Exeter Advocate, 1915-4-15, Page 2SEED GROWING
.The Kind o Crop. to Grow and flow to Grow It -
An Opportunity for the Ontario Farmer
In 1915 the farmers of Ontario and should be handled very rare -
will require 1,000,000 lbs. of rootfully. They should be stored imme
iseed, vnade up as follows; 304,000€ diately after being raised, in a eool
lbs. inaugels, 222,500 lbs. sugar but not too dry place. Where a
beets, 9,86,000 lbs. turnips, 8,580 good root cellar is available it is
lbs. carrots, Formerly these seeds advisable to store them there, if
carne from England, France and possible en a standing position, and
Germany. This year those inxports surrounded in peat soil, or moist
will be almost entirely cut off, The sand. Otherwise it is better to
Gexsnau supply, of course, will be store them in an outside pit on
entirely checked, while France and: sell -drained ground. The pit is
England engaged, as they 'are, in made about 6 feet wide, and the
a, momentous world struggle, can- roots are piled up 3 feet high with
not supply us as they have in past slanting sides, so that the covering
years. material will not slide down. Af-
ter pilin the pit is immediately
Hence, at this tune, it appears to covered with a thin layer of straw,
be not only the duty, but the op just enough to keep a 4 -inch layer
porunity of the Ontario farmer, least 250 yards. Swedes and tur-
as it has never been before, to sup- nips require a greater distance.
ply recat ,crop seed for war own eon- They will not only eross with a
susnption. It has been proven in the variety of their own kind, but will
past that such seed can be grown also intercross, i.e., a swede will
very successfully in Ontario.. It has cross with a turnip, and vice versa.
been shown by numerous experi-
ments conducted at the McDonald Land intended for seed growing
College in Quebec. at the Ontario should be well .fertilized, well
Agricultural College at Guelph, d d f b e heltexed
and in various plaees by the Do-
minion seed branch, that a finer
quality of seed can be produced in
Eastern Canada, than that which
we have been imparting from Eu-
rope. The supply of seed, it is
said, will be ample for this year's
crop. In 1916, the real effects of
the shortage will be manifested.
Whether it will be a desirable
thing for very many farmers to go
into seed production on a large
scale or not. is a debatable ques-
tion. but in view of existing cir-
cunistances, any farmer cannot go'
astray b producing enough seed weather gets colder, lig hen et conn-
fc+r his own use. mences to freeze, the pit is further
11r. Paul A. Booing. in charge of covered with 6 inches of straw, fol -
the ratyt crop investigation of the lowed by 6' to S inches of soil, and
:ere Husbandry Department • of when zero weather sets in, it must
the 111cllsanald College, Quebec, has finally be protected with a layer of
evndueted very complete experi- strawy manure.
ments in give ing seed, and gives Seed roots do not stand drought
some very instructing reports as to very well, and many growers,
his methiels. It has been found therefore, prefer to place the pit
that the quality of the rout seed, on or at least in the vicinity of the
offered on the Canadian market, is
net always the best, either in re-
gard to trueness of type or to per-
centage and vitality of germina-
tion. Moreover, it is false economy
at bet to import practically all the
drains , and, i possi l , s
from heavy winds. It should be trenches at that point, and to serve as a screen for something
very thoroughly eultivated also, behind, in all likelihood a battery of big guns, a sparsely growing
and well peeked with a roller andcopse of straggling fir trees on the spot has been artificially thickened
marked before planting. Commonl by transplanting fir poles and trunks brought from elsewhere in the
distances
are 44 inches b - 24 inches neighborhood. The result of the process is to produce the appearance
for small roots, and 30 inches by at a short distance of a dense, close -set wood of growing firs inter -
30 inches for large roots. Where spersed with larches which are naturally bare in winter.
A False Forest Set tp to Conceal a German Position.
This illustration, from a German paper, has a special interest as
affording an instance of the painstaking eare the enemy take to con-
ceal their positions of importance. The locality is stated to be in the.
Western war theatre." In order to create a background forthe
h e
the soil is deep enough the roots
should be planted firmly straight
up and down, and should be tet
so deep that the erown barely
of soil from falling in among the
roots. The top of the pit is left
without any soil, so that the heat
may escape more readily until the
next year's seed field, in order to
shorten the haul from pit to plant-
ing place. In this connection, it
might be well to remember that the
planting of the seed roots in spring
time should be done on a cloudy
Excellent Models of fired Roots to Select of the Globe and Interme-
diate types.
seed needed for a crop valued at
x20.000,000 when this seed can be
raised within the country.
The Kind o1 Crop to Grow.
The first problem for the future
seed -grower will be the choice of
kind, Shall he grow mangel,
swede, or carrot seed 1 The answer
to that depends largely upon local-
ity and personal inclination. If a
man prefers to grow mangels, he
will very likely get better results
from seed production . • frome this
crop. It must be, remembered,
however, in growing mangel seed,
that the grower must bein a local-
ity which does not suffer from early
spring or fall frost. Young mangel
shoots are more susceptible to frost'
injury in the spring than are
those of swedes, and as the mangel
seed ripen comparatively late, it is
also more liable to become frost-
bitten in the fall. Carrot seed
ripen veryunevenly, and must be
picked by hand during .a period of
several weeks. This tends to make
the culture rather expensive under
our conditions.. In the majority of
cases, the culture of swede seed will
probably give most satisfaction..
All our cultivated roots are bien-
nials—that is, the first year they
develop a large root, stored full of
food material. The second year this
food is drawn upon to form a fruit-
ing portion and seeds. If a farmer
wishes to grow seeds this year he
must selectroots now .in storage.
These should be large, sound, well-
developed, true to type, and must
possess an uninjured crown. They
should also shave• a smooth surface,
full, rounded tip, .and be free from
prongs. If such roots cannot be
secured in storage, the only thing
to do will be to select :such roots
this fall, and store them in a cool
place, or in a pit this winter, and
plant the same next spring.
stooks until such time as they may
be dry enough for hauling to the
barn. After that they should be
threshed as soon as possible. The
seed is cleaned with the fanning
mill, and with the aid of hand
sieves, and is then spread out in
thin layers. It should be stirred
daily until quite dry to prevent
heating. After that it may be
stored away in bags.
In laying plans to grow his own
root seed, a farmer will want to
know how many roots he will re-
quire. Professor C. A. Zavitz, of
the Ontario Agricultural College,
Guelph, has found, by experiment,
that plants yield on an average as
follows: Mangels, 6.6 oz.; carrots,
2 oz. ; swedes, 4-5 oz.
It would not be too 'much, per-
haps, for a progressive farmer to
plant two or three hundred man-
gels, turnips or other roots. From
these he can obtain seed for hint -
self and his neighbors. Three hun-
dred mangels should produce about
one hundred pounds of good seed,
and, if care is taken in selecting
shapely mother roots for trans-
planting, the quality of the seed
will be much superior to that which
is imported. From The Canadian
Countryman.
and calm day in preference to a
day with bright sun and ` heavy
wind, which tend to dry out the ex-
posed roots, and consequently to
lower the yield of seed.
When and How of Planting.
Roots are naturally cross ferti
lized, and ' different varieties be-
longing to the same kind should
not be planted close to one another.
Mangels should be separated by at
reaches the surface. With long -
shaped varieties, and on shallow
soils, it may be advisable to tilt the
root. Always remember to plant
it as deep as the soil will permit
with the crown reaching the sur-
face. After planting, the root seed
land should be kept cultivated as
long as possible in order to pre-
serve the moisture.
Storage That Gives Results.
Perhaps it would not be out of
place just here to .give a few direc-
tions for the proper storing : of
roots. Seed roots' spoil very easily,
STRANGE WEAPONS IN WAR
DEFEAT OF SCIENCE BY PRI-
MITIVE WEAPONS.
them --a famous boxer—relying only
on his fists, with which he was seen
to lay many a Russian low!
Sword ,and bayonet have had
many rough and ready substitutes
in war, When the Civil War, for
instance, was raging in Great Brit-
ain hundreds of rustles marched to
battle earrying scythes, pruning
hooks, flails, pick and axes and
blacksmith's hammers; and in the
South African war it was said that
some of the enterprising Boers im-
provised bayonets out of broom
handles and swords or daggers.
i-`
TN BUYIN
YEAST CAKES
.eE CAREFUL TO
SPECIFY
'OPAL, 'Mr;
DECLINE SUBSTITUTES,
bealalle e se Gel*
E.W GIL.UITT CO.. LTO.
TORONTO,
WINNIPEG. 'MONTREAL.
HOM
Nourishing School Lunches.
During the period of school life,
there is great activity as well as
constant development and growth
of the body, all of which has to bo
provided for in. eonsidering the
food. If care is not taken at this
time, the foundation is laid for fu-
ture weakness and disease. The
food must be abundant and well
cooked, and all the food principles
should be supplied. Monotony
should be avoided.
The school luncheon takes the
place of the noon meal at home, and
should be substantial and attract-
ive. Many lunches that are now,
discarded would be eaten if they
were attractively arranged. Of all
the containers for earrying lunch
the paper bag is probably the best.
The pasteboard or papier maehe
boxes are hard to keep in a saui-
tary condition. A tin pail is eine.
of the best carriers as it keeps the
food clean, and prevents drying. If
used, it should' be scalded each day.
The thermos lunch box has com-
partments which are very conveni-
ent and a thermos bottle for carry-
ing hot •cocoa, milk or soup. The
first cost is high, hut with good
eare it will last indefinitely. This,
of course, should be aired and
scalded after using. Sandwiches
form a part of every lunch and for-
tunately there are numberless kinds
that may be made. Two kinds may
be made each day; one of meat or
eggs or fish, and the other of some
sweet.
Meat is rather more acceptable
if finely minced and mixed with sal-
ad dressing than if sliced. Fish
may be flaked and mixed with milk,
lemon juice, pimento, or salad
dressing. Cheese may be mixed
with nuts. Green peas, greens, or
baked beans may be mashed and
seasoned, and prunes, figs, raisins
and dates, may be. chopped and
spread alone or with nuts. The
bread for sandwiches can be varied
by the use of nut bread, graham or
oatmeal. The home-made bread is
best ; it should be cut thinly and
spread with creamed butter. Cus-
tards, stewed fruit, junket, rice
pudding, jelly, etc., may be carried
in a small glass jar. Cookies are
more easily carried than cakes, and
there are many varieties that may
be made so that the child will not
tire of them.
A little surprise in the form of
two or three pieces of eandy or an
unusual fruit adds to the interest.
The child should have a fresh pa-
per napkin each day, and every
article should be wrapped in wax-
ed paper so that there may be as
little mixture of odors and flavors
as possible. The children should
be taught to eat slowly, and not al-
lowed to exercise vigorously direct-
ly after eating.—Lillian Randall,
Instructor in Home Economics.
An American Instance.
At least one regiment has gone
into a fierce action armed with
nothing more deadly than feet and
fists; and, what is more remarkable
came out of it almost unscathed. It
was in the American Civil war,
when the Federal movement from
Nashville brought on the sanguin-
ary fight of Murfreesborough. The
44th Mississippi Regiment, which
hadbeen isolated from the camp
through an attack of measles, had
given up their weapons to arm the
shoals of recruits who were pour-
ing up.
When they were ordered into
position for the battle they were ab-
solutely unarmed. and when the
order came "to charge" they rush-
ed at the enemy with "shouts and
fists." So gallantly did they acquit
themselves that when the battle,
was over, nearly every man in the
regiment was found in possession of
weapons which he had wrested from
the enemy or borrowed from a fal-
len friend.
In 1878 a deluge of sticks, stones
and boiling water made the Rus-
sians have cause to remember what
was undoubtedly one of the most
presumptuous things in war. This
was when the great Russian Empire
was set at defiance by the Tekkes
of Turkonien, whose entire popula-
tion—men, women and children—
probably did not exceed 140,000
souls. Thy were able, at least, to
give the Russians a "hot" recep-
tion.
Russians Hotly Received
Their Use in Battle Has Overcome
Highly Armed and Skilled
Forces.
The rifie and the 43 -centimetre
gun have not entirely ousted more
primitive weapons, as reports from
the front constantly remind us. The
Anglo-Saxon, for instance, always
loves to use his fists. One such in-
cident oecurred at Compeigne,
early in the war. The farrier of
the Sixth Dragoons, hearing the
charge sounding, rushed from the
forge, leaped to horse, and •dashed
at the Germans, wielding the ham-
mer with which he had been work-
ing at the anvil with terrible effect
upon the foe.
Among the members of the Lon-
don Scottish whotook part in their
famous charge at_Messines, is. Pri-
vate Gig.
Harvesting and Threshing.
Very often the field does not
ripen quite uniformly, and all the
seed on one and the same plant will
not mature simultaneously. It is
very important, therefore that the
seed be harvested at the right time.
The first formed seed on the lower
part of the seed stook usually
ripens earlier than the rest. This
seed is stronger and more valuable
than the later formed seed, and
the grower should endeavor to se-
cure it before.it falls off. •When
the true seed inside the brownish
cluster on the mangel seed< stock
shows a mealy surface when out
with a knife, the harvest time has
arrived. The:swede seed should be
harvested. when the bottom pods
get brawn on the outside, and the
upper ones become yellowish in
color.
When seed is grown in small
quantities, it is, of comae, possible
to dry the seed stocks by hanging
them up in a well -aired place in the
house or barn.. In this case a sheet•
should be; spread out on the floor
so that no seed will be lost; If a
larger area is planted, the stocks
wary be cured in the field. For this
purpose the seed stocks are tied in
loose sheaves and left in open
"It as in the thick of the
charge," he explained, "when
hand to -hand fighting was at its
height, that my rifle and bayonet
were knocked from my hands. At
the same' moment I found myself
hemmed in by the enemy, three of
whom confronted me with bayonets
fixed. In a fit of desperation I
seized the two outermost bayonets
in my hand and forced them away
from me, immediately ducking and
striking at the third man with my
fists. How I managed. it I do not
know, but the ruse proved success-
ful, and in a few moments I was
back amongst our own men,
though my hands were too badly
cut to allow of my participating
further in the fighting at the time."
The Russian assault upon Geke
Tepe, the Tekke stronghold, took
place on a blazing hot day. As
their infantry charged down the
place' seemed still as the grave;
then, all at once, Hades was let
loose. A gigantic hand-to-hand
struggle developed, in which mod-
ern rifles were of no more use_than
crowbars. The best disciplined
troops in the world became part
and parcel of a howling screeching
rabble. Women fought with sticks
or stones, or threw boiling water
over the attackers. Men rolled to
the ground locked in a grim death
embrace. No one asked for quarter
or gave it. It was the Russians who
eventually turned tail and fled from
the awful scene, leaving their artil-
lery behind. Stones and boiling
water fixed Geke Tepe in the Rus-
sian memory in a very unforget-
able fashion.
Tommy Atkins as Boxer.
Many instances are on record
where Tommy, with only his bare
fists to defend himself, has dealt
out severe punishment to his armed
and fully equipped enemies. Away
back in the 'Crimea we are told of
an exploit which is buttypical of
many othere. An advancing body
of Rusian infantry bore down upon
a gun battery, of which Lieutenant
Miller had charge, when ,he was
without any support. One oast
round was fired, and then bidding
his men "Draw • swards and
charge t" he rode .outunder the
hail of bullets straight into the en-
envy's midst. The gunners followed.
to a man,, somearmed with swords,
others with ramrods, and one of
t c,titrCo? pA `�INI5
Wap TO PONT°.ONT ,p,
H,.tc M�
the peas in the juice. Save the
juice for soups.
"Don't Book peas, string beans,
etc., as they are already cooked.
Simply, lie -at and add butter and
seasoning, if desired.
"Don't open can with a knife oat
a hatchet; get a good can -opener:
"Don't open or use the contents
of any can that is "bulged" or
"bloated" so the ends "swell lout."
A few .cans, account of defective
soldering or faulty tin plate, will
spoil, but they are always guaran-
teed by the canner and the
"swells" are the spoiled ones.
Take back to the grocer and ex-
change for a good one.
"Don't buy the most expensive
canned peas if you want food val-
ue. Those that retail at the high-
est price, the' tiny *nes, are usually
very small, tender, little peas, used
principally for garnishing, and
while extremely tender and eon-
sidered very fine, are really not as
good for family use, considered
from the standpoint of food `i'aiue,
as the medium-prieed peas which
are usually the "Sifted" or size
three.
Absurd as it may appear, the
humble domestic blanket upon one
occasion decided the issue of a bat-
tle and led to the complete rout of
an army. It was a generation ago,
when the Zakui Indians rose in re-
bellion against the Government of
Mexico, and the rebels were at last.
brought ,face to face with the Mexi-
can
dexi-can army. When the Indians ad-
vanced to the attack they sant in
advance covering line of men
earrying a bulwark of wet blankets.
In vain the Mexicans tried to de
troy this barrier with their bullets.
Not a single blanket was penetrat-
ed, and when the Indians were suf-
ficiently near they emerged from.
their shelter and, dashing ,at the
Mexican's, put them to ignonzin-
ious. flight.
Willie was called in from his play
to see his twin sisters. Willie had
neverheard of twins. He turned
to the. nurse. "Who is the other
one for?" he asked:
Potato Meal in Bread -Malting.
Baking experiments to test .the
value of making bread of potato -
meal mixed with wheat flour are
naw being undertaken by the
United States Department of Agri
culture's Bureau of Cheanistry.
This is to test the possibilities at
the potato in the sante manner as
Germany and Austria are now ad-
vising their people to do. The in-
creased cost of living throughout
the world has emphasized the fact
that flour made of other substances
than wheat, or of these . substances
mixed with wheat, might provide
people with healthful food quite as
nutritious as the pure wheat flour.
and at the same time cheaper.
Austrian bakers are now compel-.
led by law to use at least 30 per
cent. potato meal in making their
bread. The Bureau of Chemistry's
potato -meal bread has been baked
with from 25 to 50 per eent. potato -
meal, and the remaining percentage
wheat. The most satisfactory
loaves in combining economy and
appearance were those made with
the minimum percentage allowed in
Austria or less. The loaves made
with more than 30 per cent. potato -
meal were not so ,satisfactory, as
they were, heavier and less attrac-
tive in form. The bread has a
rather coarse texture and dark ap-
pearance, but possesses a distinc-
tive and agreeable flavor. It also
retains moisture for a muoh longer
period than ordinary wheat bread.
The Bureau of Chemistry used
the imported "potato flake" in
some experiments, and in others
meal made by slicing, milling and
drying potatoes on a. small scale in.
its laboratories. It should be add-
ed that such ordinary "potato
flour" as is on our Amercian mar-
kets is not the same .as the Ger-
man "potato flake" or W,alzmehl,
which has given such satisfactory
results in the experiments.
The question has been raised a;
to whether the ordinary cooked po-
tato might not be satisfactorily
substituted, for the prepared pota-
to -meal. The experimenters be)
Neve that it might serve the same
purpose if used in just the same
proportion, but this would be diffi-
cult for tke average housewife to
determine, at., there is great dan-
ger of using too much and produc=
mg a very soggy loaf. However, the
custom of adding a very little po-
tato is already used by many
housekeepers •to keep their bread
moist, and this practice can very
well be recommended for more gen
enol use.
How to Use Canned Goods.
There are a few_. things every
housewife should know about the
canned goods which she uses on
her table:
Among these, according to Eliza-
beth B. Kelley of the agricultural
extension service in home econo-
mics of the 'University of Wiscon-
sin, are the sanitary conditions un-
der which the goods are put up;
whether or not she is saving herself
labor at the cost of sweat -shop
practices of other women; and how
to buy and use canned goods in or-
der to get the largest return for
the money.
Following are a few rules which
will. be of help to 'the housewife in
the purchasing, ,storing and use of
canned articles.
"Don't buy a single can at a
time ; you can always .save money
by buying by the dozen calls or
ease.
"Don't store in a damp plaoe, on
accouan't of rusting, or where the
temperature is either 'extremely hot
or ,cold. Freezing injures the con
si,stency and flavor and may break
the ,scall of the an. The average
basement is all right.
"Don't let contents stand in the
tin ,after at is opened. Should be
emptied into glass for chins dish if
to be :served without preparation,
or into ,saucepan if to be heated.
"Don't pour the, liquor off the
peas or other vegetables,; the best
af'the flavor xs in the juice. Warm
Some Timely Mats.
Have you ever tried (if your fain
ily is large and your kitchen sink
small) using an oval :tin foot tub
instead of the orthodox round dish
pan4
punched in the bottom as a soap
saver, in place of the boughb wire
oneAnstordinary tin can, with a hods,
'Scalding out tin syrup cans (the
sort 'that have fitted tops) and tai
ing them to keep such things at
rice, 'barley, hominy,beans, etc.
Using evaporated fruits --apples,
pehes, apricots—in place of
freshacones for duff, d.un►pliagsthec
pies, and brown Betty?
Washing the kitchen floor, the
surbase, and 'the frame work about
the sink with lye, at the first app'
eosin of thosepests, water bugs
p g 1 th9
or roaches/ Be sure to ap,p y
solution with a brush ;and ,doll's led
it touch the hands,