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The Exeter Advocate, 1893-8-3, Page 71111 A LOCOMOTIVE A Railroad President on How Boys Y May Become Engineers. eers. TIME, STUDY AND ENERGY. ,The Essentials to Success—ltegalarity of Habits—Tice Course of •'i:ducation"— Records from the floolc—e. Motto for Boys. am sureH.Wto all boysebb, , alter W third vice president of the N. Y. Central at Hudson River Railroad ' 9aya Company, the locome. tiva le e. never ending , source of wonder and R interest, and to many e- comes the desire to sit "`` In the"cab and control its movements. eyj.�ii 1 have been asked to Ira outline for such boys ._,..;the best way to accom- Yft, plish this remit. First of all, secure the boat possible edn- era tion you can. If circumstances are such that you have to leave aohool and earn your {living at an early age, study afber working hours, for the more intelligent you make yourself the quicker you will be advanced and your pay increased. A GOOD PLACE TO BEGIN. Many of our best engineers first found employment in the roundhouse wiping the anginas this, in fact, ie the usual way for a boy who ie ambitions to begin to be an engineer. If 'he does his work thoroughly, keeps the engines bright and clean, and, in the meantime, if he ispleasant and good - matured, the men take a liking to him and teach him names of the various parte, and then usually when a vacancy occurs among -bhe " hostler¢ "—the name given to the men who keep the engines fired up, water in their boilers and coal on the tenders, while they are in the roundhouse—he re- .oetvea promotion. A bright boy is a hostler only for a short time, when he succeeds some fireman whe has been promoted. His firsb experience is lueually on a awltoh engine, need for switch- ing cars about the freight yard, patting loaded care where they oan be unloaded, ,and the empty erre where they can be loaded, and after loading meking them up into trains rowdy to be taken. THE AIR•BRAYE SCHOOL, While he is firing the twitcher, if he keeps ib bright and clean and does his work cheerfully, his engineer will give him frequent opportanibiea to run the engine, and in this way he becomes thoroughly acquainted with its workings ; meanwhile he makesfrequent tripe to the " air -brake lichee.:' [Kat:;4 a oar in charge of an expert air - 'brake insbruotor, fibted up with fifby eats of pair -brakes. Here practical inatrnotien is given in the workings and oonstrnotion of the brake ; he also makes tripe on through freight trains in order to learn the road ; that is, where the stations, signals', sidings and switches are located. FIRST RUNS A FREIGHT. When a vacancy occurs on a freight train that does the work on all stations en a cer- tain portion of a division, and he is compe- tent to fill the division, which is ascertained by the division meatier meohanio, he le given ' the ran. Success in this position fits him for a position on a through freight train or alocal passenger train. He fires on either one of these rune until a vacancy ocoure or the increase of business domande more engineers. Then heir placed in charge of a switch engine. In the meantime his record has been care- ' '$ally kept, the observation of his master ,mechanic and travelling engineer recorded, and he is advanoed, as his ability is devel- oped, to a local freight, through freight, local passenger, through passenger. THE RECORD TOOK. Progress is necessarily slow for the fit- ness of a man for a poeibion which involves human life must be carefully noted. For this purpose a "Record Book" le kept,. which gives briefly the name of the indi- vidual, when he first entered the service, dates of promotion, etc. Here are two actual records from this book, representing two types of engineers, their names being fiotibious : " John Smith entered service February, 1876, an wiper ; promoted to hostler April, 1877 ; fireman, November, 1877 ; engineer, January, 1882, with pay $2,50 per day ; =vended for collision and seb back firing April, 1883 ; was restored to engineer De. camber, 1884 ; April, 1885, pay advanced to $3 per day ; in April, 1886, to $3.50 per day ; in 1887 suspended 60 days for permit. ting his fireman to run engine off track ; 1889 suspended for running on time of n limited train, thereby delaying ib ; 1890 ilitcharged for collision." 7a1he above is a bad record. Here is a good one : " Sam Jones Was a train dispatcher, •whose health, on amount of the confine- ment, began to fall He was given a posi- tion as fireman ; commenced running as .engineer in 1873 ; ran as ouch for ten yoara ; was made foreman of roundhouse at $150 per month, and still holds that tposibiona QUALIFICATIONS FOR AN ENGINEER. The moat important qualifications in an engineer are carefulness and watchfulness, and his ability to properly care for his engine and make his scheduled time. a freight train Some engineers will run g g for years and never make further advance. Other men, without apparent effort, but, ' noverthe less, by hard work and observation always make time, and thus obtain the fast trains. Success in this, as in any other calling, requires a man's undivided time and atten- tion. Many men wonder why they do not succeed as engineers ; it irs aimply because all they apparently care to do it to put in the number of hours requisite to conotituto a day's work and get away. ()there , by faithful and careful observation, will do in the t+amo period of time much more work, and with less damage, than the ones above referred to. , Of these two types of man, the latter isucceeds in obtaining pa fireteelaea " through run," which pays a much larger salary. " MAKING TIME." In the matter of " making time" en• era aro often questioned as to how they gtoo q y , know that they are running on ocheduio time. In nine mem out of ten they will respond by Paying : " I cannot describe it, but 1 know." The following account ot how an engineer running on one of the fast trains know when he wan making time will illustrate %.bale point : Hs hada locomotive that had a wheel five f sobix ladies oohed in diameter running ; r 1 u q 150 miles this wheel would hae to make 45,836 revolutions. Afber running bide engine some six months an egglue with a wheel seven feet in diameter and which had to make 36,014 revolutions in 150 miles was given him. When ho obtained the engine with the larger wheel he was con- otantly ahead of time. Finally he mas- tered the machine so thab he ran exactly on time. Again a change was male, and the small wheel was returned belts former run. He then LOST TIME CONSTANTLY for a time. When gueabioned abonb it he said that he had ascertained anooneolously approximately the time he war making by the apparent number of revolutions made by the wheel by watching the side rod. • With the larger wheel the number of revolutions was much leas than with the smaller wheel, and as he aimed to run with the same apparent number of revolutions, without taking into ooneiderabion the larger diameter of the wheel, the result was that ho was constantly ahead of time. When he returned to the engine with the smaller wheel he apparently made the same number of revolutions, and therefore was constantly behind time. This is a case where a man celoulated the time he was making by the action of the side rods attached to the wheels. Of coarse he could net count the revolutions, bat he formed hie judgment intuitively. HOW THE TEOHNICAL GRADUATES MAY BEGIN. Sometimes a boy will go into the railway business after he has graduated from some technical sohool. In such a cave he will secure a position aa an apprentice in one of the larger rail. way machine shops at the rate of about $1 a day. He first acts as assistant to the boy that rune the nub -tapping machine, and after mastering Ito details, he is pub in charge of eaoh a machine ; then he is successively placed in charge of the work .on a lathe, planer, shaper, borer, clotting machine and various ether tools in the machine shop. After he has thoroughly mastered the details of forming the material, he is planed in the boiler shop, where the conebrnoblon of boilers is thoroughly studied and mas- tered. He is then ready to go into the erecting shop, where all the parte of the locomo- tive are assembled and put together, form- ing a complete maohine. Many boys, after they have served their time IN THE ERECTING SHOP,. will go into the foundry and learn about moulding and casting. From either the ereoting shop or the foundry he is placed in the draughting room, where engines are designed by draughtsmen under the direc- tion of a meohanloal engineer. Here he receives knowledge of the construction of the various' parts of the locomotive. He is usually assigned at first to the copy- ing of drawings or working on the details of the general working plane whloh are sent to the shop. While in this department he has to follow the drawings to the pattern shop and moor - Min that the patterns are properly made to drawings ; from there to the foundry ; and eventually to the machine shop ; andthenoe into the erecting shop, where the parb is finally need in the construction of the loco- motive. This bringa him in conatanb contact with the men in the various departments. He is next placed in charge of a sub. department in the shop. He remains in this position for some time, and if success- ful in the handling of men, he is appoinbed a master mechanic in charge of a smaller shop on another part of the division or aye - tem. Or enquiry may come from another road for a man of special fitness to take charge of the mechanical deparbmenb of that road. Many such men are recommended and receive appointments as master me- chanics, superintendents of motive power, etc. THE KIND OF BOYS THAT SUCCEED IN RAIL- ROADING. It may be sold that all the meohanical vocations connected with railroading start either from the roundhouse or the work- shops of the company. Some of these vocations require special mechanical akili, others require executive ability, a knowledge of mon and the art of getting good service from them. The poeibion a boy evenbaally secures de- pends upon hie talents and peculiar bent of mind. Plodding boys, energetic and indus- trious, succeed better than the boys of the brlllianb kind who think they have genius and who believe they can reaoh the de- sired end " by a single bound" without hard work. Tho boy of an inventive turn of mind has an ample chance to progress in this branch of railroading. He will be surprised and pained, however, to find that many of the suggestions he will occasionally offer his employers are either old or impracticable, but some day, when he has more experience, he is liable to work out mime invention that is nob only new but valuable. The superintendent of the motive• power of a leading New York railroad received only an ordinary education, and reached his present position through the practical experience ho gained in the busineee. Many of the poorest railroad mechanics have been snooesefal inventors, and have reaped large profits from their inventions. Some have derived from $20,000 to $30,000 a year from their petenbe. One ordinary workmen derived aboat $60,000 a year from a patent. WAIT AND HUSTLE. There is a motto, or rather a travesty on a motto, which humorously and truthfully, it seems to me, sets forth the spirit which should animate a boy who enters the 'rail- road businese, or, in fact, seeks success in almost any industry. It is this : ALL THINGS COME TO THOSE WHO HUSTLE WHILE THEY WAIT. Let the boy who wants to enter the rail- road business make up hie mind to "hustle" in the interest of his employer, and wall patiently for promobion. Good men are al- ways dying and other good men are always needed in their placate Superintendents and foremen are constantly on the lookout for bright young men be rondorgood service in responsible positions. The railroad corporation is often ma• ligned and harshly criticized, but there is probably no vocation on the face of the earth where real merit la more quickly recognized and more 'generously rewarded, than the railroad Nuances. a. Cold in the A.rcttc Regions. Travellers in arable regions ray the physi- cal effaots of cold there are aboub asfoliowe: Fifteen degrees above, unpleasantly warm ; zero, mild; 10 degrees below, bracing ; 20 degrees below, aharp, bat nob suvorel cold; 30 degrees below, very gold ; 40 degrees below intenselycold; 50 degrees below' a struggle for llfe.. g When the modern Romeo oweart by the sliver moon, Juliet makes a prompt die- count of 45 per cent. 1 OVEN POT AND KETTLE, Appetizing Dishes Easily Prepared for Good miners. A HALF-DOZEN CREAM CAKES. Variations in 110eat pie-eleitted Veal -Pud- dings for Summer—igaked Uacunabers— A bummer Soup. RE you a good nook? What a question bo ask any lady ! Of course you are ; and you like good dishes. Weld here are a fewnot to be met with in every cook book, but which will repay your efforts to experimenting with them. Orman cakes are liked by moat people of epicurean Mateo, but noteverybody can tickle the palate of the fee tidions. Here are six tested recipes to choose from : SLY CREAM CAKES. No. 1—One onp of sugar and two egga Dreamed together, one-half a oup of thick, sweet cream, one heaping cup of flour, one heaping spoonful of baking powder. Flavor to taste. Bake in four layers. For filling, take one-half oup of thiok sweet cream, whipped ; then add one-half oup of sugar, and beat some more, and flavor with same flavoring as used in the cake. No. 2—Break two eggs into a teacup and fill with sour cream. One teacup of auger, one teaspoon of aoda, one and three-quartera teacups of flour ; season to taste. Beat the eggs and cream together, then add sugar, flour and soda. No. 3—Four eggs, one-half pound of granulated augerone pint of sweet cream, flour to make a stiff batter. Beat the sugar and eggs together until light, then add the creamthen the flour with two teaspoonfuls of baking powder. Flavor to taste. You most be sura to have pure cream, or your cake will not be rich enough. I have fine success with this cake, and we all like it better than any I make. Ib is very nice baked in layers, with icing between and on top. No. 4—Ono cup of soar cream, one oup of sugar, two cups of flour, two eggs, one teaspoonful of mode. Bake in a loaf or patty tins. No. 5.—One and a half cups ()longer, two eggs, one and a half cups of sweet cream, three cups of flour, two teaspoonfuls of baking powder. Flavor with lemon. 'Put sugar in the mixing bowl, break the eggs on the sugar and beat anti! well mixed, then add cream, etc. Bake one hour in a moder- ate oven. Sour creamand soda may be used, but does not make so fine a Dake. No. 6.—Ono oup of sager, two eggs, one cup of thick sour cream, one teaspoonful of soda and floor to thicken. I vary .hie by using four yolks to make gold cake, or four whites to make a silver cake ; or by using eweeb cream and baking powder, or a onp of maple eager and a heaping tablespoonful of mixed spice. I also make cookies from this recipe by adding a half cupmore of sugar ; roll as soft as can be handed. TASTY DISHES OF MUTTON. Mutton Pie 1.—Line a buttered dish with thin paste ; free two pounds of mutton from most of the fat, lay it in evenly, sprinkle over ib three-fourths of an ounce of salt, and from one-half to a whole tea- spoonful of pepper. Roll the cover one-half an inch think, and after filling the dish within an inch of the brim with water, secure very closely with water or white ef an egg. Stick the knife through the centre and bake an hour and a quarter. Mutton Pie 2. —A richer one may be made of little cntleta, stripped of the fab, two or three mutton kidneys cub up and strewn among the meat ; and a layer of the forcemeat, given wibh the beef pie. An onion may be chopped and added when Iiked. All meat pies should have the knife run through the bop and a twist of paste surrounding the hole to prevent boiling over. JELLIED VEAL. A knuckle of veal, 2 onions, a blade of mane, a bay leaf, a gill of good vinegar, 12 whole cloves, 6 peppercorna, a half tea- spoonful of ground allspice, salt and pep- per to trete. Wipe the knuckle and out ib into pieces. Pat) it into a kettle with 2 quarts ef cold water. Bring it slowly to simmering point. Skim and simmer gently for two hours, then add the onion, mace, bay leaf, clovers, peppercorns and allepioe and simmer one hour longer. Take out the knuckle, carefully remove the bones and put the meat into a square mold. Boil the liquor until reduced to one quart. Strain, add the vinegar, salt and pepper to taste, pour it over the meati and stand it away over night to 000l. W hen cold, turn it carefully out of the mold, garnish it with parsley and lemon, and ib is ready bo serve. A TRIO OF PUDDINGS. Ginger—Put into a delicately clean pan 3 ounces each of butter add auger and half a pint of cream, with a tiny pinch of salt. Directly it begins to simmer lift it off the fire and stir in quickly 3 oanoes of flour, blending ib as smoothly as poaelble ; then replace the pan on the fire and abir ib steadily for 7 or 8 minutes, after whioh lift it off again and stir In 3 whole eggs and lastly 4 ounces of preserved ginger cut up into dice. Stir it thoroughly together, then pour the mixture into a well -buttered mould and steam it. It will ,take about an hour. Serve with a rich custard sauce flavored with the syrup from the preserved ginger. Preserved pineapple makes a delicious pud- ding i. t breabed precisely the same way. Needless to say this is somewhat rich. Bread Plum—Pour a half pint of boiling milk over a pint of bread arumbe and let ib get thoroughly cold ; atone a pound of raisins and add half a pound of currenba, a tablespoonful of butter mixed with a table- spoonful of flour, one tablespoonful of sugar, a small teaspoonful of ground cloves, one teaspoonful of nutmeg and one teaspoonful of cinnamon, and five eggs, well beaten. The fruit mob bo floured before mixing. Eat this with any good sauce. Summer—Take a pound of stale cake, cut in slices and lay tri the bottom of a pudding dist. Cover with hoe a Cup each of atoned raisins, chopped citron, candied oherrtoa, chopped figs and blanched almonds ; put another layer of oliced cake on top ; pour a pint of milk over, with oils beaten eggs and a pint of sugar. Steam one, hour and nerve with currant jelly sauce. BAKED CUCUMBERS. Here is a wholesome way of serving umbers : Pare them and. lay . in lee cue water for half an hour. Cab longthwiee into slices nearly half an inch thick. Wipe eaoh piece dry with a soft oiobh, sprinkle with popper and salts and dredge with flour. Fry to a delicate brown In nwoob clarified dripping or butter. A SOUP FOR SETIVIIER, One pint of young peon, one onion (if the flavora liked), t a ), two small potatoes. Coyer with water and boil until soft. Re. move and rub through sieve (unless you like the vegetables in the soup as many do. Now a pine of fresh milk, in which is rubbed smooth a tablespoonful of flour. Let it boil ton minutes and abir con - stoutly. In the soup tureen have the yolks of two eggs and pour over them bhe boiling soup, stirring carefully to keep the eggs from growing lumpy. Season to taste with salt and pepper and a very little grated nutmeg. Serve with toasted bread or oroutons. THE COST OF TRIFLES. Big (fills Paid by Railways for Small Articles of Supplies. Did you over atop bo consider where all the little things used on a railroad oome from 1 Where the engineer gets his oil cans and oil and waste, the brakeman hie flags and lanterns, the station agent his envelopes and pencils and giros to replace broken paned, the car -cleaner his brooms and soap? The men might buy all these things themselves, but that would be a very ex- pensive way, for some of the groat railroads spend $5,000,000 a year for these apparently little things. Every railroad her an officer called the purchasing agent, who buya all the articles that are constantly needed. He has nothing to de with baying the locomo- tives or cars or rails; it is only the "little" things that he has to spend sometimes $5,- 000,000 a year for. On the first of each month the head of eaoh department and every station agent make what is called a requisition upon the purchasing agent for the supplier that they will need for that month—that is, they make out a list of the arbiolea and send it to headquarters. The purchasing agent looks over all these lista, audits them, as it is called, and strikes out some of the items when he thinks that too much has been asked for. When the list la out down to. what he thinks is right, he pute his initials upon it, and it is sent to onoof the prinoipal officers of the road, who also approves it. When it Domes back to the purcheing agent approved, he sends an order to the supply department, and the goods are shipped to their destination. The variety of things that the purchasing agent has to buy is shown by two requisi- tions taken at random from among thou- sands received by one agent in New York this month. One was for 3 dozen red globes for signal lanterns, 750 barrels of oil, 103 bar- rels of signal eil, 20 gallons of turpentine, 10,000 seals and wires for sealing freight cars, I coil of rope 5 inches in circumfer- ence, 1 dozen brooms. half-dozen sponges, 100 pounds of waste for cleaning chimneys, 3 gallons of soft seep for cleaning cabooses, 4 kegs of nails, 500 enveloped, 1,000 paper ofasps,1 grows of pens, 1 gross of pendia and 10 yards of flag bunting. Another requieitson, from an office in the interior of New York State, where there must be a great many clerks, called for 10,$00 large envelopes, 20,000 email en- velopes, 500 small pada, 5,000 letterheads, 10 gross of pens, 500 application forms, 500 monthly report blanks, 10 gross of persons, 10 groes of clasps, 100 large sticks of red sealing wax, 500 heavy manilla envelopes, 5 dozen oil cane, 3 dozen lanterns, 10 signal lamps, 3 dozen red globes, 2 dozen white globes, 3 large lamps for station, 2 dozen brooms, 4 feather dusters, 150 pounds ef waste, 9 kegs of nails, a dozen largo chamois skins, 75 panes of glans 16x20, 5 coils of small rope, bole of coarse wrap- ping paper, 250 fence pickets. and 1,100 feet of barbed wire. - SUICIDE IN THE AUNT. Many Soldiers of the Continental Nations Thus Quit Life. The Austrian army takes the had in the matter of suicides. From 1875 bo 1887 a. yearly average of 122 suicides ie recorded for every 100,000 effective troops. In 1889 the number was 149. Death by suicide ropreaenbe a fifth part of the whole mom Mater of the Austrian army. No disease is more deadly. The Germane report about half the number ; the Italian army about one-third ; the French army about one- fourbh ; the English army in the home ear - vice about one-aixbh; the rate intheRusaiau army is nearly the some, whilemtheSpanieh army it is least of all. There are some carious facts about these suicides. In the European armies, especially in Austria, it is the young soldiers who kill themselves daring the firet month of their service. Suicides are the most frequent among the cavalry and infantry, and in the latter among the soldiers who are accused and awaiting trial. The most frequent method is shooting, though hanging and drowning are frequent methods. ;rue infantry use firearms and usually aim at their heeds. The mounted soldiers hang themselves by their horse bridlaa. The Algerian soldiers almost always shoot themselves through the body, perhaps because the Arabs think ib is in- famous to mutilate the head. In Austria a third of the suicides are attributed to a die. taste for military duty ; fa France love trouble is a frequent ranee ; the fear of punishment is everywhere a great incentive. The maximum of suicides is reached in the hottest weather, and the minimum is reached in the coldest weather.—Boston Herald. Good Breeding. The essence of goad breeding, says a writer in the Atlantic Monthly, is simplicity; not the simplicity of the poaaant, aibhoagh that is gond iu its way, bat the simplioity of the really civilized man who has arrived at a kind of artificial naturalness. Now, if the eesenoe of good brooding is simplicity, it may be said that the essence of vulgarity is a want of simplicity. To be vulgar is to be unquiet, to have no taste of one's own, to be in continual disturbance on account of one's neighbor, either by of truckling to him, which is bhe manner of the anob, or of hating him, which ies the vice of the radical, or of competing with him, which ie bhe weakness of the parvenu. To bo vulgar is to adopt obher people's lan- guage, to use their comb phrases, to copy the inflections of their voices, to espouse their ideas; in fine, to think and do and say, nob what oomes naturally to one, but what is supposed to be conotdored proper by other people. Thus to be vulgar fa to lack simplicity. Duet la the Air. Natural science ie not only occupied with groat and important problems, but devotee conelderebte-ettentton and thoroughneae to very small onos. Anguo Rankin has given two years of ardent study aad research to the problem of dust parbialeo in bhe air, and the remit of his examination is that fn mounbafnoue regions 696 particles of dust are allotted bo eaoh cubic half-inch of air in ono year. In London 100,000 particles of dust fall to each orbic half -luck of air during the Santo sperm of time, and other large oitlee are not likely to fare bebter than this approximation. • •' What wouldou do without doctors?' Well, .wo mf ht get, along, bub what would the drugg might do 1" It is said that to keep the jaws in rapid motion by chewing gam is the beet way to atop bleeding of the nese. REOERICK THS ONLY,. The Great Prussian King and General and His Methods. HIS DECISION AND ENERGY. Ills 'Youthful liabite—A Bars Lite—A Self. Reliant Nature—The Seven Years' War —Astonishes His Enemies—Conquering Silesia. T ie said Frederick the Great, or Frederick the Only, as the Prus- sians delight to call him, led a hard life in youth. This was owing to he brutality of his father, who knew nothing beyond the economies or scare and the pipe -clay of war, and was more churlish than the lowest of his grenadiers ; whose one merib lay in creating a fine army and lining with gold a goodly war chest. The boy Frederick hated military die- clpline, though he wee put through all its minuteness. He was fonder of belles-lebbres. But he had a crisp mind, and history, of which he rood muoh, taught him more than Prussian drill. Camp and drill ground aro essential to the army, but they teach the captain the handicraft only, not the "art of war." The King's acerbity was met by subter. fuge on the part of the Prince, whose every hour had hie prescribed duties, the routine of whichis laughable. THE KING'S HABITS. Called at 6 a. m,, he must not loiter nor turn in bed, but briskly rise, wash without soap, and eat his breakfast while having hie heir combed and queued; prayera,safd aloud, and hymns 6.30 to 7; 7 to 9, history; 9 to 10.45, Christian religion; wash with soap, pub on a clean shirt, have his hair powdered and be ready for the king at 11, with whom he dines at noon and stays till 2 ; gee- graphy, 2 to 3 ; morals, 3 to 4 ; German lettere and etyle, 4 to 5 ; at 5 again visit the king. . All this made " Fritz "fond of just what was forbidden. Elle obstinacy was perhaps nob ooualetent with filial piety, but it arose from a natural determination of character which made him and Prussia great. He was, like Caesar, something of a dandy, played the flute as constantly as badly, read French and wrote verses fn seoret—in short, was just what his father did not want him to be. Finally the king's cruelties culminated in driving " Fritz " to attempt to escape to the Eaglieh court. He was caught,broughb back, and would have been shot as a deserter had nob ether potentates interfered. HE ASCENDS THE THRONE. Frederick ascended the throne in 1740. To the des of hie death he was every inch a king. He found ready to his hand the beat army in Europe ; but it lacked the divine spark. No one be:teved that the young king himself poseesaed this. War et that day was still a lumbering, red -tape business, with scarce a glint of in- tellect. Au army dragged its slow length along the taiterminable made to accomplish ib knew not what. A broad, comprehensive plan of cempalgu was not known. Frederiok was to change anis once for all. The Prussian crown had certain rights to Silesia, then held by Austria. Giving the queen, Marie Theresa, short shrift, Fred- erick MARCHED ACROSS THE BORDER. and mandated Silesia with his troops. For twenty -throe years, until it was defio'teiy ceded to him, Frederick held this Province in an iron grip ; nothing could wrest it from latex,. But the young king knew war only from his father's bravo old generals, kiln -dried in settiquated methods. In the first ca npeigc, under the tutelage of Field Marshal S werin, he was fairly out- manoeuvred ; and in fear that the battle of Moliwitz wise lost, ho allowed himself to be hnrreed• off the field. But his steady Pruseit.n infantry would not take thebeating which ..as giver. it ; it bravely held on and won. Frederick, from this campaign, learned that the one man to rely on thereafter was himself. No•ro of his generale ever hampered him agate. As from his fired day on the throne he wan king, so rafter hie first campaign and battle he waas captain. In his next campaign HE DID HIS OWN WORK, and at Chonuse% inflicted a stinging defeat on Ilia vain+retie antagenist, Prince Charles. He field Silesia,. Frederick wee e wise economist. Under him Slleate became prosperous and profit- able beyond soy dreams of Austria. It was Protestant mod mealy affiliated with the rant of its new ruler', kingdom. The coun- try iroelf gained l'ry the change. Fre betialt knew that Maria Theresa would Moon attr.clr him again to re -poseurs herself o( bile the He hated war. Ile loved literature, music, ane, clever mon, intellec- tual friction. Bat shove all these rose his glorious obstinacy. He believed inhis right 'Jo Silesia; he had won ib, and would defend it with hie life. Frederick was NO LtoLIDAV SOLDIER. He sent no ore oleo to fight his battles. Hie work he did rtimotif ; his blood was at the command of f'rua-tis as freely ae thee of his gr.,oadier+. Cmrdi;lly 0.9 he hated the m'nnnl strain o1 Liar, dearly as he loved peaceful pursuits •—ha would rather compose a poor French eeriest then win a battle— he stood ready no give up everything excepb his puroose. Atter two years, war broke out again. Frederick opened by a aharp offensive move in Bohemia. Bub ho met hie match. He frankly admits that " he went to school to Field Marshal Traum," hie clever opponent, who worried him as Fabius did Hannibal, by neaten manoeuvring without coming to battle, which was the one thing Frederick soughb. His allies, the French, proved useless. Frederick was glad to retire with considerable loss to Silesia. TRAPPED THE AUSTRLt.NS.g Early name year Frederiok paid the Aua- trlane back in bitter coin. Prince Charles, elate with prosperity, invaded Silesia. "If you wank to catch a mouse leave the trap open," said Frederick, and let hie enemy Dross the mountains unopposed. Thera he lay in wait for him, and by secret and beautifully executed manoeuvres caught him napping at Hohenfrledburg. In one of tho most exquisibely managed battles of any age, Frederick in the early morning hours utterly 'worsted the Prince, and by breaklasb time lead completely driven hien flying frotn the field. brio cleared Silesia, Oue more battle— Sohr—in which Frederick was outnumbered two to one, but gained , a ouporb victory, eluded the oecond Silesian war. All Europe begat% to open its eyes at the 'remarkable young king. THE SEVEN YEARS' WAR. Alter a 10 yoaro' peace, came the 7 years' war, one of abe greatest is history, Austria and Frederick each bad allies,. These changed from time to time, bub as a;. rule Frederick had thrice hie town forces arrayed against him. Hie own populatloa of scant 5,000,000 had 100,000,000 to oou+ tend with. But Frederick had interior lines and nn wavering purpose, and, during bhe latter parb of the war, the financial aid of Enga land. What made the war remarkable watt Frederick's determination not to be beaten a his unequaled victories against unheard-of odde. Only Hannibal ever exhibited Melt tenacity of purpose. In the second year he was beaten by the Austrian at Kollo, but turned on thee French, 170 imiles away, who had thrice his force, ROUTED THEM DISGRACEFULLY ab, Roesbaoh by one of hie superb mancenvreae returned to Silesia, where all seemed loris,. and won the most splendid of his victories at Leuthen, with 30,000 men against80,00G, and fairly drove the Auetrians out of the province, At Zorndorf he beat 50,000 Retardant' etrongly entrenched, lasing 10,400 killed and wounded out of hie 30,000 men. At Kuneraderf be attacked the Austro- Russian army in lbs entrenched position., He would have victory. Assaulb succeeded assault. Not until he had lain down 19,009 out of 40,000 men in their front could he be induced to desist. Hie army was annihil• abed, but he had punished the allies so: severely that they could not follow him. No. such fighting is elsewhere inscribed on the scroll of fame. ASTONISHES HIS ENEMIES. The speed and skill of his marches astonished all his enemies. After Zorndorf he hurried to Saxony and thence to Silesia, bub found hie path barred by 90,000 men. Dann suddenly fell on bim and fairly wiested.a viotory from the Prussians. Bab the King, despite defeat, retired in parade order and comped four miles ,away ; and in a few days, by a wonderful turning move- ment, marched round Daun's army and took the road to Silesia away from him. Again, two yearn later, Frederick was called on to march from Saxony to Sileeia.. In order to meat the enemies who sur- rounded him on all sides, he was constantly compelled to Dross the theater of the war from one side to the other, beat one foe, then return and beat the other. On this occasion he had 30,000 men ; the Austrians stood astride hie only road with. 90,000, and the Russians had 24,090 near by. Despite those odds of four to one, despite the unwonted activity of his opponents, Frederick, by unheard-of feats of marching, strategic turns and twists by day and night, restless watchfulness, extraordinary schemes for eluding hie enemies and unequalled de- termination, actually stole through theta lines, beat the Austrian right at Leignitz, and marched into Breslau safe and sound, with martial music and colors flying. Such nimblefootedness and clean grit had never been seen since the second Punic war. Frederick finally WON AND KEPT SILESIA. Frederick's " Instruotions for my Offi- cers " is the first work which gave the world an insight into the theory of war. Down to this day no one had understood it, except a few great captains, and they had nob pat in into words. This book is the groateat debt we owe him Next he taught the world what ischii n will do, and that all manceavres should look to babble as an outcome. He invented many new things, ouch as herse artillery, and made his cavalry do work never seen since Cannae, and hardly parallelled since his day. In his 46 years' reign he added over a half to Pamela's dominion, donblod its population, left a full treasury and a superb army. Prussia came to him a petty king- dom. He le't it one of the first countries of Europe. Frederick slept on an iron Damp cot all his life, and never courted luxury. He lies buried in a plain lea len coffin in a vault in the old garrison church at Potsdam, beside his father. These two facts are as typical of the man's almplicity as his battles are of his genius. UNDERFED AND OVERFED. Poor glen Suffer From Hunger, Riche Nen From Gout and Roth Die Early. It may seem hard for the man who, in hie youth, has known the pinch of. poverty, who remembers how the out of mutton, with a eupply of potatoes and greens, scarcely sufficed for a vigorous appetite, should find that in the prosperity of later life an eight - course dinner of delicacies fails to tempt him, and that, nevertheless, his phyeiciem warns him than the attack of gout from which he is suffering means that be is eatiinn.g� to Hauch, and that his diet must be lowered Is life, then, never to give satiefactton.1 Mast youth know hunger and old age satiety ? Must the Door musolo-worker never have enough food to give energy to his frame, and must the rich, idler have ea much bo eat that disease is the consequence? To find the happy mean, to live accord•• iog to sweet reasonableness and knowledge, is the aim of the teachings of science, and if to these are added theprinciplea of Chris- tian communism, the wealth of labor life will not lead to self-indulgonce, but to the mitigation of the sufferings of thee° who want the means of life. One of the many splendid examples, says the " London Hoe- pita)," is (hat of a gentleman, now in po+a- ooesion of a very large income, who, in him youth, lived ma a salary of ten shillings re week. He early made up his mind time to cab little acid drink fors would be his; rule in life. To this resolution he has adhered, though fortune has come to him. Nearly an ooto- genarian, he is still a man of untiring vigor of.body and mind. Simple in life, he alfa panties bis great fortune as a custodian for living bie Master, while ile ami d the refinement and cultured aurroundicga of an Engilah gentleman. Sir George Humphrey ham investigated: the life histories of centenarians in England,, with the view of ascertaining the cause* and circumstances of longevity. As one reads of the habibe and life of these men and women who attained to the age of 100 years and more, one is 'amuck by the foot that they were almost invariably lean people, of spare habit, and of great moderation in eat - beg and drinking. Of thirty-seven, three took no animal food, four took very little, twenty a little, ten a moderate amount, and only one acknowledged taking much meat. With regard to :alcohol, the returns aro much the oxine, and abstemiousness is found. to be the rule of these centenarian. A Compliment: Maud—How do you like the new way do my hair ? Frank (wanting to eay something parti oularly nice)—Why, you look at least thirty yearn younger. Teaoher—Deflne " gentleman." Boy—. A gentleman is a growed-up boy wet used to mind Itis mother. Longevity cannot defeat death. Even brio oldest Mason and the beet survivor of Waterloo keep dying.