The Exeter Times, 1891-4-16, Page 6• 1,
T HORRORS OF WAR,
What was Shown to a War Cor
respondent.
WELL FULL or
Mayville and eqsatittiedness Evere
• YoglikUalteCi. the third day at Cab:, iu
the foothills At the Balkans, enuere we re.
adjusted our gem Early one morning we
coin -emcees to end tbe Shipke pees.
'The famous Vier ,afaint Nicholas eine one
anets of frozen ele and snow, and on the
. ()Veer side, toward the valley,. we came'
amass ttvo wagon drivers lying in the road-
way frozen deati. There lied been a halt of
munition column auring the night, and
thee poor fellows were the •nethes a that
woes vol.& How different, wee this place ,
ee its enowy shroud frern the teem when
brialit verdure erowned the surrounding
heightt, in the hot suminer days when the
FEE FRENOR IN NEWFOUNDLAND.
An leitstorteiti Retrospect.
Around the question, of the "fishery
•t before. War again broke
rights " of Franee in Newfoundland, there fold worse the'
out in 1702. Taught by a long experience
has grown up one of the most obstinate and
thorny international disputes to which his the waet of geed feith ana honesty on the
tory has ever witnessed ; and, although it Pad. of the French, it appears that et Ole
time the British Government were really
b now of -more than two centuries' staudiug
it still boldly defies the diplomatic skill a anxious as they lied never been before (nor
since) to rid their colony of their wily toe,
the most prudent etatesmen in Great Brit
taiu and rtence aud the end is not yet Aceordingly when the war had begun a
Wesball the betterappreciat the:tenacity squadron under the "'mule° a CePtehl
share in the cod fisher of Terra Nova,
to 11°t' 15144)°,see,(11 Legfeackte. l''D'aisiritengtthe"sibisplvienthsioQur(filiferhsosttoilittille?,
with which France clings
unite hugnees to a au on e " .g i ”. however, the French with affinire.ble fore -
her..
she now claims to possess on its eoast, it we sight and sagacity had left no stone llama -
ea to extend. awl consolidate their bordere
bearin mind two important facts ; first tbe
withm the coveted colony and to greatly
great value and extent of the cod fishery ;
strengthen their position in Placentia, and
secondly, the splendid sehool of seamanship
elsewhere. But with a determination which
which the proseention of that fishery pro.
vides for her young mariners. brooked no opposition, Captain Lea.ke's
forces destroyed. most of thew settlements
The cod fisheries of Newfouselland haye
and stripped their battlements inthe Island
been carrieti on for four eenturies, and the
f gt. Pierre. Placentia rentainedimtakete
enormous canda of last year, though not as o
great as in some previews years, proves that Flusliedwith victory the British advanced
signing a this &moue treaty, as it deserved,
Once itgave all to one side, and that the fan.
Pelmet intruders, and mad,e the condition of:
the rightful oecupants of Newfoundland ten-
agalustit, confidenof forcing a surreoder,
Turks and Russians struggled heroivally for the fish are as plentiful as ever. t
'but, after repeated assaults each fiercer then
the last, the enemy held the fort and the
British retired leaving hint in possession
Thus again victorious the French made a
second attempt to take St. John's, and so
open the way for the total subjugation of
the island. But again theywere vigorously
repulsed. Choked but not defeated they
returned to the ehargeagain and again with
no better remits, until the 'winter of 1703s
Who) they surprieed the garrison and took
the city, awl Newfoundland 'Wee once more
lost to the British. Carbouear alone held
out against the French, evil for overel
yeare it Wee the only town M the island.
the femme pass; when Radetsky eaved the
honer of Russia by bringing up his infantry
monntea. on Cossack horses; when Forbes
awl 1 had a quarrel and perked, pelting
eacii other with sardine bexes and
• biseuite till eve were out of sight of
eaeh other. Our perty arrived at tbe other
tide of the Balkans at sunset, and our tents
usrs. pitehed behind the wall a a, min,
ta haise. Our servants kept up a bluing
Ore near to !ewer the rigor of the freezing
mat winch 'ace:. ewake nearly
all night. At daybreak we moved across
;emery to lawanlik, Everywhere signs
of the creel ravages of war were to be met
wale and perbeps for the first time the full
ieeryiandsufferiug of the after eanmeigning
broke upon me, The Turks in their retreat
hal wantonly deetroyedeverythinse Wreck*
ed reads and frozen carcasses of oxen,
, pigs and even dogs, all with their
em, strewed the route. Here and
my Woe would tremble and start
some weird object, and I mould
y feet the lineaments of a wretch.
non man or child, thawing out from
Zeu atretehes of mud. as the morning
e. gained b power. Passing through the
mantel of Keeanlik—the great rose garden
of the world—we found. Acres of its precious
trees uprooted, gone to feed the camp Ansa
LbCeentenclieg Annie& From thts point
tn, Sagluu the country was stwaded
1111 dead bodies—mostly zoldiers—eva
The first, mei for many Years the only
persons who reepea the rich Invest of the
cold waters of Newfoundland, were the
berdy fishermen of the Basque provinces of
Normandy and Brittany, nor bane we any
record of the participation therein of British
fishermen before the year 1540, wheu many
slaps from London, Bristol, Bideford and
Barnstaple are mid to have been engaged in
fesaiug on the %Wm So soon did the true
nature and extent ot the fisheries appear
that Lord Bacon declared that " Newfound-
land contained richer treasures than the
mines of Meideo and Peru." In 109S there
were exportet1 20,5,19S quintals of eodfith to
foreign comities, and In 1703 the Quantity
had increased to $4s,eo4 quintals. In 181d)
the oateh exceeded 1,000,000 quintals, and
1881, 1,:500,000 quintals, 81Se0 Whigh
period h has varicd but elightly. The an.
nual value of the tishery Is about $7,500,.
OW.
At the beginning of the seventeenth
century the French although in possession
at of Acadie, Cape Bretou and Cauada. but
having long coveted Newfoundland, not
alone for its titheries and in the interests of
its navy, but also becaulte ie was the door
Lor Venetia, obtained a foothola in the
island by reciting permission front the
Britieh Government to dry iieh on its sheres
in return for a pee -molt of five per eceti on
the quantity cured. That an ultimate Watt
Mond Novtuundland was desied and that
aly fallen he a precipitate retreat, star. this email privilege was merely obtained as
ung wall the Russian aavance guard. a mons to that nil is pa.teut from the bet
oenterrew will bring us up erith Skobaleff, thiet wititiu the emeneratively brief space of
we thought. We arrived on the outskirts
of Eski Sagami at nightfall and found coma
perative thelter for thetirnein eierge deeerted
inu. Thowindowframee, doorsandevery piece
of wood available in the place bad been used
for fuel, with the exception of one or two
beams which had aupported the balconv.
twenty.five yeare 1•Ce notch had become so
emboldeued that en shad them in possession
ot a strongly fortititel colony in Placentia ;
and in other places along 73ke southern shore
of Newfoundland the eugeosors had. plant-
ed themeelves in positiiais from which they
obtained abtolute commaud over both sides
Outs ram secured these and bulb a fire in of the Gult of St. Lawrence.
aroorrionthoupperstory. Webungourwater. Weak kuced and vacillating from the first
proof sheets over the window gaps to keep the British Government, by the authority
out the wind, blocked the doorway withour (if Charles IL and at the solieitation of
stores and slept thesieep of the truly weary, Lassie XIV., in 1675 was indwell to remit
for it was the first time we hail been under the duty imposed on the fish eured, and
a roof for many days; ;me tenting in a ton- hitherto the only acknowledgment on the
perature below zero is net conducive to re- acart of the Freuch of Brititili sovereignty in
fresbing Slumber. When we arose the next ovfoundland. Front this point, and un -
morning we found the place we had been so questionably owing to this unfortunate cow
peacefully sleeping in had been the scene of cession the struggle between tho two great
terriblecarnage. Thewallawerelikethoseof European powers began..
shambles;theunprintofbloodyhandsthowed When, on the accession of William III,
whereaterribleseuffie had taken place; from to the British theme, war broke out be.
the fire of a party advancing up the stair. tween France and England, one elause in
way bullets had brought down huge patches His Brittonic Majesty's declaration of war
of plaster from the _ceiling. A few Turks sets forth "It WAS not low since the
must Lave made a bold stand in this little Freneh took license from the Governor of
room, or, perhaps more likely, some. wretch. Newfoundland to fish -upon that miast, and
ea Bulgarian refugees had met their fate at paid a tribute for such licensees an acknow-
the hands of their ruthless pereecutors. ledgment of the sole right of the Crown of
This supposition was much strengthened England to that island ; but of late the en -
when on leaving the dismal place we skirted croachments ofthelfrenchiuul His Majesty's
the town to join the road. leading to Har. subjects trading and fishing there had been
manly. From bebind the walls of a ruined more like the invasions of an enemy than
house on the outskirts of the game two becoming friends who enjoyed the eavan-
Bulgarians, in European attire, aecostea us. tages of that trade only by permission."
"Gentlemen," said one, speaking in very Following soon after the ever had begun
good Englisle "you are correepondents for Netidoundland became the scene of many
Illnglish newspapers. Why do you leave our sanguinary struggles both navel and inile
town before you have seen what ruin these tary, and, during the year 1092, the French
Turks have accomplished ?" nettle a determined attempt to tvi est it from
" We are in search of Skobeleirs army," the British. Occupying an almost impreg-
we replied, "and can't waste time to visit nable nation in Placentia and strong in
wrecked. houses," numbers, the British naval forces under
One of the Bulgarians almost cried with Gemmed ore Willieans strove berate dislodge
venetian. For the love of God and justice, them but without avail.
eome Pend he seized my bridle. Two years latter the French in their turn
"Well," saici " shall we go ?" and I became the aggressors and the Chevalier
turned to my two companions. "It will Nesmond received instructions to join the
gratify these poor fellows and will cost us Rocheford squadron with a fleet of ten ships
but a few minutes." We slowly followed and to dispossess the British of their ter -
our Bulgarian guides, leaving our baggage ritory in Newfoundland. Arriving at
to proceed. OS. entering the villa,ge we found Placentia he landed and with a 'powerful
a. few dogs snarling over something in the force marched thence to an attack on the
-middle of the road—it was the backbone of city of St. John's. The presence of thirty-
.' human being. A few paces farther lay the four British ships in the harbour, together
head of a young girl in a rut in the mud, with the combined resistance •of several
her plaited hair, tied up in gay -colored bows,' forts, were more than the enemy counted on,
trailed along the furrow. Our guide led us and he was repulsed -with heavy losses and
up to a well. near by; on looking down it, obliged to return to France. At the end of
headless bodies choked its depths. The ma- the same year, however, the French return-
lority of the houses were bashed down into ed to the charge with a formidable expede
their foundations and the arms and legs of tion under the commend of lbberville and
the slaughtered inmates stuck out of the Brouillan the former being at the head of a
debris. Canadian force. They were entirely sue -
"Look'," cried our gnides ; "are you cessful. The garrison of St. John's, weak
•aatisfied? Please tell the civilized world in numbers anti in want of military stores
what you have seen. Three days ago we re- offered. but a feeble resistance, and, capitu,-
turned from Europe to our native town. lating on easy terms, were shiped to Eng -
Dur homes are in ruins and our people are land- The fort and town were burned
dead, cruelly butchered by Sulionan Pasha's with all the adjoining British settlements
soldiers, le -ass through the town—every save Carbonear and Bona Vista, which sue -
house is razed to the ground and there is cessfully'withstood the French.
not a living,soul in the place but ourselves. The singing of the Treaty of Resswick in
Come—here s another well," pointed our 1697 put a period to hostilities. The oppor-
guides—but welted seen quite enough. Never tunity afforded by the drawing up of this
;WU forget the desolation of that place, treaty for effecting a permanent readjust-
- the wanton destructionand exquisite cruelty ment of the disturbed relations between
of those fanatical fiends of Sulieman Pasha. the rival powers concerning Newfoundland
The next day we came up with the rear was not only culpably neglected by the
of Skobeleff's army and struck the line of British Government. but, consistently with
rail at Harmanly. Here I left my corn- their previous as also with their subsequent
panions and hurried on to Adrianople, just suicidal policy toward their oldest colony,
in time to discover that the city of Sultan the treaty proved most unfortunate for her.
&aim the Magnificent had fallen into the Instead of compelling the French to retire,
, hands of the Russians after a short resist- their claims on Placentia and on all other
ea alio. I received a great shock when I die- places hitherto illegally held by them were
covered that the grand old pale& in the confirmed and the island was once more
cieadel was a smoking ruin. The beautiful thrown into its previous divided condition
and the British settlers again exposed to the
harem, composed of Broussa tiles, in blue,
same attacks from the foreigners as before.
green and .gold, which I admired so much
Asamateer of laistorical fact; after the treaty
when passing through the town the year
before, had accidentally been destroyed. was signed they were openly insulted, pro-
voked and humiliated ; they were driven
The Turks, before leaving the citadel, had
collected the large stores of rifles and am- from the beet fishing posts, ; their nets and
were destroyed; their women .were
munition in the centre of the courtyard heats
and 'set fire to the pile. It was a larger insulted and. their property stolen by the
conflagration than was anticipated. The Yreriall-
By the Seventh Article of the Treaty of
palace caught fire and in a few hours the
Ryswick, England and France mutually
building was a mass of smouldering debris.
reed to restore all their possessions in
engageda few men to fish out what tiles
oriel America which bad changed owner -
still retained their design and color, but
ship during the war, hence St. John's and
was revsarcierl after several hours' labor with
all the principal settlements in Newfound -
only one wbole tile.
land reverted to the Englith. But, as we
With the fall of Adrianople the war was
practically over. To do justice to the mill- have already said, France insisted on her
unlawful claims to those grand positions on
tary genius of Baker Pasha, the general coy -
the southwestcoast, of which Placentia, was
ering the retreating Turks, Skobeleff said to
the, impregnable stronghold. From t h e
me, -" We felt that there was sorneone other
then a, Tole in command confronting us,
airectly we advancea up the valley. They
eey it is your Baer Pesbae Well, I ehouid
like to meet time Wan a4aci. shake trim by the
hand."
Can the present openly expressed in-
dignation of the Newfoundlanders at the
supineness and indifference to their best in-
teresteof the Imperial Government be a
matter for surprise, when viewed in the
light of he shiftless, blundering poliey,
which these facts ef interest reveal?
But to resume our 'historical retrospect.
By the appointment of Sir liugh Pallissir to
the governorship of the island, in 170t, a
slight improvement took place in the gen-
eral condition. of the Newfoundlanders ; and
so far as he could, this sagacious statesman
regulated tbe reletions witich existed be-
tweeu the French and Britiehi fisheemen.
" While he secured the French in the exer
cise of all the rights and privileges acquired,
by the Treatieaof Iftreellt and Paris, and
ordered that they were to be allowed to
prosecute the fishery within the limits as.
signed them, without molestetion, he also
clearly reconnized tbat within thesis limits
bey had no superiority over British fisher-
men, and no exclusive rightwhatever." But
though solicitous of laettering the pitiable
condition of his fellow -exiles, Captain Pattie -
sir was at no time during his term ot office
able to afford them absolute prototion from
the brutality aud iosolenee of the From)).
Ever frantieallyzealous for the legate of the
French, and fearful of giving them offence,
the British. power, with a strange fatuity,
seems to have thought but little ea and
eared less for, the sinferiegs and privations
she was thereby indicting on her Own sub,
jeets ; nor, throughout the ahole struggle,
bas slte ever been Imams, to take one decisive
and manly step towards seeming to them
theirindisputable rights and protection, By
cementing to the use of ambiguous terms
in the Various treaties which were framed
01WER OF THE GAETER
The• Most Ancient andlitosseenbee oraer of'
Thrittels
• t
Ansong the many, English institatioue
which, coirered with the duet of antiquity,
beast come' deem from a time. when coedit
does et life and society were entirely •differ -
mit from, what they are Sit present, none' is
more. venerable them that grade of nobility
know as ".The Order of the Garter" The
longevity of the institution is very remark-
able, Nobody, even in Englentl, 'ever hors
of a meeting of the compatuons of the Gar --
ter, the• itesocietion accomplishes nothing in
war, religion or politics, at a body it is aliso.
lutely destitute Of influenee, and yet no dis-
dinetien is more eagerly coveted and no in-
stitution has tested. so many years with so
little change,
The foundation of the order was by Ed-
ward III. in the year 1349. The coalmen
story, and One Oven WM` generally credited,
is that the order sewed ite origin to an Acci-
dent or an armour; that the Cometess of
$lirewsbery one day at a court bell dropped
her garter, which WO picked up by the
king, who remarked to the courtieret who
were evidently sopicions that the ineident
Sraa llot altogether the result of an aeniclent,
soit qui mal pens," and added.
time he would. make.t.begaxter emelt it dieting -
tion that any one of their number would
soon be prowl to wear it, The story is pro-
bably apocryphal, not being mentioned' by
any writer of the time, and indeed not ap-
peering in literatutemitil 200 years after-
ward, awl then in the work of a fereigmer.
The strongest remote for doubtingite lentis
is found m the fact that early in tins year
1349 tlits 'Earl of Shrewebuty died of injoriee
received ata joust, and that the time the
order twee .eetabliehed. eountess Was
mourning the leased her loisbned, and, of
course, not appearing at ceremouiele,
During those chiveirie agee letelere •and
eoveraigninvereemeustomed give,out trifles
of various Mode as tokene. 'When Richard.
I. was eugaged bis eroadee he ordered
the leading knights in. hie army to bind
bethern thotige roma their legs As a token
to dietinanith them Prow tite Cavaliere of
the oppostug foreee. At the bettle of Cressy,
in 1346, *here Edward tbe III, awl his eon,
longer worn and swords and lance are sup-
planted by firearms, is a mere formality.
After the hatcaments" have been amused
of, the knight elect is eonduotal to the
chapel, walking between the knight elem.
missionere, with bis mantle, bood, collar and
a book of the order's statutes borne before
him. Au oath is administered to him to
keep the laws a tha robin and after this
hes been taken the knight enters his own
stall or sent, and there is invested with the
mantle of the order, an elegant aka-, of
blue velvet lined, with white Win. The
hood is placed. oyer the -mantle, and the cel-
lar, a gold chain, is placed about his neck,
he, at each Point in the robing, being ex-
horted to wear the article then conferred in
memory and to the honor of SL George.
The most important part ef the regalia is
now brought forwardeauttlre garterrabnek.
led about his leg with the words
"To the honor of God omnipotent, and in
memory of the blessed St. George tie about
thy leg for thy renown tbb noble garter.
Wear it as a symbol of the noble order,
'lever to be forgotten nor bid aside, that
thereby thou mayst admonished to be
courageone, end having undertelsen a jaSS
war, mast stand firm, valiantly fight and
successfully compeer."
A (significant patties) of the ceremony heis
sometimes beeu Introduced at this point,
while occasionally it has come miler in the
proceedings, but whether early or late, it i'01
never emitted, ter a knight is not considered
"dubbed"until he hasreceived the aaeoladee
After having denned hie rehear bele broeghi)
forward amaproental to the sovereign
the commismoners as wortity of the honor
abont to be bestowed, then awls while the
sovereign strikea bim en the ehoulder with
for the purpose ox settling disputes, she the Sword of Mtn intininting thereay that
over whielt floated the flag tit England. hoped to please both pestles, RUQW1119 " a WOW the last affront a knight *Wield
In 1713, everything was chemeed by the the time that the sne,aste employed- were beer without resentmeut, By the eccolinle
signing of the Treety of Utrecht, By its hopelessly inefficient and diameditable. b aniglited, he rises, a cap with plumes
provitsions, Newfoundland, with ittaajacent The Treaty of Versailles in 1783 afforded is placed on hie head, be is reconducted to
his stall; the knights commis-91°nm, who
Islands, was secured to the Britain and the England a anal eitimee of sealsinecthe
Frenth were at last cempelled to retire nflrentie Iroaeurraite to her colonists in New- levee Attended him dim by step to thas pot
from Placentia. "A very important re. fontitilana tor paatetegligence but consistent of the cerentotty, retire front labs side and
divine service is celebreted. At its mein^
serration was however made In favour ef with her 'Jolley on all previous similar w-
are French," says Ma Harvey, which euelons she declinea to make any appreci. skin the other knights greet their new cora
was destined to be a source of trouble for able advance in the only course that was ruder), lead him m soleron elate to the altar,
more than a century and a half, and which bouourably open to her and coxitented her- where be offers geld awl silver ; and then the
prevented the British subjecte of New- self with emtfirining the sti ulatione of entire body repair to the banqueting hell,
where,at the lower end of the room the
foundland from eettling and colonizieg more former treaties relating, to the welt teutlt the Bina prune,
than half the island, and this by far the deatiing the bouutlaries between widen le over icing pteuppe egtatit:e.grtiVeveelegtritel mortheea41411,ttehtl.easreef tritg:itrav ektghteeelP4flen
ss.ug gave out Itie garter Sti a VASS Of Vie. In tipo time et' its Edwards, wben e, eerie
better half in regatil to sail. climate and was.peoniseible for them to fish. The fel- in
natural eapabilitiee. By the Treaty of lowing stipulation conteined in the 'Versa-
, lora% and in ods Incident may ProbahlY diditte was to tie knighted, the day before
Utrecht, though the Prenelt were exeluded les Treaty not only juetified all that the fowl an explanation of the selection of the the ce - • 4 a)
from all tertitorial rights in Newfoundland. Freneh had previously dune in the way of roomy was waste upon y two
they were secured in the prrvilege of fish-
ingconcurrently with the Engliele along
more t but half the coast, and aleo per -
Knitted to USe the ehore of tide per -
tion of the island, ses far as it was
needed for the prosecution of their galleries.
ThiS unfortunate eoncosion led VI endless
disputes." Contiening, the same writer
says ' • The Freneli pereistently contended
m
tatbe ovisions of the treatytgave them,
not a eonewreut, but an exclusive tight of
fishing on this part of the coast, and also
that the ese of the shore for fishery "mitoses
forbade the settlement Of this regain by the
British subjects. Both these Interpret:le
tante were repudiated by the j 'npie of
Newfoundland, and were never admitted as
being correct by the Imperial atithwitits.
Nevertheless successive English Govern-
ments left the matter undecided nul met;m'iL
to place this portion of the coast nmtd. r the
junsdiction of the local Goverment or to
Mellen its settlement, so seneitive were
they in guarding the treaty rights of the
French. The consequeace has been that,
practically, the inhabitants of Newfound-
land. have been excluded from half
their own territory whicb is still
to a greater extent, a mere wilderuess ;
and that a population of " squatters" with.out any title to their possessious tied liviug
outside the pale of law, was allowed to grow
up there without any civilizing influenve.
This was a standing grievance generation
after generation ; and so slaw has been the
march of civilization in tbese latitndes that
the " squatter " has only been brought
within the pale of law and order dur-
ing the past few years. It was not
until the year i878 that a magistrate
was appointed, with the concurreuce
of the home authoritica, to have
jurisdiction in the foriorn district just
described ; and it was only as late as MS'
that the local Government was empowered
to issue grants of land and mining licenses
for the same locality."
Although at the close of the seven years'
war, Franco had lost Canada and Cape Bre-
ton, she still cherished the ambition of re-
gaining her former position in Newfound-
land. Hence in 1762 she made another de-
termined attempt at conquest. A. powerful
navel squadron sailed from Brest for New-
foundland, and after skillfully evading the
ships of Great Britain, it reached Bay Bulls
a settlement twenty iniks south of St:
John's, on the twenty-fourth of June. The
French marched thence upon St. John's,
surprised the garrison and took it. The Go-
vernor was absent in England, but on his re-
turn voyage a sloop met him with tidings of
what ha,d happened. By her he sent dis-
patches to Lord Colville, Commander of the
British forces at Halifax, who immediately
sailed for St. John's with a strong force and
blocked the harbour wherein lay the French
fleet. Meanwhile the Governor lauded at
Placentia and strengthened and repaired its
fortifications. Lord Colville was joined by
Colonel Amherst, who had won his spurs
at the famous sieges of Louisburg. Fleeing
himself at the hea& of eight hundred gallant
Highlanders, thisbrave o.fficerlancled at Tor-
bay, seven milesnorth ofSt. John's, andthence
fought his way to an attack on the French
garrison who possessed the capital. Notwith-
standing the rugged nature of the country,
its dense forests, craggy cliffs, and entire
absence of roads, the ardour of Colonel Am-
herst's followers was irresistible, and by
their triumphant assault of the French posi-
tion on Signal Hill, they practically became
masters of the situation, Lord Colville's
blockading force holding the enemy's ships
within the harbour. But by one of those
strange though not infrevuent chances of
war, a ;term drove the British ships to sea,
and under cover of a beneficent fog the
French fleet escaped in safety. Colonel
Auffierst's troops remained, and after a brief
but severe struggle the French surrendered
on the condition that they should be taken
to France. Thus for the last time were the
stern invaders expelled from Newfoundland,
though they had foueht and plotted with, it
must be said, great bravery and amazing
perseverance and ingenuity to make it their
The cessation of the prolonged strife be-
tween the belligerents, brought about by the
signing of the Treaty of Paris, afforded yet
another favourable opportunity for securing
to the British the whole and undisputed
possession of Newfoundland, But instead
of this the treaty not only confirmed all the
rights secured to the French by former
treaties, but it extended them. The "adja-
cent islandis" of St Pierre and Miquelon,
which were secured. to England by the
Treaty of Utrecht, were now transferred to
places her fishermen carried on &very eaten- the French "as a shelter for her fishermen,
sive and luorative fishery in the Gulf of St. on condition that no fortifications were to
Lawrence and around the nothern shores of be erected, and that only a guard of fifty
Newfoundland. men for police purposes be maintained
Brief was the peace which followed the there,"
insult, rapine and plunder, but it also made
anything further vita+ they udgbt theme
to do beyond reproaelt ; and with an open
zeal to conserve the fereigner's interests,
the lensful oceupauts of the Balling grounds
were left to shift fur theinselvee. "And
that the fishermen of the two nation may
not give cause for daily quarrels, hia Brit-
tonic Majesty was pleased to engage that
he would take the most positive measures
for preventing his subjectsfrom interrupt-
ing ut :Illy' manner, by their competition, the
tithing ot the French during the temporary
exercises tl °reef which is granted to them
an the coasts of the Islaud of Newfoundland
end that he would for that purpose Call80
Ow permanent eettlemeute which should be
formed there to he removed, and that he
would give orders that the French fisher-
men should net be incommoded in the cut.
tint; of wood necessary for the repair of
them seailbIds, hute, and fishing. boats."
" This," says Harvey, " is the celebrated
section of the Treaty of Versailles over
which volumes of diplomatic corresPead•
once have been written and countless bet-
ties fought without any satisfactory result."
The French claim that it extends their
former privilege and secures to them mum
andenhe right aver the coast and waters
referred to and to this position they havat five bong either members of the reigning
clung with a " doth.like aertinacity.roval family or foreign potentates. By
England mildly disputes tbeelaem in theory subsequent raduotion the numbers hes been
and declares the riga° of the French to be brought down, en that at present it is not
only eoncurrent ; but nutia quite recently Inc from that contemplated by the founder.
she has practically allowed, inasmuch es the For a long time the meetings of the order
discouraged her subjects in every possible were annual though whet, business came
way, uot merely from settling but also trout before the body as not known.
fisbing within the swcalled French shore The annual gethering of the knights seem
Ihn its, to have been m a private room or chapel at
This is, in brief, the history of the quo- Windsor, and after the construction, or.
tion. On the part of the French we have rather remodeling of St. George's depot at
i;cen amazing perseverance with liaPardeas. Windsor this became their special senates
able phonier, on the -partof the British ary, the saint beingthopittron ef the order.
Government neglece and indifference to the Vacancies occurring in the order were at
best interests of a considerable number of first ova by election, the body being thus
her subjects without a parallel in the history perpetual, its members electing their own
, of nations, and, on the part of the colonists, staccessors. It was & sort of military
a patience unexampled bat well nigh crima biotherhood or corporation, but by gradual
nal. A taree years' residence on the so, cbanges, little by little, the entire power of
called French Shore made inc familiar with a the body became vested in the sovereign.
condition of thieigsof wbose existence mere Even as early as the time of Elizabeth the
hearsay would have never convined me business of selecting successors to deceased
duo entirely to the unwelcome presence of knights was practically controlled by the
the French. Again and again hen the Eng- queen, for, although members might elect,
lish settlers to submit to the grossest home. the sovereign could refuse to install. A
liation from the French and without redress.
An appeal to the captain of it warship, far-
cically invested with magisterial powers,
was either met by a stern rebuff and the ap-
pellant was told to go about his business and
to cease meddling with the French, or given
a hearing with the vague promise that his
suit should be considered whicb, it is quite
needless to add, was never fulfilled. During
the last decade with the recurrence of each
successive fishing season, conflicts between
thefishermen of both nationalities have year-
ly grown worse. Matters reached a crisis
last year when, in deference to the represen-
tations of the French, all the lobster factor-
ies belonging to British subjects were
peremptorily shut down. Indignation
meetings were promptly convened at the
most important centres in the island, and
sharp remonstrances were flashed to the Im-
perial. authorities. Threats of exterminating
the French or of seeking annexation to
the United States were openly made by
the most prurient and least emotional
of the colony's statesmen. Patriotic
speeches inspired patriotic action, &eel whole business is practically in the hands of
approved delegates were sent to Great the prime minister, who uses it as polities
may dictate.
• The ceremony of installation is very mag-
nificent, and as it seldom occurs, is made as
impressive as possible. The knights' com-
missioners meet in the appartments of the
Dean of Windsor, and are there joined by
the knight -elect and the various officers of
the order. A procession of the knights is
formed and wends its way to the chapter
house where the royal commissioner is in
waiting, and an official ,of the order known
as " Garter" is sent to .bring the chosen one.
In the chapter house the new knight is in.
vested with the surcoet of rich crimson vel-
vet, and at the time a charge is read to him
concerning the solemnity of the duties he is
supposed to assume, and he is adjured to
shed his blood, if necessary, in defence of
the principles .of the order. A girdle is
placed about his waist and a sword 'buckled
on, with injunctions somewhat similar in
character. The new knight is then left in
the chapter house with his attendants, while
the other knights of the body proceed to the
chapel to perform the ceremony of" offer-
ing up the hatchments" of hie late predeces-
sor. The "hatchmenteaconsist of the mord,
shield, helmet, lance, spurs and.other mili-
tary belongings of the deCeased knight and:
sre offered up by being placed on the alter
of St. George, being afterwards removed to
the house of, the deceased., This part of the
ceremony, in an age when helmets are no
garter as a symbol, for at that time rt, waa
an im t article of dresa and often dec.
orated in he moet lamb manner with
preeioue stones.. 'lite order was probably
designed to honor the Black Prince, and was poured upon his heed and eertinn luny.
"Itoueet eequiree," who proceeded to an.
street him as tothe minutes of the ceremonies
he was about to undergo. They conducted
him to 4 bells, before entering which water
most of the knights originally seketed as era recited. After the ceremordee el betting
the lirat members were his young compan* was concluded lie was clothed in white robes
lone. and placed in abed, the coveringe and bulge
Therumber of knighte at first was twenty. Inas if which were of the purest white.
five, not including the sovereign who pre' Then esame twn ancient and honorable
sides over the order, but in later times this knights" who questioned him as to the
number was ineremed in severalwar. duties of knighthood and instructed liim in
George UT, bad the etatutes of the or or any point, in which lusseemed to bedefielent,
changed so that his numerous sons anight Reign ha teat, conducted to the ehapiat
receive Go decoration of the Garter and yet
not be included in the ttrentY'avt'h an LI a alterrrenhuitsl talrenre°,r allhperlesibtrainacileodtheurtnite-
further enlargement of the number Included owes.% be aimed the night in prayer. the
his grandsons. A little later the (knead- ceremonies of the following they not tlifiering
ants of George 11, wore included, afterwards in any material point from time already de -
those of George f. It seems not to Wove scribed.
been intended at first to extend tile honor The regalia, of the Garter may be as
to peniens other than of English birth, lett splendid as the wearer pleases. The garter
the decoration has several times been be* whielt was worn by Charles I, on the sea&
stowed upon forcien langs. After the Nit- fold was decorated with 400 diamends, asi
poleoule wars the emperora of Russia and many knIghts, even to the present itay, hav
Austria were made metnbers of the 'body, ee the motto borne by the garter worked. '
also was Louis XVIII. before his return to diamonds and other precious stones. The
France, and Louis PhillillPe and ethefawere knight is supposed always to wear on hie
similruey honored, so that atone time m the person some part of the regalia of the order
eountxy the number was increased to forty, Most of the knigbts wear the etar, width
the fifteen additions to the original twenty- in gold and diamonds, was added to the re
gait.% by Charles I. The garter itself, as at
Foote iut unnecessary and s.omewhat ob.
atm:Aire article of apparel, Is how never
worn save on state occasions, when the
knights appear in the robes and regalia of
their order, It was formerly the custom to
wear the garter proininently displayed, but
changes in the style of dress made it objec-
tionable, and over fifty years ago ono or two
of the elderly and portly knights excited no
little ridicule by appearing in public with
the garter buckled over their pantaloons.
The order is now restrietcd to rnen, but at
ono time bud also lady members. The Queen
of Edward III. and many ladies of hereourt
sported the insignia and robes of the ord.er,
displaying the garter worn bracelet fashion
on the arm. On many old altar tombs of
the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries may
be seen the effigies of noble ladies, the garter
being represented as a bracelet, and this
fact furnishes an additional proof, if any
were needed, that the origin of the order
was not in the Countess of Sir rewsburystory,
for it is not likely that the Queenof Edward
III. would willingly wear as an honor a
number of vacancies oceurred during the, symbol which had such an origin. During
reign of the Virgin Queen, but knowing theithe reigns of Mary, Elizabeth and Anne the
value attached to the honor by the knights
of her realm she secured the loyalty of
more than one by delaying from time
to time the ceremony of inetallation. Once
she pretended to have lost the list; once
she seemed to acquiesce, and. proceeded to
the chapel for the purpose of installing a
batch of knights'buthaving come suddenly,
discovered she had forgotten her man-
tle, and as no installation could take
place without thisportion of the regalia the
assemblage was dismissed. The members
might elect, but ow;ng to the method of
selection the sovereign even then could
nullify the choice of the body. Each mem-
decoration of women with some portion of
the garter regalia was quite common, and
some of the pictures painted of these .pmens
also display the pendant and star.
The order has long since lost its original
character as a military brotherhood, and is
now considered merely as a reward for emi-
nent services, whether in the camp, on the
field or at the council board. Sometimes,
no doubt, it has been given where it was not
deserved, but at present inay be considered
one of the most important pieces of patron-
age in the gift of the government. Gener-
ally restricted to the nobility, it has in sev-
eral cases been conferred on commoners,
ber was supposed to send in a secret list and the fact, therefore, that it may possibly
I
containing the names of persons he judged be attained by any distinguished servant of
most worthy to receive the honor. The the crown, renders it the most highly es -
sovereign examined these lists and decided teemed distinction that can be conferred on
who should be chosen, but as early as the a British subject.
time of the first George . he members were
relieved of this responsibility, the king Music in the Harem.
dosignatizmg his pleasure. At present the The famous Hellinesberger Quartette has
returned to Vienna. from Constantinople,
says Galignani, and Herr josephaffellmes-
berger, who, like his father, a famous wit,
can tell a story, gives an ameeingraccount of
his and his colleague's experience in the
Bosphorous. When the quartette was fetcat
ed to the Ylidiz Kiosk the musicians were
in eager expectation of seeing the Sultan, and
the brothers Hellmesberger especially were
already enjoying the glowing accounts they
would give of Min in Vienna on their return.
But, though they pleyed before him and the
harem twice, on each occazion for three
hours., they. never saw him at all. They per-
formed then quartettes in a beautiful little
theatre, with no other audience than that
whiels they suspected behind the gilt frame-
work on the first tier of boxes. Before the
second concert next day the quartette was
invited fo dine. The service was of massive
gold. Eunuchs black as ebony stood behind
each chair. But the musicbes had not got
beyond oysters, and champagne, soup, and
fish, before the Sultan sent -word that he was
waiting in the theatre with his harem. At
the close of the second concert Munir Pasha
came with a small bag of pink Bilk filled with
gold coins and sealed. Munk Pasha showed
them that they must kiss thoteal, which the
Sultan had put on with hiseown hands, and
told the musicians that their performanees
had pleased the Sultan goatee:. Besides AS
gold in the bag, there was a large medeet or
the quartette and the Order of the Medialie
for each performer. •
Bohan, Canada and America, bearnig
authority to submit a full statement of their
country's grievances and to debate as to the
means of protection or redress.
The subsequent arrangement of the modus
vivendi between Great Britain and France
coming so soon upon the lobster factory scan-
dal was a crushing blow for Terra Neva s long
suffering sons. Protest after protest has
been made by the Colonial Legislature,
against the inaction of the Home Govern-
ment, but without result. Thus matters
stand at the present. Wliat will be the out-
come? Let that most farseeing British states-
man, Sir Charles Mike, reply. He recently
said that it seemed impossible to reconcile
the French Treaty rights with the develop-
ment of Newfoundland, and, although the
whole territory belonged to the colony, yet
the colonists were forbidden the rights of
sovereignty. He futher declared his convic-
tion that, unable to secure a settlement of
their long standing difficulty, the colonists
will sooner or later take the law into their
own hands. He was confident that in the
consing spring shots would be exchanged be-
tween the French ships and the colonists. He
finally Strongly urges the British Govern-
ment to make a speedy Settlernent, which
shall, be satisfactory to the colonists. May
wise cesunsels prevail ! E. J. LLOYD.
The lint serpentine walk was laid out in
the Garden of den.
(c