shows that poisonous mixtures are sold.
Several merchants have been arrested at
Morshanek and will be tried. 'Maly speci-
mens of such breath consist of 70 per cent,
of earth and sand and 30 per cent,,01 refuse
farinaceous products.
Among the many conjectures regarding
the causes of the failure of the crops, it is
suggested that the drainage of .hundreds of
veru of tho vast swamp of Pinsk resulted
in flooding the Dnieper in the 'spring and
lowness of water late in the 0111081017, thus
causing a diminution in the rainfall in the
eastern provinces.
Almost all of the Government oflioials.
have voluntarily contributed a portion ot-
their salaries to the famine fund. The
pu lie talk of bringing bread from America
and Egypt,
Reports from Tambotf end fns adjacent
provinces 11110011008 that the Zsmstvos have
provided for the resowing of the land and to.
turni0h supplies of grain nutilJanlary next,
After that date there will be the greatest.
difficulty to insure food for 1110 people. As
the collection of taxes Is impossible, the
salarios of the local administrative bodies
r re necessarily boon suspended. Even if
the funds to supply grain are obtained, the
distribution, which will beover wide famine
tracts, will ho difficult, and the nlninten•
amce of hospitals, schools, and asylums is
donbLflu,
The scarcity of oats and bay 18 compel-
ling tho farmers to sell their live took nt.
mock prices. For instance, a horse for two.
roubles, a cow for Sive roubles, and oohs
for from twenty to fifty copooks.
After a recent 0omuly fair in one district
the skeletons of forty horses were found by
the roadside. The animals had been killed
four their skins.
Destitution is also staring in the face a
101'g0 number of people who have been 001-
hloyed (upon public works, as work upai;rho
latter most stop when the frost set in, Tho
massae of the people rely entirely upon rho
Government to 11019 thiel, This being tho
stage of affairs in the present mild weather,
the gloomy prospects held out by the torr.
ing winter eat be readily imagined.
If you want your boy to love you don't
make him Loo potatoes in the hack yard
while a. brass land is passing the hoose.
1t (s spec„ups of ;;Doll nla111er0 alld gated
001(00, aid 1l, . • "f gno,l sl;vlo, (30 o l,tppt
your nllnal"ns to mein' tuelionop. ].'col
llo
Who obtrude thein' partil'n1or " shop "ett
mixed company, or parplex the strangers
within their gates with unintelligible fondly
jokes, aro guilty of intolerably bad manners.
Sc, in hte'atnr0, persistent alllsiots to out.
of -the -way and obscure books and chora0
tors aro equally a piece of bad Maulers.
Allusiveness is felt to be offensive the ane.
meat tlla allusions are not understood.