The Wingham Advance-Times, 1944-03-16, Page 1WINGHAM, ONTARIO, THURSDAY, MARCH 16th, 1944 Single Copies Five Cents. Sabsoriptions $2,00 Per Yew
With Which Is Amalgamated The Carrie Vidette and Wroxeter News,
St. Patrick's Tea
St. Paul's Ladies' Guild will serve
an afternoon. tea in the Parish Room
of the, church on Saturday, March 18,
from 3.30 to 6 p.m.
Eastern Star Euchre
Will be held in the Oddfellow's
Hall, Friday, April 14th. Proceeds
for patriotic purposes. Keep this date
in mind.
Play at Bluevale March 16th
In Bluevale United Church base-
ment on Thursday evening, this week,
March 16th, at 8.30 p.m., there will be
presented 'by the Walton U.F.W.O.
a three-act play entitled, "A Ready
Made Family." Caine and enjoy this
play and help the Y.P.U. Admission
25c. Note date, Thursday evening this,.
week.
Father Passes In England
Mr. jack - Wickstead, 3rd line of
Morris, received a cable on Friday
informing him that his father, John
Wickstead, had passed away -at his
home in Newport, Shropshire, Eng-
land. Mrs, Wickstead and the late Mr.
Wickstead celebrated their 57th wed-
ding anniversary on 21st of last month.
Jack came to Canada in 1920 and has
been home but once since that time, in
1929,
Nephew Had Narrow Escape
Mrs. Edgar Pattison's nephew, W.
0, Percy M. Brown of Toronto, had
a very narrow escape from burning to
death when a plane crashed on a small
Scottish island. The plane when forc-
ed to land hit a stone wall and bounc-
ed off into a flock of sheep, killing 20
of them, He was thrown from the
plane with his clothes .blazing and a
couple of airmen nearby 'rolled him on
the ground extinguishing the flames,
but not -before he was badly burned
about the face and arms. He was re-
patriated this inorith. The -pilot and
navigator were killed,.
GREETINGS FROM
PRISON CAMP
YMr, and Mrs, Al. Orvis received a
card front Pit, Sgt. Charles B, Dau-
phin who is a prisoner of war in Ger-
many saying he wished to be retnetn,
bered to all 'the folks of Whtghani.
We surely are pleased to pass this
message along. Charlie was a mem.
het of the staff of Canada Packers
here for some time. 'st
The regular monthly meeting of the
W, C. T. U. was held at the home of
Mrs. A, Cosens, In the absence of
Miss Purdy, due to the death" of her
brother, Mrs. Lucas, vice-president,
presided over the meeting. The open-
ing hymn was "On Christethe Solid
Rock", Miss Bunyan then led in
prayer. The scripture reading was
taken by Mrs, E, Wilkinson reading
from Galations 6th chapter, 1st 10
verses and Galations 5th chapter 14
verse. .The secretary then read the
report of the last-meeting and Mrs.
E. Wilkinson gave the treasurer's re-
port. Offering was then received.
Mrs. Lucas introduced Miss Bunyan
of Grace Chapel Mission to the mem-
bers, after which they sang a duet en-
titled "Follow Me". A hymn "The
Ninety and Nine" ,a favorite of [Mrs.
Cosens, was sung by all. Mrs. Lucas
then read a hymn, very fitting for the
W. C. T. U. work, after which all
sang two verses of "Take Time to be
Holy".
The guest speaker of the afternoon
was Rev. E. O. Gallagher, rector of
St. Paul's Anglican Church, The topic
of his speech was "The- Darkness that
fell upon the Nation." He stated that
liquor was such a stumbling block.
It was a social evil. How it affects
the welfare of the whole community
life.
Mrs. Lucas thanked Mr. Gallagher
on behalf of the members for his
splendid and helpful remarks.
Mrs. Lucas asked for a short season
of Prayer with Mrs. Edwards and
Mrs. Jno. Falconer taking part after
which Mrs. Cosens read a very helpful
poem to the Christian life entitled—
"Back to the Fold." The closing
hymn was sung, "Toiling on" and Rev.
Gallagher closed in prayer.
Passed Music Examinations
The following pupils of A. 0.W. And-
erton were successful in their mid-
winter examination, Toronto Conserv-
atory of Music: J. Hall, honors, grade
8 piano; A. L. Thompson, 1st class
honors and M. L. Porteous, honors,
grade 2, Theory. Congratulations.A
Bluevale Couple To Celebrate
Golden Wedding
Mr. and Mrs. James B. Kerney of
Bluevale, will. celebrate their 50th
Wedding Anniversary on Tuesday,
March 21st. They will be at home to
their friends and neighbours from 3
to 5 in the afternoon and from 7 to 9
in the evening.
Coco-Cola Donated To Clinic
,''The Stratford Bottling Company in
co-operation with the Coco-Cola Com-
pany are supplying a bottle of coco-
cola to each blood donor at the next
clinic which is being held here on
March 22nd, They will also supply
a cooler so that the drink will b e of
the proper temperature.
Large Egg
y Archie Jones, who resides Oil the B
,Line, Turnberry, has a hen that is
making a great effort to increase pro-
duction. On Saturday it laid an egg
that measured 9 inches around one
way and 7 24 inches the other. Its
length was 3% inches, and the weight
was 6 ounces. The egg as will be
noted from the measurements was of
a rounded shape.
Now With Selective Service
Ai'Mr. Harold Garlick., who was man-
ager of the Walker Store here for a
number of years and who went to Kin-
cardine about five years ago, has re-
signed his position as manager of the
Stedman Store in the Lakeshore town
to assurne the position of assistant
manager of the Walkerton office of
the Unemployment Insurance and
Selective Service Commission4 Har-
old's friends here will wish him every
success. According to the Kincardine
News Mrs. Garlick, Doreen and David
Will continue ,to reside in Kincardine
for the time 'being,
LEGION MEETING
HERE ON SUNDAY
Zane Meeting Will Be Feld In The
Council Chambers 'Mardi 19th
The annual Legion Zone meeting
for this district will be held in the
Council Chambers here at 2,80 a'cloek,
Sunday afternoon next, March 19th,
/t is endeted 'that all branches of
the zones will be represented, forty
delegates in all.
McGee closed the meeting with prayer. :Church to do relief inspection work
under the American Advisory Con-t
mittee. Mr. Mitchell emphasized the
fact that in war-torn China, Christ's
work is still being carried on by native
Christian pastors and leaders. He told
of the Church of Christ in China
formed for all Christian groups and
working among the refugees in one
Christian fellowship. The' Japanese
have occupied many Christian mission
stations which are now left with ' no
support. In spite of this, at one place
refugees from Canton and Hong Kong
established a mission and finally, with
some outside asaistance, built a church
and purchased a piano. The service
is conducted by th e refugees them-
selves, partly in Chinese and partly in
English. Thus, Christ is the bond of
contact, holding all together and in
the darkness of China, many bright
lights are shining. At the evening
a green strip running from the tip service Mr. Mitchell showed a series
of,the petal down into the throat. of pictures taken in China 'before and
Othel• lilies of this variety have be-' (hiring the war.
fore had two stalks but as a rule when
St ANDREW'S
MARCH MEETING
Interesting Passage From Study Book
Reviewed
The March meeting of the Women's
-Missionary Society of St, Andrew's.
Presbyterian Church, was held at the
home of the' Misses Graham,
The president, Mrs. W. A. Russel,
:presided and offered the invocation.
After singing a hymn, Mrs. Godkin
led in prayer from the Glad Tidings.
Mrs. D. Rae read a chapter from the
devotional study book, "Why only half
-the Job". Mrs, H. V. Pym read the
scripture lessons, Matthew, chapter 16:
.142 and Luke, chapter 12: 5449.
The Welcome and Welfare secretary
'reported making 20 visits to sick and
shut-ins. Mrs. P. D. King gave a
paper "The Grave in' the Garden",
The offering was received and dedi-
cated in prayer by Miss B. Graham.
Mrs. W. J. Henderson gave a paper
'from the. Missionary Study Book, "As
British Guiana looks to-day, planting
the church." This dealt with the ap-
pointment of the first missionary to
British Guiana.
After singing of a hymn Mrs. H. F.
fiRAHAM HOUSEHOLD
HAS FINE LILY
Beautiful Amaryllis Has Eight
Blooms
An Amaryllis of exceptional beauty
is on display at the Graham home on
John street. This type of lily is, when
in 'bloom, a beautiful plant but the
plant we are writing about is except-
1 ional in other ways than that. From
the bulb has grown two stalks and
each of them is crowned with four
flowers. One stalk is about six inches
longer than the other. The, flowers
are of a peach shade deepening in
colour to salmon and each flower has
this happens one stalk does not de-
velope properly and thus withers.
This plant has these two healthy
flowering stocks. It is over ten years
"old and this is the first time that it
has put on such a show.
91st Birthday On Thursday
Mr. John Nichol will have his 91st
birthday on Thursday this week,
March 16th. Mr. Nichol is not enjoy-
ing very good health so no celebration
is being held. Friends wish for him
much better health during the next
year,
Three Cubs Invested
Three new members were received
into the Wingham Cub Pack March
13, having passed their preliminary
tests: Jim Seddon,' Donald Meehan
and Bervie Skinn: The investiture was
' conducted by„ Rev, E. 0. Gallagher,
and the three new cubs were' given
three cheers and the Grand Howl by
the Pack.
NOTICE REGARDING
THE MAILING LIST
Corrections Made On List Up To
Saturday Night
The Advance-Times mailing list has
been corrected up to an including Sat-‘
urday last Week, March 11th. A great
many labels have been changed and
we request that -you examine your
label to see that it is dated properly.
If it is not please notify this office aS
soon as possible. If you find that
your label reads in arrears an early
settlement will be greatly appreciated.
Rationing of newsprint will n6t al-
low us to increase the number of
papers we print so it is of Increasing
importance that all subscriptions are
paid in advance. We ask your do-
operation in this regard. If your label
reads March '44 your subscription is
due; if your label is dated prior to
that time you are in arrears, There
are still a number of subscribers who
are in arrears and we ask that arott give
this matter your immediate attention,
Papers that are addressed to sol-
diers overseas must be paid hi advance
Recording to regulations, /telatives
and friends who are sending the Ad.,
vance.Tintes overseas will please note
this over which we have no
COMA.
•11'
MORE BLOOD DONORS
ARE REQUIRED NOW
11.th Blood Donor Clinic Will Be Held
On Wednesday, Marsh 22nd
Another Red Cress Blood Donor
Clinic will be held in the 'Council
Chambers here, on Wednesday morn-
ing, March 22nd. This will be the
11th such clinic held here.
Th e committee in charge of this
very important work are again request-
ing all those not registered 'for blood
donations to do so at once as more
donors are urgently required,
The importance of blood plasma in
the saving of the lives of our wounded
soldiers cannot be stressed too great-
ly. If you have ,not yet registered
leave your name at McKibbon's or at
the Red Cross rooms.
Youc donation may be the means of
saving the life of one of our soldiers,
airmen or sailors. Do not delay, reg-
ister to-day.
SMALL'S RINK ARE
CURLING CHAMPS
Won On Extra End From Gibson's
Rink
In the finals of the round robin
play-offs at the Curling rink Monday
evening Ed. Small's rink won from
Harry Gibson's rink on an extra end,
Harry was one up going home but
Ed. tied it up and won out on an
extra end.
In the semi-final series Small's
rink put Donald Rae's rink out in two
games making the third game unnec-
essary. Gibson's rink put 0. Hasel-
grove's crew out by winning two out
of three. Omar won th e first game
but Harry came through winning the
other two.
The rinks in the finals were: Jack
Fryfogle, Bill Henderson, C. Blatch-
ford, Ed. Small, skip; Miller Davis,
Percy Stainton, Ronald Rae, Harry
'Gibson, skip.
MASQUERADE DANCE
AT ROYAL T MAR. 17
A St. 'Patrick's Masquerade Dance
will -be held at Royal T on Friday
evening, March 17th, to the music of
Sangster's orchestra. New and old
time dancing from 10 to 2. Admission
35c each.
Tea Friday at Parsonage
The Woman's Missionary Society
of Wingham United Church will hold
a St. Patrick's Tea in the Parsonage
on Friday afternoon, March 17, from
3 until 6 o'clock. All women are
cordially invited.
INTERESTING ADDRESS
GIVEN TO LIONS CLUB
Capt. T. L. Torrance Told Of The
Invasion Of Sicily
A regular Lions luncheon was held
at the Queens Coffee Shop on Friday
evening last. Guests of the Club were
Capt. Thomas Torrance„ Mr; Clifford
Machan, Mr. Stafford Bateson and Mr.
Hobdcn, manager of the Bank of
Commerce. All were welcomed by
president Harley' Crawford.
Lion Harold Pym led in singing
with Lion Bill Connell at the piano.
Some of the latest songs were tried
out with success. President Harley
Crawford introduced Capt. Torrance
as the guest speaker of the evetting,
Capt. Torrance spoke on the subject
of Medical Services in Sicily and Italy.
He stressed the importance of the
preparatory training in Britain. Beauti-
ful clear weather prevailed during the
trip' to' Sicily, Once ashore the' troops,
met with very little opposition for a
time and he told of many amusing
incidents. At one stage a battalion of
Italian troops approached their unit
and wished to surrender. They were
advised to go on until they found a
fighting unit when they could sur-
render,
Many of the Sicilian towns were
found to be in a filthy condition, In
many cases hospital work was tarried
on in olive groves in preference to
buildings in towns. I-1e commented
upon the great number of children in
'evidence. He described the medical
ambulance Set tip and told of the great
value' of blood plasma in treating the
Wetttidett; Sulfa drugs were used hi
(Continued on page seven)
MAITLAND PRESBYTERY
HELD MEETING HERE
Maitland and Huron Presbyteries To
Amalgamate
A meeting of the Maitland Presby-
tery was held in St. Andrew's Church
here last week with Rev. Dr. W. 0.
Rhoad of Ashfield presiding,
The Presbyter/ of Maitland looks
forward to union with the Presbytery
of Huron which will be consummated
in St. Andrew's Church, Wingham,
the second Tuesday of May.
It was decided to ask the Presby-
tery of Bruce to supply Bervie from
Glamis.
The 60th Anniversary of Maitland
Presbyterial is being held in south
Kinloss Church on MI. 16th. The
Presbytery decided to ask Rev. C. H.
MacDonald of Lucknow, to bring
greetings to the Presbyterial from
Maitland Presbytery, This honour
was given to Mr. MacDonald as he
was born at Teeswater which is with-
in the confines of the Presbytery and
the Presbyterial and as he is the only
minister serving in the Presbytery
with this distinction.
The Presbytery nominated Dr. Nor-
man McEachren of the Presbyterian
Publications as moderator of the Gen,
eral Assembly. The Assembly will
convene in- June at Toronto. The
Presbytery also nominated Rev. Dr.
H. H. Turner as moderator of the
Synod.
It was decided by the Presbytery to
oppose the idea of a divinity school
in connection with McGill University,
Montreal.
The following were appointed com-
missioners to the General Assembly,
Rev. John Pollock, Rev. S. M. Scott
of Kincardine as ministers, and an
elder from Kincardine and South Kin-
loss.
The Presbytery 'nominated the fol-
lowing, Rev. S. M. Scott, of Kincar-
dine, Rev, Kenneth MacLean of Wing-
ham, Rev. C., H. MacDonald of Luck-
now, also Mr. Pickering, elder at
Lucknow, as a committee to make
nominations for the assembly standing
committees.
Rev. H. F. Dann of South Kinross
reported that the Presbytery are $300
ahead in its givings to the budget as
compared with the same time last
year.
Rev. C, EL MacDonald reported on
Church Life and Evangelism stating
especially that the booklet "Every
Day" has been well received by the
churches of the Presbytery. •
Rev. C. M. Scott reported regarding
remits especially the remit which has
to do with co-ordinating the various
educational services of the church.
Dr. Rhoad was invited to preach at
South Kinloss and Kinlough. next Sun-
day in the interest of Missionary work.
It was reported to the meeting that
the Synod will meet in Alexandra
Church, Brantford, ,commencing the
last Monday in April.
MISSIONARY SPOKE
TO THE MINISTERS
The Wingham and District Minis-
terial Association held its March meet-
ing, on Monday afternoon, being the
guests of Rev. W .A. and Mrs. Bee-
croft. Rev. William Mitchell, recently
returned missionary from China, gave
a splendidly informative address on
the ,political and social and religious
background of the Chieese situation.
The appfociatiort of the members was
presented -by Rev. E. 0. -Gallagher.
Following the meeting Mrs. Beecroft
served a delightful lunch. Th e next
meeting is set for April 3, at St, Paul's
Rectory,
0
TOWN WIDE fiARBAfiE
COLLECTION SOON •
Council To Institute Garbage Collec-
tion Starting: March 27
For some time now Wingham Town
Council has had under advisement the
instituting of a town wide system of
garbage collection. At a recent meet-
ing the Street committeti were instruc-
ted to make the necessary arrange-
ments, At a meeting (held on Monday
morning the final details were aim-
pleted and Ott Monday, March 27th,
garbage collection will be started for
all citizens of the town,
Onpage 5 is an advertisement
which ekplaitts the days of collection
for the various areas and gives other
instructions, Clip this' advertisement
for reference,
RED CROSS DRIVE IS
WELL OVER THE TOP
Objective Exceeded By Over $1000
With a Few Returns Not In, Total
Now is $7508.00
Wingham. District has once again
'demonstrated that they not only meet
their obligations but that they go over
the top in a big way, Jn the Red
Cross drive that is almost completed
the objective has been -beaten by over
$1,000 and there are a few returns
still to be made, The amount sub-
scribed to date is $7508.00 which is
$1,008 more than the quota of $6500.
The final returns it is hoped will be
seedy for publication next week and
those who have not completed their
canvass are urged by the commitee to
do so at once so that the books may
be closed as soon as possible.
The final returns for the campaign
last year amounted to $7203.18, thus
the district this year did' even better
than the record set last year.
FLUE RICHARD IRWIN
BACK FROM OVERSEAS
Word Received That He Has Arrived
In Ottawa
Mr. and Mrs. J. 'Herson Irwin, 10th
Concession of East Wawanosh, receiv-
ed a wire on Saturday from their son,
Flight Lieutenant Richard Irwin, that
he has arrived back from overseas and
was in Ottawa, On Sunday they re-
ceived a telephon e message that he
wOuld arrive home soon. \ •
Dick arrived in England last June
and then was sent to Iceland where
he was on coastal patrol duty until
December when he went back to Eng-
land. His arrival back in Canada was
a pleasant surprise for his relatives
and.friends7k-
He was a student at Wingham High
School prior to enlistment and since
his enlistment in the R,C.A.F. had
made rapid progress as his present
rank signifies.
RED CROSS LIST IS
TO BE PUBLISHED
As soon as possible after the close
of the Red Cross campaign the 'lists
of those who have subscribed will be
published in full. The task of making
up the list after the drive is over will
take a while but as soon as completed
will be published. Any canvassers
who have not completed their coverage
of their disrtict will kindly do so as
speedily as possible. If anyone has
been missed you may leave your don-
ation with Mr. Gammage at the Dom-
inion Bank or at the Advance-Times
office.
BLYTH COUPLE HAD
GOLDEN WEDDING
Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Noble 50 Years
Married March 14th
Mr, and Mrs, Thomas Noble of
Blyth celebrated their golden wedding
at the home of their son-in-law, Mr.
Clarence Rath, 6th Concession of
East Wawanosh, on Saturday last.
Their wedding anniversary date is
March 14th btit the celebration was
held on the 11th so' that all the family
could be present.
Mr. and Mrs. Noble were -both born
in Hullett and after their marriage
March 14th, 1894, they resided on the
5th of East Wawanosh until 9 years
ago when they retired to Blyth, At
present they are enjoying fairly good
health.
Present at the celebration were
their two daughters and their only
son, Mrs, Bert (Hazel) Wiggins of
Brantford; Mrs. Clarence (Birdetta)
Rath, at whose home the party was
held; Roy, who resides on the home-
stead, In attendance also were their '
five grandshildretf and a number of
neighbours and friends.
The celebration took the forth of a
chicken dinner at the noon hour with
about 20 present. The table was dec-
orated in gold and white and centred
with a three-storey wedding cake with
gold and white
Following the dinner Mr. and Mrs.
Nebie were presented with numerous
gifts and their grandchildren staged
short program. Cards were enjoyed
and their was much conversation about
the old times spent in the neighbor-
hood,
NEW RATION BOOKS
TO BE DISTRIBUTED
Volunieers For. This . Work Needed.,
Books. Will Be Given Out Week
Of March 26th
The secretary, W. A. Galbraith, of
the Local Ration Board informs us
that volunteers to assist with the issu-
ing of the New Ration Books are
needed. Anyone who can assist with
this activity will they please get in
touch with Mr. Galbraith at the town;
hall.
The distribution of the hooks will
take place the week of March 26th to
April 1st. The dates and places of
distribution for the various centres of
this district will" be published next
week. About 12,000 books will be
issued in this area.
The fact that the new books do not
contain a card to be filled in by the
consumer before he obtains further
books by mail does not mean that the
No. 4 ration book will be the last to
be, issued: It is pointed out by the
authorities that this page was omitted
as means of conserving paper.
THESE HENS WENT ON
-PRODUCTION SPREE
Flock of Hens Laying Large Size
Eggs
Mr. and Mrs. Allen Ramsay, 1st
line of Morris, have a flock of hybrid
rock-leghorns that are doing their very
best to produce to the limit and thus,
help the war situation.
These hens go in for large eggs and
we have eight of them in our office
that weigh 26 ounces, and they aver-
age 314 inches in length and six inches
around the largest part. the eggs
produced by this flock are not as large'
as this but many are. They are so,
big- that they will not go into 'the
sections in a crate. They make won-
derful eating also, we tried them out
and they have a fine flavour. "It
CURLERS WON THIRD
PRIZE AT SARNIA
The local rink that took .part in the
Sarnia bonspeil on Monday, won all
their games to take third prize. Their
three wins did not carry a high enough
plus to knock off first place. The
rink was Ed. Nash, Omar Haselgrove,
Jim Carr, Jr., Donald Rae, skip.
To Observe Mothering Sunday
Mothering Sunday (mid-lent) will
be observed in St, Paul's church on
Sunday. An appeal has been sent out
to all members to be present in Mother
Church on Mothering Sunday. , Fol-
lowing the evening service a Fireside
Hour will be held in the Parish Room,
and a programme contributed by Mr.
and Mrs, Donald Robertson and Mr..
Fred Templemen.
DETROIT FLYING ACE
WELL KNOWN HERE
Sergt. George E. Moffat in Plane That
Led Raid on Berlin
The following .is a portion of an
article which appeared in the Detroit
News and which will be of interest to
our local readers as it is written about
Sergi:, Moffat who is a grandson of
Mrs. R. J. Tindall and a nephew of
John J. Moffat.
Staff Sergt. George E. Moffat,
whose home is at 551 Neff road,
Grosse Pointe, was the ball turret
gunner on the plan that led Saturday's
daylight raid on Berlin. That makes
Moffat the first man from Detroit
area to fly over the German capital
in a bomber.
While the destination was new to
Sergt. Moffat and the rest of the
American bombers, raids over Europe
are an old story to him, He has com-
pleted more than a Seel% of such mis-
sions, winning in the process the Air
Medal with three( Oak Leaf clusters.
and the Distinguished Flying Cross.
The DFC was awarded to him for his
feat in knocking down two German
fighters in a single engagement.
Sergt. Moffat is 20 years old and the
son 'of Mr, and Mrs. George W. Mof-
fat. He was graduated front Grosse
Pointe .High School itt 1942, and in
October he entered the Army. 11e
trained in the Air Gunnery School at
Las Vegas, Nev., and went to Eng.
land last. September:,.
REV, GALLAHER SPOKE.
TO THE 141 , C. T. U.
Interesting Meeting Was Held At The
Home of Mrs, A, Cosens
MISSIONARY SPOKE
AT UNITED CHURCH
Rev. W. H. Mitchell Recently Return-
ed From China, Preached At Both
Services Sunday
•
Rev. W. H. ;Mitchell, missionary
from China, spoke at both services in
Wingham United Church on Sunday
and told many of his experiences in
China during the wart years. Mr.
Mitchell and his family (his wife be-
ing Dr. Helen Craw, daughter of Rev.
R, W. Craw, formerly of Lucknow
United Church) arrived recently in
Canada after a most adventurous
journey from China by air, sea and
land. At one time the ship upon
which they were sailing took fire at
sea and the passengers had to be taken
Off in small boats. Mr. Mitchell Ives
connected with the United Chfirch
mission in North Honan, where he
had 5000 members of the Christian
church, but was driven out by the
Japanese invasion,
He then went to Free. China and
worked with the Red Cross securing
and transporting [drugs and medical
supplies for the bombed areas. While
there, he was loaned by the. United