The Brussels Post, 1911-3-23, Page 7w
a h
1
'For Tea You Can't
yr
eat Lipton's'
Biendled, Packed and Labeller by Automatic
•MtoI nary; the Post Tea in the Beat of Packages.
A
STORY OF PANAMA CANAL
WHERE $250,000,000 IIAY BEEN
THROWN AWAY,..
.Bad Management by the De Lesseps
Uompaay Ruined Thousands
of ;People.
"A Colossal Error of Judgment;
America Follows De LessepsLead
•and Wastes Millions." These head-
lines in large type appeared in an
American journal, when it was an-
nounced recently that the estimated
'cost of completing the Panama Oa -
nal must be increased to $373,000,-
-000 -nearly double the amount of
the original estimate upon which
'the United States Congress au-
thorized the carrying on of the
• 'work five years ago. The accusa-
tions contained in the headlines
quoted are scarcely justified, how-
ever; for although American ex-
perts, like the unfortunate De Les -
segs; have woefully underestimated
• the cost of completing -this great
work, little money has been wasted.
Indeed, amazing progress has
been made, as may be gathered froni
the fact that while the French ex-
cavated 500,000,000 cubic yards be-
tween 1881 and 1604 at .what is
known as the Culebra Cut—that is,
through the great Culebra Moun-
tain—the Americans from May,
1904, to June, 1009, have excavat-
ed nearly 37,000,000 cubic yards.
THE "FUMIGATING BRIGADE."
As a matter of fact, the American
cut was practically made in two
years and six months, because for
the first two and a half years the
Americans did little excavation'but
devoted themselves to the work of
sanitation and preparation. One
of the chief causes of the downfall
of De Lesseps' scheme was due to
' the fact that he overlooked the cli-
matic
lsmatic conditions of the Isthmus of
Panama, which. prior to 1904, were
such that they meant certain death
to 80 per cent. of the white men
who ventured to live and work for
any length of time in the surround-
ing country, The dreaded mosqui-
to, which carried the germs of ma-
laria and yellow fever from victim
to victim, was there in abundance;
but the Americans . have changed
all that. Their "fumigating bri-
gade" marched through the towns,
destroying all larvae found in
water -tanks and other vessels, and
poured gallons of disinfectant into
all stagnant water breeding -places.
And now they boast that there is
not a mosquito left in the canal
zone.
Altogether there are 30,000 men
at work on the canal, and two years
ago it was estimated by the Am-
erican experts that the eanal would
be completed in six years at an
entire cost to the States of $200,-
800,000. Apparently that cost is to
bo doubled, at least, and it is in-
teresting to note the different opin-
ions as to when the canal will be
finished, for, while Colonel Gor-
thils, the U. S. A. Government en-
gineer, _ estimated, early' in 1908,
that ships would be passing through
the channel on Jaanar•v lat. 1015,
9'reeiclenr Taft thought that the
work would be finished within four
years. But whatever time it takes,
and 'whatever nionev the canal
swallows up, America recognises
that it will be remid a htmdeedfold
when the work is' complete,
ITS GREAT VALUE.
One illustration of the value of
the , canal will, perhaps, suffice.
When, some time . ago , the 'United
States Navy sailed from New York
to San Francisco the vessels were
'obliged to go round South Ameri-
ca and travel 14,000 miles. if the.
Panama Candi had been cut, the
'fleet would have saved nearly 8,-
1000 miles on the singlc.journcv, es-
caped all' the hazards of the stormy
voyage -round South America, 'and
have saved thousands of tens of
coal.
The total length of the Panama
dana.l is fifty miles, end supposing
that the $175,0001000 which it is now
estimated ilrnorrca will spend in
completing the work is not exceed-
ed, the cost por anile, including the
$400,000,000 spent by the French.
'will have exceeded $15,000,000, and
twenty-nine years ago Do Lessepra
estimated its cost al; $120.000,0001
APPALLING WASTI,
It was in 1880 that the great
Frenchman floated the first eom-
pany that was to cut the canal and
run it as a commercial concern. It
was to be opened within eight years
at a cost of $120,000,000. A pros-
pectus was issued, and the French
public rushed wildly for the shares.
The capital was applied for nearly
four times over. Little diel those
investors think . in 1880 that they
were never again to see a penny of
their money.' A painful', feature of
the ultimate tragedy was that 16,-
000 of the original applicants for
shares were women.
Fresh, capital . was raised from
time to time until nearly $400,000,-
000 had been spent; and: then the
bubble burst. The company went
into liquidation, and not one guar-
ter of the canal had been cut. It
is estimated that only one-third of
those four' hundred millions was
spent on the actual work, the re-
mainder being wasted; and when,
ultimately, a survey was made,
amazing illustrations of" the waste
were provided. One hundred and
twenty locomotives, for instance,
were found rusting in sheds. A
fleet oftug-boats were found rot-
ting atthe canal mouth, while ma-
chinery and apparatus that Mod
cost •millions of dollars were left
to rot in the swamps and forests.
There were hundreds of dredges
brought from France and Belgium
et a cost of $15,000 each, enormous
steam• cranes from Birmingham
worth $8,000 each, wagons, thou-
sands of steel rails, heaps of rail-
way tools and steel cables—aban-
doned and .buried ,in dirt and rust.
Machinery which had cost $35,000,-
000 was strewn along the line of
the canal for a distance of about
forty miles. Ten steam pumps and
reservoirs, which had cost not less
than $50,000, were lying in it heap
just as they had been'dtunped from
the ears, the crating not even hav-
ing been removed; while at a place
near Almazilla, eleven miles from
Panama, there was & pileof rusted
rails, which had never been used,
which could not have been bought
under $50.000.
THE FINAL ACT.
Many readers are doubtless ac-
quainted' with the final act of that
great tragedy; how, in 1893, De
Lesseps was sentenced to five years'
imprisonment for breach of trust;
his son receiving a. similar sen-
tence. Some time before the trial,
however, De Lesseps sank into a
state of stupor and semi -insensibil-
ity, from which he was only aroused
by a visit from his son after sen-
tettce had been pronounced on the
latter and lie was on his way to
prison.
It was impossible to carry out
the sentence in regard to the elder
De Lesseps, and consequently it
was quashed. General feeling when l
the old coati died on December '7th l
in the year of the trial was one of I
pity rather than anger. So sure
had he been of success that lie had
sunk the whole of his wife's for-
time
ortune anal his own in the canal, which
had swallowed up the millions of
other people, and it was recogniz-
ed that his confidence in his ability
to carry out the scheme had made
him blind- to the means by which
the capital was obtained. -London
Tit -Bits.
POLICE DOGS FOR GERMANY.
Sheep Dog's and Airdale Terriers
Fouikd Best.
To equip a breeding and training
establishment for police dogs the
new Prussian budget makes a first
appropriation of $6,750. The Ger-
man opinion is that the most easily
educated and the most suitable
dogs for police work aro the Ger-
man native sheep dog and the Eng-
lish Airdale terrier,
One of the largest and mesh
pow-
erful breeds, and a national dog
of Germany the Great Dane or Ger.
man boar -hound, has been tried,
but without success. It is deficient
in scanting abilities,' and as it is
excitable it is liable to got out of
band, and because of its size and
strength' become more dangerous.
than useful.
The training of police dogs is
thoroughly carried out in Germany.
The :Gorman police officer is sup.
plied with a form in which to re-
cot•tl particulars of the Cracking
work done by his 'charge
PLAYGROUNDS • OF CANADA
E'IGIJ.T" GREAT PARKS II:a.VJ:
BEEN SET AS1DJ.
One Thio tsand BuffulOcs Mid Elks,
Caribou, Moose and
Antelope.
The Dominion . Government has
East aside eight national parks or
playgrounds in the west, The old-
est is the famous' one at Banff,
where the O,P.R. has maintained
a hotel for nearly 20 years. The
others are the Yoho and Glacier, in
British Columbia, Jasper and Buf-
falo Parks,•on the line of the Grand
Trunk Pacific, Elk Island Park on
the main line of the Canadian Nor-
thern east of` Edmonton, Kootenay
Lakes Park in Southern Alberta,
and one, 30,000 square miles in ex-
tent, in the Moose Mountain dis-
trict of Saskatchewan.
Banff and Jasper Parks are the
largest. The newest one is the re-
servation, 40 miles south of Pincher
Creek in Southern Alberta. It
abounds in lakes and is. 18 miles
long and 36 miles wide. This park
is continuous to the Glacier Na-
tional Park, just across the inter-
national boundary in Montana. It
is in the heart of a great game
country. A large portion of it will
be fenced in and stocked with buf-
falo and other large 'animals in-
cluding elk and caribou. The ani-
mals, it is needless to say, will be
protected.
This park is one of the most beau-
tiful reservations made by the gov-
ernment, embracing as it does a
region of lakes, foothills and rug-
ged mountains. It is in it region"
off the main highway of travel, but
railway facilities are likely .to be
provided within a few years. It
attracted over 500 campers last
season.
BUFFALO Rr.RDS GROWING.
Buffalo Park on the line of the
Grand Trunk Pacific, 150 miles east
of Edmonton, is 'the home of the
herd of buffalo imported by the
Dominion Government from Mon-
tana several years ago, The herd
in the park last year numbered 800
and the number was increased last
spring by e50 calves.
Eighty buffaloes, bought by the
government, still remain at liberty
in the Flathead Valley of Montana.
An effort will be made in April to
round them up for shipment to
Canada. The buffalo are all thor-
ough bred stook without -any alien
strain, Their home embraces 110,-
000 acres which has all been fenced
in, the circuit embracing 74 miles.
It is also the retreat of elk, cari-
bou, moose and antelope. Ad-
ditions are constantly being made
to the original herds placed there.
and the birth rate is also very sat-
isfactory.
Feathered game, which are also
protected, abound in 'great num-
bers within the park limits. As i1-
lustrating the intelligence of ducks
anti prairie chickens, 7iIr, Douglas,
Commissioner of Dominion Parks,
relates a remarkable story. He de-
clared that these birds are very
wary of hunters just outside the
park confines .and, when pursued,
fly across the fence into the reserv-
ation.
"They seem to realize that it is
a 'sanctuary' because they are
quite tame once they enter the re-
servation. I have known of in-
stances where these' birds after:fly-
ing from outside points, would show
no fear .and allow the hunter to ap-
proach them in the park. They
seem to have learned that they are
safe on the inside of that fence,"
said the park commissioner.
ELK ISLAND PARK.
Elk Island Park on the line of the
Canadian Northern, east of Ecl-
monton, is the home of 50 head of
buffalo. It embraces 10 sections of
land; When the work .of fencing it
had been completed the park au-
thorities were agreeably surprised
to find that they had unwittingly
"rounded up" 38 elk and 32 deer.
The whole region abounds in large
game and birds.
Jasper Park, in the foothills of
the Rockies, on the line of the
Grand Trunk Pacific, promises to
be a rival of Banff, as it boasts of
diversified scenery and abounds in
hot springs. It embraces an area
of 5,400 square nines, or 3,306,000
acres, It is also on the ionto of the
Canadian Northern line now build-
ing east of thrive towards Vancou-
ver,
The Grand Trunk 7'aoific has al-
ready intimated• its intention of ser
ecti.ng a large summer hotel in the
earl: in the vieinity of one of the
hot springs. The hotel will be com-
pleted in time for handling tour-
ists before the line reaches Prince
Rupert, 'It is expected to be a riv-
al to Banff, and wii.i be fully ex-
ploited by the railway.
Mr. Douglas expects to undertake
the work of building roads in the
park this summor, ' It will only be e
start, as years must elapse befell,
the reserve can be Provided with
modern facilities of that lrind, Road
building has been in progress n.r
Banff for 20 .years and nmeli still
retrains to be done in that way.'
THEY PO. LIVE iN LUXURY
lw'Jli', eNZTI11) S'f.'ATES SONAR
TOJ:US ENJOY EXISTENCE.
It 18 it Papular Joke to Call the
Somite "The Millionaires'
Club."
The Senate, which corresponds in
the constitution of the United
States to the British house of
Irords, has lately distinguished it-
self by voting for its own use m- new
set of marble„.baths, which are to
cost well over $50,000, When com-
pleted, they will be the most mag-
nificentand luxurious' in the world.
Of recent years the benate has
become notorious for its love of
luxury, In that respect, indeed,
it is a, standing popular joke to eall
it "Tae Millionaires' Club.”
Each senator has a salary of 95,-
000 a year from the State. , He has,
RASO, : a travelling allowance of
twelve cents a mile for each day of
the season, to be spent in travel-
ling between his home and the cap-
ital at Washington, where the Sen-
ate sits. He has an allowance of
$125 with which to settle his news-
agent's bill. One senator, from
Georgia, by the way, has been
known to save the whole of his al-
lowance, and to draw it in cash.
Every member of the senate, too,
as the right—just as members of
Parliament formerly had in Eng-
land—of "franking" his letters. In
theory, this right applies only in
the ease of letters on Government
business. In practices the senator
interprets this phrase so.gen•erous-
ly.that he spends practically no-
thing on postage -stamps. Senators
have been known to"frank". pic-
ture -postcards.
GENEROUS TREATMENT.
In fact, the Senate is treated by
the State—or treats itself, for it
votes its own supplies—much more
generously than the Rouse of Lords
lis treated in England. There are
only ninety senators as against ab -
but six hundred peers. The up-
keep of the House of Lords, how -
lever, costs about $200,000 a year,
while that of the Senate costs ab-
out $1,250,000.
Each senator is provided with a
private room in the Capitol build-
ings, There is a Senate restaurant,
but few use it, except employees.
The senator prefers to have his
lunch sent into his own room.
Besides the ordinary municipal
delivery of letters, -the senator has
three special deliveries to himself:
There is a morning delivery at his
own . house, a' midday delivery in
his private room at the Capitol, and
a third at his home in the evening.
The Senate messengers act as the
postmen.
Be has the run of the magnificent
barber's shop, that is one of the
glories of the Capitol, and also the
palatial bath-rooms—all of which
he gets without paying a single
cent,
A HAPPY TIME ALL ROUND.
He has, indeed, a happy time all
round. The innumerable State of-
ficials treat him with the flattery
they would pay an emperor. The
common congressman, or member
of the House of Representatives,
does not receive this treatment at
all. The secret is that Senators
have innumerable Civil Service and
Government posts in their gift.
while Congressmen have not. Et -en
in the case of those posts which are
in the gift of the President, the re-
commendetiou of the senator for
the State in which the post is to
be filled has great weight in mak-
ing the. appointment.
'otto messengers of the Capitol
have as easy a time as the senators
themseh-•es. They clo little or no
work, and have very comfortable•
quarters. The actual work is done
mostly by negroes When, for in-
stance, the senator orders lunch in
his private room he tells a messen-
ger. The messenger tells a negro,
and the lunch conies. Some of these
messengers are Hien who have once
held high office. Many of them nev-
er turn up at the Capitol at all, ex -
rept to draw their salaries.
Everybody connected with '"The
Millionaires' Club," in fact, .has a
very good time. --London Ans'wets,
a •
"JOB" SEATS IN PARLIAMENT
Lord Chesterfield in 1767 lament-
ed the increased price of .seats in
the British Parliament. There was
a boom in trade, and ,prices went
up. Chesterfield was ambitious for
his son, and when Chatham's pro-
mise of a seat came to nothing, he
went marketing. .And be; failed to
find a`single bargain. "I spoke to
a borough jobber," he wrote to his
son, 'rand offered five and twenty,
hundred pounds for a secure seat
in Parliament; bub he laughed at
my offer, and said there was no such
thing as a borough to bo had ane.
for the rich East and West Indians
had secured them all at the rate of
':15,000 at least, anti many at £20,-
100, and two cit threo that he know
at JIOS 000 This I ecurfcss has
vested n'N a good deal."
tE1t0Y FOrt USE
RI ANY QUANTITY
For making SOAP, soft 'tf
i ening water, removing old al5
allpaint,
closets and dris and '
i
for many other purposes l r
A can equals 20 itis Sal tt
Soda" Useful.for five
hundred purpose&
dko Salt$ Enerywher9
S. W. tiillett Co. Ltd.
.>•. Toronto, Ont.
r0
TREASURES OF KiNG GEORGE
VALUE OF PLATE ALONE IS
ALMOST INESTIMABLE.
Over Five Tons of It Is Used at the
State Banquets at
Windsor.
Both Windsor Castle and Buck-
ingham Palace' are overflowing with
treasures of every description—
plate, pictures, jewels, statuary,
books, and relics of enormous his-
toric value. When our late King
came to the throne he found valu-
ables of all kinds locked away, un -
displayed and uncatalogued, and—
worse than all—absolutely unpro-
tected from fire, says Pearson's
Weekly.
During his all too brief reign
King Edward effected a. complete
revolution, In the first place he in-
stalled electric bight all through
both the chief royal residences, in
the second he put 'in every possible
appliance and arrangement for
fire fighting, and after that extend-
ed the Royal library, inspected the
gold pantry, and had all the var-
ious treasures of the two Palaces
properly inventoried and displayed.
The value of the plate alone
which Ring George inherits is
most inestimable. The so-called
gold pantry at Windsor .consists of
ttvo large fireproof store -rooms in
Which is kept plate or an estimated
value of $8,750,000.
THE GOLD PLATE
which is used for State banquets
weighs over five tons. It is not, of
course, all solid gold. If the larger
pieces were gold they would be too
heavy to move at all. Some of the
epergnes take four men to lift.
These are of silver -gilt. It takes
one man to carry two dishes or
eight plates. The latter are of pure
gold.
There is not much ancient Eng-
lish plate in the gold pantry.
Charles I. melted down all the
plate of his may and coined it into
money. But there are some exquis-
ite foreign pieces, among them a
great silver flagon taken from the
flagship of the Spanish Armada,
and the famous `Nautilus" Cup,
made by that master of the art,
Beuvenuto Cellini. There is a
shield by the sane great Italian,
and the wonderful gold tiger's head
taken from Tippoo Sahib's throne
after the storming of Seringapatam
in 1799,
This tiger's head is a marvellous
work of art. It is life-size, and its
teeth and eyes are cut out of pure
rook crystal. Another relic cap-
tured at the same time is the jew-
elled birth called the "vma." In
shape it is like a pigeon,
WITH A PEACOCK'S TAIL.
Its feathers blaze with precious
stones. anal a magnificent emerald
hangs from its breast. According
to au old Indian legend, whoever
owns this bird will rule radia.
'There is also a shield formed of
snuff boxes and valued at $45.000,
and a great, quantity of beautiful
cups and salvers, among them a
rose-water fountain of silver de-
signed by the late Prince Consort,
and weighing nearly 3,000 ounces.
Detectives who reside at the Cass
tie as ordinary officials guard these
vast treasures of plate, and also the
jewels which are locked in an un-
derground safe. These jewels have,
of course, nothing to do with the
Crown jewels, which are kept in the
Tower. They are the prit ate pro-
perty of the Royal Family. Queen
Alexandra's personal jewellery is
of immense value, and for precau-
tion's sake has, we believe, been
all duplicated in paste. But Wind-
sor Castle is not the place fair the
enterprising burglar to go "a -bur-
gling." There is an old law, still
norepealed, which enables the
reigning Sovereign to put to death
any person er persons through
whose 'carelessness any of his gems
may be lost. What would happen
to a burglar one. Outriders to con-
template..
THE ROYAL LIBRARY
at Windsor contains over 100,000
volumes, among them many that
would fetch •enormous prices if put
tip to atn'tion, Thur is a Metz
Psalter for which a ec'llectcr would
sell his last stick, a Charles 1.
Shakespeare, a magnitiocnt Caxton
fAtali +1"
on vellum, and other treasures too
numerous to mention.
Below the library is a room con-
taining one of the finest collections
of prints in existence, These alone
would probably fetch $200,000 to
$280,000 if sold. In the same room
are no fewer than. 20,000 drawings
of the old masters and a collection
of over 1,000 miniatures, The late
Queen Victoria collected these min-
iatures.
Besides all these ancient treas-
ures, King George will inherit the
great collection of valuable objects
got together by his father. These
include the Coronation presents,
valued at over a quarter of a mil-
lion, and many Italian works of
art, including a wonderful embos-
sed shield of solid gold given by a
number of rajahs.
There is no reigning monarch in
the world, not even the Tsar of all
the Russias, who is master of such
an amazing collection of beautiful
and valuable objects as is George
V.
SEVENTY YEARS OF EATING.
Man Consumes Ninety -Fre Tons of
Food and Drink.
If a man of seventy years was
starving, it would probably be little
comfort to him to think that he had
consumed in the course of his life
53% tons of solid food and 42% tons
of liquid, or about 1,280 times his
own weight in both solids and li-
quids, but it would be true.
Being a man of average appetite
and purse, he would have eaten 15
tons of bread, which would have
made a single loaf containing 1,500
cubic feet and appearing about as
large as the average home, and on
this bread he would have spread one
ton of batter. If his bacon had been
cut in a single slice, the strip would
have been four miles long; and his
chops, placed end to end, would
have extended two miles.
Twenty ordinary -sized bullocks
have supplied him with beef, 18 tons
of which he has eaten, along with,
5 tons of fish and 10,000 eggs and
350 lbs, of cheese. If he had elect-
ed to have all his vegetables served
at once they would have come to
him in a train of cars, the pod con-
taining all his peas being three
miles long.
He has had 9,000 lbs. of sugar,
1,500 lbs. of salt, 8 lbs. of pepper,
and 100 -cans of mustard. Three
pints 01 liquid a day would have
amounted to 76,600 pints, or 42%
tons. If he had been a smoker he
would have burned about half a ton
of tobacco in a pipe; or, if he pre-
ferred cigarettes, would have
smoked about a quarted of a mil-
lion.
F
EVEN WITH THE LAWYER,
The lawyer for the defence looked
keenly at the witness who was tes-
tifying for the prosecution, "Your
name, if I understood you correct-
ly," he said, "is Horace Hinsey. Is
that right?"
"Yes, sir."
‘'Diel you ever lino in London?"
„Yes, sir."
"And in Hamilton before that?"
"Yes, sir,"
"Mr. Hinsey, have you ever been
arrested on it criminal charge?'
"No. sir 1" indignantly answered
the witness, "Never!"
"Did you ever commit an offence
for which you might justly have
been arrested?"
"Never, sir 1"
"Mr. Hinsey, is it not a fact that
you once stole from --our own fa-
ther:"
Hero the attorney for the prose-
cution interposed, but the witness
chose to answer,
"No, sir:" he exclaimed. "Never
in my life:"
"Now, Dir, Hiusey." said the law-
yer, "supuose 1 should tell you that
I knew of a case when you did steal
from your father."
Instantly the witness's brow
cleared,
"Gentlemen," he said, turning
to Ole jury. "he's right. i' remem-
ber non-. When I was about eight
smarm old. I stole half -it dogrn eggs
from my 'father's grocery store,
took them down to the bank of the'
eat
creek, ccokcd then and helped to
them. This inlayer, :r v i
r , t ho was a�
boy then, not only helped me to
steal those eggs, lint put Inc up to
stealing tlrent. How are you, Jiru :'' j
The Curt joined in the litrtr;hi
1itnt f.,ll+neecl, anti the ret of titer
extnninatiion \a•us conducted on more,
HISTORY OF THE PHOTOGRAPH
MODERN RAPID PROCESSES Ob'
1'IIOTGRA.I'JII.
Many Bxperinreuhors atWorlkSince
1727—'.Phos. Wedgewood First
Photographer.
The art of photography, or rath-
er the action of light on chloride oil
silver, was known as early as the
sixteenth century, It was carefully
studied by Scheele, 'Senebier, Rit-
ter and Wollaston., and from the
results of their investigation photo -
penally, as we understand it, came
to be established in 1802, by Thom-.
as Wedgewood and Humphry Davy,
the former of whom is recognized
as the first photographer. Wedge-
wood, after several years of close
study to the art, on July 10, 1802,
published his paper setting outthe
results, which was entitled "An ac-
count of a method of copying paint-
ings upon glass and of making pro,,
files by the agcney of light upon
nitrate of silver."
EARLY SUCCESSES.
Previous to this date, or as early
as 1727, a German, who has been
called "The Columbus of Photo-
graphy," obtained copies of writ-
ing by placing the written citarao-
tees upon a level surface previous-
ly prepared with a mixture of chalk
and silver nitrate.
Wedgewood's article, which es-
tablished photography as an art,
appeared in the Journal of the Roy-
al Institute. To Davy, who was
working along the same line, credit
is due for his discovery that silver
chloride was more sensitive than
the nitrate; but, notwithstanding
his continued investigations, Davy
was unable to fwd a means by which
the fading of the pictures could be
prevented,
Other investigators took up the
subject later, among whom may be
mentioned Joseph Niepce and Dag-
uerre, in France, and William H. F.
Talbot, in England. In 1,824 Dag-
uerre began his experiments, which
led to the invention of his celebrat-
ed process. The earliest attempt at
photographic engraving dates back
!to 1827, and was the invention of
I Niepoe, who first discovered that
thin plates oef bitumen were cur
iously affected by light.
DAGUERREOTYPES NEXT.
Daguerre received a pension of
6,000 francs from the French Gov-
ernment on August 10, 1839, in con-
sideration
onsideration of which the details of
his process were to be given to the
world. Information of this inven-
tion reached the United States in
1839 through Samuel F. B. Morse,
who communicated it to his col-
league in the New York University,
John W. Draper, by whom the first
sunlight picture of a human face
—that of his sister, Dorothy Draper
was made in 1840.
The development of the modern
rapid processes of photography may
be said to have begun with the in-
troduction of the dry collodion pro-
cess by Scott Archer in 1851. In
1871 Maddox introduced the earli-
est form of the "gelatin -emulsion
process," which has since been con-
siderably improved and is now used
very largely.
The lens is of very ancient origin.
There is a lens in the British Muse-
um which was found in the ruins of
Nineveh, and during the middle
ages the manufacture and proper-
ties of simple lenses were well un-
derstood in Europe. The first cam-
era made in England, as far as is
known, was that by Mr, Palmer, of
Newgate street, London, on the
P
lan of Dir, Fry, and for him, in
1839,
TOTEM POLES OF THE SMASH.
F'{ iSH.
Tiley Repersent the Family Blazonry
of Pacific Coast Indians.
"On a recent expedition to Alas-
ka," says a writer in the Stra•id
Magazine, "we stopped at Alert
Bay, an old Indian village on Van-
couver Island, and I had an excel-
lent opportunity of photographing
the most complete collection of to-
tem poles to be found anywhere on
the Pacific coast,
"They represent the family her-
aldies of the Siwash or Coast In-
dians, and every house has its own
totem polo, consisting of figures of
birds and animals rudely carved in
wood and quaintly colored. The top
figure represents the crest of the
owner of the house, the one beneath.
it that of his wife, and the remain-
Ong ones that of his wife's rela-
tives.
"As a rule there are only three
or four figures carved on a totem,
and only the totems of the great-
est chiefs have six figures carved on
them. This custom amnia to have
originated in the transmigratoev
idea of the souls of men passing in_
to the forms of birds and animals,
and is interesting,as showing ,that
the Indians It'd some faint idea, of
a supernatrtral_pewee. 'It will be
remembered that Longf,-flow in his
'Hiawatha' refers t' the ancestral
totem.'
Grease stains on leather may bo
removed by carefully applying ben-
zine or eerfettly pure turpentine,
Wash the spots over, afterwards
with 1fes well••beateu white of an
friendly lines. e„,g
•
•