HomeMy WebLinkAboutThe Wingham Advance, 1919-09-11, Page 7Measuring
Intellect
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(PhiladelPhia Reeerd,)
MoSuring the mental quiedifIcatiene
or the drafted men, that their assign -
Meta reign, be made on lines commen-
surate with their fitness, was one ot
. the most exacting duties of the army,
wen the plan of procedure was guarded
with the utmost secrecy until the lift-
ing of the Veil. It called for the ad-
vice and guidance or the most skillful
Psechololgiste, as tests had to be de-
vieed in a burry to properly elassify
suett arieportranie field of material, so
fte to make it pess'ble to select men for
coinnaissions and special lines of ser-
vto. These tests were made in all
the Canine Med the results carefully
noted and communicated to the War
Department. It was the greatest ee-
Petinlent ever undertaken in the range
o psycnology, and the work was so
etlietly conducted as to attract but lit-
tle attention aside from the mee whci
Were called up for the tests.
The tDivision of Psycleology, Medical
Department of the Army, in charge of
Major Robert 'in, Yerkes, did tine im-
portant work. That it was a real
task On be realized when it is known
thet net less than .1,500,00 men wee
exaixtined and given grades.
In the beginning Many leading psy-
choolgists of the country were called to
Washington for a conference with tlie
*Mors in charge of the mental clasei-
fiehtton of Unele Sam's hastily -assem-
bled fighting forces. These experts Un-
dertook to measure human intelligettne
by the wholesale, and as time was all
important, there was no delay in work -
Ing eut a series of tests. When the
?len wan completed it was tried on
several thousand men and a sharp
watch was maintained on its operatiiin
all the while. These tests were sub-
Ject to quick changes, wherever ex-
Dereeence or a further study of the pro-
blem necessitated. A psychological
staff examined about 2,000 men per
day, and within the next twenty -fear
holirs would have the ratings restilY
for the personnel office. This was of
tbe greatest importance when it cola
to eelecting men for comrnissioae
Where they would have to lead, think
elnekly and be of sufficient force to
contraand, and it was likewise import-
ant! in the determination of fitness for
other grades beow the rank of second
lieutenant.
FRENCH PRINCIPLE FOLLOWED
The general principle of the method
selected by the army was devised by a
lerenchtnan named Binet, who devised
it eriginally for the mental testing of
chiclren, Following a wide range of
experithentetion, Binet demonstrated
its success. ,Six grades of intelligence
were medd the groundwork for the
tests. In the first place, it was de-
sired t get the inherent powers of the
mind; the amount of education ac -
mitred by the subject, instead of be-
ing a primary requisite, as in the cus-
tomary old school method, was but of
secondary importance here,
It happened ite some case e that a
man who had never explored the edu-
cational realm beyond the perplexitise
of the eighth grade, showed himself
Just as good material for shoulder de-
corations as the tollege men wait) had
worked and studied hard for their de-
grees., ;The highest grade was "vere
superior intelligence," and then in the
order ria,med came "superior intern-
getice," "high average iatelligence,"
"a,verage intelligence," "lone+ aVerage
ihtelligence," and "inferior" and "very
inferior intelligence,"
The first tests were applied to three
*Ulcers' training schools, where all
candidates who scored as high a per-
centege as C plus were passed, except
8.65 per Nene Of those who fell below
C Plus 513.27 -per cent. were elirainated-.
an a school, for non-commissioned of-
ficers 18.0 per cent. cf those who
scored 0 in the mental test were
eliminated, Of those who fell below
C the percentage of elimination was
62.41. This will show the importance
that was attached to the phychological
phase•of the examitation. and explains
why •a high showing enabled the appli-
Cants to successfully pass the other
tests required by the regulations pre-
ceding advancement. The phychol-
• gical test called fer quick thought
on the part of those who encountered
It, and it was not alWaye the college
•graduate who could rattle off the an
-
ewers without time and deep thought.
THREE SYSTEMS OP CLASSIFY -
There were three systems in use for
classifying men for tne mental grades,
kinewn as "Alpha,'" "Beta" and Indi-
vidual." Alpha, was designed for men
who could read and write English un-
derstanclingly. Beta for foreignere
and illiterates, while the individual
was a system of tests to determine
what should be done with the failuree
in the Beta, class, and in this cotinec-
- tion some rather startling data was
gathered by the psychologents of the
It was the large percentage of na.:
tiveborti Americans who had to be
placed in the Beta and even in the
next ore welidigh hopeless category,
et, was also discovered that illiteraen
Was by no Meatis confined to the
+foreign:40m and the neggoes; the
white Men examined presented a re-
cord that astonished the examining of-
ficers,
The figures for the period frofn
April 7, 1918, to the Mad of the exam-
ination, covering 28 Main canape and
laeluding 1,552,256 men, showed that
180,196 had to be sent to the Beta,
cleee, as unable to read or write -the
%uglier' langttage. The total illiteracy
constitated 24.0 per cent, of the entire
tUltiber. be higheet percentage was
reported frofil Camp Sherman. with
4L8, tend the Rawest from Camp Lewia.
-with 13 per cent. In one draft on New
York State, on May 23, 1918, there
Vete 8963 Med examined, Of Wheeri
'1484 Were claesed-ag illiterate, or 16,6
per cent. Lett July a draft of 961 men
front South Carolina shoWed that 487
were unable to read or write, making
an illiteracy percentage of 49.3. A
large -draft Trona elinnesota, a few slays
jitter, showed an illiteracy of 14.2 per
tent.«
SOME Ael'AZtN'el, PIGMIES. -
I The South Carolina figures Were so
notating that a. recheek was ordered.
LiJ
Cook's Cotton Root Compound,
A to, row/. IrtPaktilaO
oardicote. 01,1141 in tides dts,
NA Of itttenth.410. i*I;
e. 2. $.,; No. 3, *6 pt.t. box.
iI b lt draireigtkorotat
tworript et
laphL. Addrels
Oki"( filittlett41,064
r,ogt, tftwely MAW.)
which, if auytbiug, made the
Owing worse, One company of 177
meit contained 109 who declared them -
Selves unable to read and write. An-
other surprising discovery was teat
In some of the States the percentage
of Illiteracy among the negroee was
lower thins Among the wialte eelec-
tives. Another interesting discovery
wee that it very large per vote—more
than DO—of the foreign -born, who
'Wore educated in their owu language,
could also read and write the language
of their adopted country. The great-
est percentage of illtteracy fond
among the negroes a virginta Was 40.
These figaree were given by the
Surgeon General's office of the arnay
recently, itt cannection with the
Smitheitarilthead A•moricaniza tion
bill, aiming to emir° co-operattott be-
tween the Federal Itureal of Education
and the •States in bringing the Eng -
Ilse language and citizenship to na-
tive illiterate and non-Englieheepeaks
ing persons. ComMenting on the fig,
tires presented from the 28 canape, the
arnty report said: "It is obvioue that
%%bout a more definite measure of
literacy and a more Uniform standard
for the separation of groups, any
detailed statements are imposeible;
Yet it is equally obvious that these
measures, though rough 'and varied,
do indicate general conditions of seri-
ous public concern."
PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS.
In the progress of the psychological
tests ,the Work went ahead at a rapid
rate, once the Alpha, Betas arid in-
dividuals were given their classifica-
tions, and the psychologists recovered
from the various shocks, following
wtolesale announcements from, na-
tine-born Aniericans that the three
Rs had never been communicated to
them, either within or without the
little red echoolhottee. Mot of the
questions, even the simplest, had been
prepared with soMe purpose In view
beside the obvious one. An illustration
ef this is shown • in No. 5, which
read: "if a regiment is bigger' than
a company, then put a ere& in the
first circleif not, draw a line under
the word "No," This was palpably a
"catch," but many who knew better
drew a line under the word "No,"
width made them say that a com-
pany was bigger than a regiment, If
they were given time to go over their
answers most of them, no doubt,
would discover the mistake and cor-
rect it, but time is too exacting and
element, and mental faculties must be
alwaye under control in men, both in
military and civil life.
Test 2 deals with 20 examples, etart-
ing out with such a simple one as the
total of 40 and 60 guns and ending
with thie one, which felled many of
the 'calculators:
"A commission home, which had al-
ready eupplied 1897 barrels of apples
to a cantonment, delivered the re-
mainder of its stock to 28 mess halls.
Of this remainder each mese hall re-
ceived 47 barrels. What was the total
number of barrels supplied?" .
Teat 3 was designed as an exhibit
of common sense. One of the questions
will serve to illustrate how a man,
even though capable in most ways,
might be taken off his guard. One of
these was as follows:
"If plants are dying for lack of rain,
you should—
"Water them e
"Ask a florisee advice?
"Put fertilizer around them?"
It is needlese to add that all of the
men did not suggest water as the re-
medy for the plants.
The examination accomplished its
purpose, however .It separated from
the great army of prospects the men
who were quick-witted and who could
without the slightest embarroemeut,
give their answere and spot the
"catches." •
NO EMBARGO
ON HUN TOYS
Sir Auckland Geddes Re-
fuses the Demand.
Germany Must Get Trade or
Go Under,
London Cable—Sir Auckland Clod-
ce
des, Minister of National Servie and
Reconstruction, informed a de tenon
• of toy -makers to -day that tile Govern-
ment declined to adopt the po icy of a
three years' embargo on any imported
goods.
The Government infornietion was,
he said, that Germany bad only a
email accumulation of manufactured
„goods ready for t xport. eloreover,
the cosi of manufacture in Germane'
was rising enormously ,and Germane
was pitifully short of raw material and
coal.'
The Minister believed that there
was nothing to fear from German com-
petition, Germany was trembling on
the verge of collapse, and unless ghe
could get her trade under way she
must sink.
British industry, Sir Auckland de-
clared, would be helped rather than in-
jured by trade With Germany.
.e.
History Against Fat Men.
Fat and fame have not very often
been comblited, perhaps because stout
men are generally inclined to be
easygoing, and therefore lacking In
that push which brings a man to the
fore, says London Answers. The only
.great statesman one am recall who
was really a fat man was Charles
James Fox, as can be seen even be
his effigy in the palace of West-
minster, where he would Make three
of his great rivals, Pitt, the Irminger -
The only fat poet one can recall
is Jamie Thempson, the author of
"The Seasoris." He was a comfort-
able, lazy, ineeenly man, of Whom
It Is related that he 'would eat
peachee off •ehe wall, not taking the
trouble to take his hands out of his
Pockets to pluck them. Yet, despite
his lazy disposition, lie managed to
write tele of the longest of English
poems, as well as "The Castle of In-
dolence"—a castle in whieli he habit -
Melly dwelt.
G. X. Chesterton, one of the stout-
est of living celebrities, has en More
than One (Wagon made up in the,
eharacter of the Sage of Fleet Street
with most excellent sueeesa.
It is 0, little arenaarkable, too, that
One of his eloseet Mende, Hilaire
telloc, is almost as noted for his
bulk as.he Is ter his criticism of tell-
tary operations, his poetry, his hie -
tory and hie fiction.
"De you think a girl ahould give up
working after eh e is married" "She
may resign her poeition, but ehe'll
Mtn after she marries that elle will
never be *Me to Wee up wo1k1ng,8*-
Detroit Free Prem.
THREE AIMS OF
GERMAN POLICY
P<T•4•00<r•eml,meemo,...,
Main Idea as to Size of the
National Amy.
Claim That MOM is Not
Adequate,
Louden, Cable "Among the
mediate important aims ot German'
policy," says a Berlin desPatele to the.
Kerning :lost, "are:
"First—To persuade the Poeta eon-
ferouce that the army of 100,000 men
which Germany was authorized by the
peace terms to maIntain, is utterly
inadequate to preserve order and pro,
tot the lives and property of the
inhabitants'of Gerinany.
"Second—To convince the Peace
Conference that Germany is simply
Unable to furnish the coal which. she
Is required by the Peace treaty to
deliver to her former enmities.
"Third—To zecure the return of
German prisoners in the hands of the
allied powers.
"Muck that the outside world hears
of is deliberately intended to further
these special aims, and, should ba
judged from this standpoint.
"The working classes have over.
thrown the old militarist ,regime, but
the spirit that animated that regime
has not been banished and the Ger-
man working classes are preparing for
a second revolution, which is to be a
real revolution, that will, they hope,
crush out utterly the spirit of mill-
tarism, and also put an .end to the
ruthless exploitation, of workers."
-
LABOR .TRUCE
IN THE STATES,
No IVfore Great Strikes Ap-
pear Likely.
Await Conference and Fight
on H. C. of L.
Washington, Despatch—Before leas-
ing Washington to -morrow night on
his speech -making toer of the coun-
try. President 'Wilsonwill isslie in-
vitations to Labor laaderse
manufacturers And farmers te at-
tend a conference early in Octeber
for consideration of the problems of
labor and of theme who direct 'Libor.
Tbe Preeidene, it Was also !tam-
• ed, plans to complete all arrange-
ments for the •denference 'before'. his
departure so thitt , the meeting 'limy
be held immedias 'Sly upon bis return
the last of that' month. The first
geesion of the confereince probably
will be held at the White House.
The entire label* situation and also
arrangements for the conference were
understood to have been diecussed at
to -day's Cabinet meeting.
Although mull trouble has been
coxed of late by "Megan' strilees, the
general eituation•to-dey le greatly im-
proved, according to the view of labor
leaders now in Washington.
In discussing tee improvement .n
the labor situation, leaders say that
the President's vitriol's messages hays
had a steadying effect. In this con-
nection, it is asserted, since the Pre-
sident made his appeal to the shop -
men to hold up his tends during the
present difficult perlod there hag been
a remarkable change in the general
tenor of the strike referendum veto
:now being held throughout the coun-
try. Unions that voted for a strike
on the previous referendum are now
reversing themseivee,'and even unions
that participated in the "illegal"
strikes hay° swung over to the side
of moderation and deliberation.
The tendency, according to all re-
ports and views in Washington, is to-
ward a general truce between labor
and' capital until after the proposed
conference and also during the efforts
to reduce prices. lf the eost of living
comes down, that will be the end of
some differencee. The conference
may, it is hoped, dispose of the others.
Grateful Snakes.
That hoop snakes roll up hill I can
vouch for on the authority of a man
by the name of Belt, whoui I knew in
Ohio and whose statements were ac-
cepted as gospel truth, says Ananias
Junior in the Chicago Inter Ocean.
Out on his farm he had four hoop
snakes that were as tame as kittens
and seemed to understand everything
he said to them. On one occasion tell
Started at cider making, and after the
press was started and the cider began
to fill the first barrel it was fund that
the juice began to run out of the bar-
rel joints because the hoops had not
been tightened. The tools necessary
• to -drive in the h.00ps were some dis-
tance away at the Imes° and it began
to look as if the entire barrel of cider
would be lost. But the pet hoop
snakes took itt the situation and two of
them voluntarily surrounded the bar-
rel and held it tight until the hired
man eanee with the necessary tools.
leen told me that it was a custom of
the snakes in cider making time to
imbibe cider until they became frisky
and then start to ran races. They
had a nevorite course down a hill for
sonic 200 yards and in returning al-
ways bathe back in hoop shape.
GET AFTER BARS
AND FOOD HOGS
;Federal Grand Jury Named
in Chicago.
Many Price Boosters Now
Under Bail.
Chicago deepateta—A special Feder-
al Grand Jury, Moth in to -day before
Judge Carpenter to investigate the
high cost ot living, is expected to
vote indictments against nearly fovea-
ty men responsible foi price-booetieg
here
The Jtety will be aeked to return
true bills againet food protiteera and
hoarders, and it IV PxpeCted that some
evldenet will be introduced against
the "Big Five" Cramp) packers, As
a minor operation the grand 4urY wtll
hie staked to dry up the city, by
OWnere, brewers anti „liquor Miners.
briuging to trial half hendred 641000.1 0 EGYPT N
m
Most ot wit= are now held, Wider -
Wed by the Uoverumeet, tN togs ARMY
Simultaneously with the ewearing
in of the pury, Oliver .7. Pagan, Gov-
ernment indictment expert. appeared
In the Federal Building and District
Attorney Charlee F. Cline itenounced
that Isador Kresel, the New York at-
torney, who has been appointed as
special prosecutor be President Wil -
eon, was coming to Chicago.
There already are three sugar and
More than thirty saloon num and one
brewer held in ball to the Grand Jury.
Indictments against others will be
aeked,
Among the new cases in which the
jure will be asked to vote true bills
aro those of nearly score of Chicago'
brewers against whom agents of the
Bure0,11 of Investigation of the Depart-
ment of Juetice have gathered evid-
eine on the charge or making beer
containiug more than the legal amount
of alcohol.
THE BIGGEST SAPPHIRE.
If Adorns the Top of the German
• Imperial Crown.
•••••••••*.m.,....
A news despatch speaks of the loss
Of the "largest sapphire in, the
world" by Countess Barniclia, who
was robbed of it on aearain while
escaping from Bolshevikl after the
destruction ot her house near Kiev.
The size of the gem is not men-
tioned. But probably . it did not
• equal in this respect the sapphire
•two inches long whieli adorns the
Lop of the German imperial crown
and which (datipg back to tho tenth
century, was eprestnimbly brought
bome as a •plece of loot by pious
c rtIstsua: er.
stone fawner to na as sap-
phire is blue corundum. Ruby is red
corundum. Transparent crystals of
green corundum are "Oriental emer-
ald." I! purple, they are "Oriental
amethyst"—the ordinery amethyst
being pirk quartz crystal. If yellow
they are "Oriental topitz," or "yellow
sappitiraeee'
We
r
well acquainted with cor-
undum as an abrasive. But trans-
parent orystals of this same sub-
stance afford material colors being
due to metallic oxides.
Fine sapphires are more valuable
than diamonds of equal weight and
euality, only rubies being more pre -
clime. But ruby crystals (in the
rough) are rarely inore. than half an
inch long, whereas those of sappaire
occasionally reach three inches. Most
Prized are the "velvet blue" sap-
phires and those of "cornflower"
int.
- One of the meet famous gems of
this variety is the "wooden -spoon
sapphire," which gets its -name from
the circumstance that it was picked
up by a Ceylonese dealer in wooden
spoons. A while ago it was in the
Hope collection. lt Is violet by day
but red by artificial light.
;In 1882 there occurred In the
Simla Pass of the Himalayas a great
landelide, whieh uncovered a won-
derful e sapphire -bearing deposit.
From the latter have since been ob-
tained many of the ',finest existiag
sapphiees. Aside froir this deposit,
the most Iniportant ileum of fine
gem -stones of the kind is a district
in Ceylon.
The finest green sapphire (Orien-
tal emerald) in the warld was found
in Macon County, North Caroline,
and at last accounts was a feature
of the collection of a citizen ot Phila-
delphia—Clarence S. Bement. It is
a trausparent module of crystal, re-
markably pure and would yield in
cutting r gem of thirte carats,
A yellow sapphire two inches long
forms the apex of one of the Rus-
sian crowns, preserved until receutly
at.. the Kremlin, in Moscow.
- •
REPORT OMSK
IS EVACUATED
Reds Say Kolehak Has
Gone to Irkutsk. •
Trotzky Calls For Defence
of Petrograd.
London Cable—A. wireless des-
patch from einecow received here re-
ports that Atinural Kolchak, head of
the all -Russian Government, hae
evacuated Omsk, and traneferred hie
headquarters to Irkutsk.
It has been aecertained that the des-
patch from Berlin on Tuesday giv-
ing German xeports from Riga to the
ish army, had issued a proclamation
to the population of Petrograd that an
attack was about to be made on that
city, is untrue, -General Gough left
fieleingfore Aug. 19 for home, and at
the present time it in England. He
did not see Admiral Cowan, com-
mander of the &WO equadron oper-
ating in the Battle Sea, before Me de-
parture for home.
Leon Trotsky, the Bolshevik Mili-
tary and -Naval Comtniseary, address-
ing the Petrograd Soviet on Sept. 1,
declared that. the Boleheviki must
stand proudly and Impenetrably in
the defence ef Petrograd, according to
a Soviet Government, wireleee mes-
sage from Moscow. Trotzky adtied
that unless Finland gives guaranteee
of her eineerity afid the cessation of
further provocation, the Bolsheviki
will make every preparetion for an
overwhelming advance into that coun-
try.
The Soviet approved unanimously
proposal to offer peace to Eisthonie.
4, • r
Ancients Get Undeserved Oredit.
Asphaltum, gathered front the foun-
tain of Is on the banks of the Ett-
phrateg, wee Used in building the
Walla of Babylon. Much of the talk
about the akin of the atitients and
their lost arts is all a myth, They
should be given full credit for what
they did, but such walls as those of
liebylon and euch etrueturce as the
Pyramids could he built far mote
easily and guleitly at the present time,
Now, however, people have more,
ftn-
portant work to do, and greater
things to achieve.
a chance to come acro.4l. Ay number
of young Dutchmen ave also determin-
ed to try their luck in Great Britain.
They have hoard so lunch of the high
wages that they really believe Bri-
tain to be a veritable Xiondike. Oar
priponers while in Holland were in
great demand foe eOnVereatiOU les-
sons in Thiglish.
Antong the' nurneroue things that
are not what they are cracked up to
be is a broken, 100110.
Always Serve Under Own
Flag, Not Union Jack.
Reply to Statements of u,
S. Politician.
Waehingto nreport—Ronaldo Lind-
say, Charge d'Affaires of the Brinell
Ernbaasy, to -day made public a letter,
in reale' to an incittiry as to "how
many Egyptian soldiers rought Under
the British flag during the war and
what was the number ot casualties of-
fered bY them?"
The enquiry, it is said, was prompt-
ed by the brief recently Presented be
Joseph W. Folk, former Governor of
Missouri, te the Foreign Relations
Committee of the United States Sen-
ate, in whica Mr, Folk Called attention
"to the fact that 1,000,000 Egyptian
troops fought on the side of the Ai.
lies."
"The British Government," wrote
Mr. Lindsay, who was in Egypt all
through the war, "lute carefully avoid-
ed destroying Egyptian sovereignty.
Egyptian soldiers always serve under
tbe Egyptian and not under the Brit-
ish flag. The 'Union Jack does not
fly in Egypt except over the British
military establishments in the country,
elsewhere the distinctive Egyptian flag
is displayed. To answer your ques-
tion literally; no Egyptian soldier join-
ed the British colors.
"Of course this is only a partial
statement. In February, 1915, when
the Turkish army attacked Egypt, a
battery of Egyptian -artillery Joined
the British force defending the line of
the Suez Canal. I believe they lost
two killed and half a dozen wounded.
"No other EgePtian armed forces
were in action during the recent war,
but later on, three or four Egyptian
battalions guarded linee of communi-
cation in Sinai while General Allenby
was conducting his campaign In
Syria. and an Egyptian detachmeet
was a:t one time in the Hadjaz. Neither
of these forces was ever under !!re.
"In addition to this, large numbers
of Egyptians were enrolled in labor
and transport corps auxiliary to the
British forces. These men were en-
listed for short terms of from three to
six months and did the manual and
unskilled tabor for General Allenby's
forces,
"How any of these men passed
through. the labor corps cannot be
stated, but the total number at one
moment amounted to between 80,000
and 90,000 men."
•
AN ULTIMATUM
TO ROUMANIANS
Allies Order the Evacuation
of Hungary.
Seized Goods Must be
Handed to Thera.
.•••••••11N•••••••••••••••••••••
Paris Cable—The Supreme Coun-
cil to -day de6ded to send. an:ultima-
tum to the Roumanian Government
regarding her course in Hungary. The
ultimatum, couched in draetic terme
and with a time limit, will be deliv-
ered by an envoy of the Council,
Should Roumania refuse to comply
with the terms within a given time,
diplomatic 'relations will cease and
the Allied envby will bring away with
him from Bucharest the Allied diplo-
matic repreeentatives there.
The text of the ultimatum wilt
not be given out until it is delivered
to Roumania. It is understood, how-
ever, that it will deal mainly with the
subject of reparation and the evacu-
ation of Hungary by the Roumanian'
army.
With regard to reparation ,the Al -
ilea, it is indicated, will irteist that
Roumania recognize that all foods,
rolling stook, etc., requiaitioned by
the. Roumanian army In Hungary
Must be harlded over to the Allies,
to be distributed among the states'
having claims against Hungary, in
a proportion to be assigned by the
Peace' 'Conference. Roumania muet
uhdertake to pay the Allies for re-
quisitioned material, foodetuffs, etc.,
as she is unable. W return.
The envoy has not yet been ee-
lected, but it le believed he svill be
a Frenchman. The name of Charles
Jonnare• formerly Governor-General
of Algeria,is mentfoned for the
mieeion.
Simultaneouely the Roumanian dip-
lomatic representatives in the vari-
ous Allied capitate will be summoned
by the ForeigteMinistere, who will ex-
plain to them the very drastic char-
acter of the ultimatum and the ex-
treme gravity of the situation that
will arise if Roumania refuses to
comply,
CANADIANS
HONORED
Long List of Nurses Named
For Services.
In the Hospitals During
Great War.
Canadian nurses have been brought to
the notice of tile secretary of State tor
War tor valuable services rendered:
Miss L. It. Alktnan, Nth Can.
Gen., Aloore 13arracks; Nursing-Statek
atisa E. T. Bagshawe, Granville special,
Buxton; Slater Alias L. It. 13e.tty, Conva-
lescent hoopital, Matlock Bath, Derby;
Sister Miss 11. Bernard, 12th General.,
Bratushott; Nursing Sister Miss L. M.
Brown, Stit General, Kirkdale, Liverpool;
Sister Miss 41.. Carseallen, 14th Gen.,
Eastbourne, Sussex; Nursing -Sister Miss
B..1. Caoswell, Granville Special, Buxton,
Pei hysitire; Nursing -Sister Miss L.
Gcnton, isth cten., Orpington, Rent; Sis-
ter Mis:; M. C. Drew, eth Gen., Memel
park, Rhyl; Sister Miss J. Pitspatrick-
Smith, Cony. Hosp., Matlock, Bath; Sister
Miss M. G. Pox, Rh General, Kitnnel
Park; Sister Miss 11.. Pranks, Queen's
Military Hospital, .Beachborough Park;
Nursing -Sister Miss B. M. Vraser, Cana -
Man Bed Cross 'Hospital, Hyde Park
Piece, London; Sinter arise 11, It. Graham,
The Canadian Red crOSN SPeeialt
Ineeltlee- Peek; Stater etiee 1). Gray, 11th
Genera, Moore Barracks, Shorneliffe;
Nuteeng,Sleter 'Miss G. .A. Gray, A. n.
8.c.. Vith General, Taplow, Seeks; Nur/.
trer,ta lee ..t. Jeliristen, eili General,
Itii•ktlale. Liverpool; Miter Miss H. ItSr.
uish. 12th General, Btamshett; NUrittlif.
Slater Anse N. E. Maceeneld, lith Oen-
i•rat. Moore, Barracke; Nuesine-sester efeiss
iklet'onachie 10th General, onaington:
statrea miaa 01. F. vope, it. c. (form -
toy sad ('anadian SWAY. Hospital,
Prance); Aeolsta.nt Matron Min V. Pow-
ell, lnessey-klarrla Hospital. Dulwich,
London; stater Mlsa B. It. Ralph, 12th
General, Bratnshott; Matron Miss E. Lt.
Russ, Canadian ited Cross officers' Hos.
Dual, London; sister Mrs. It. Seatcherd,
Ilth General, Baatbourne, Sussex: Nurs-
ing -Sister Miss A. Sutherland, Canadian
Special, Lenliam, Kent; Matron. Miss V.
A. Tremainc, IL M. A, T. See "Essequi-
bo"; Sister Miss L. Turner, 1212t Gen-
eral, Bramshott.
Material for 4xplosive.
As to the source of the toluol need-
ed for eXplosivee, it is pointed out
that there has been recently a great
increase in the number of by-product
',eke (wenn in this country, However,
says the Scientific Arne:scale if 20,-
000,009- toe of coke are made in these
oven* during the present year we
shall get from this source only 10,000,-
000 gallons of toluol, which is about
one-fourth as much as the govern-
ment estimated it would need for
munitions. Another Promising mea -
Sure 'recently inauguraed is the strip-
ping of city gas of this material,
which can be spared without any eerie
ous detriment to the gas, and amounts
to about .04 gallon for each 1,000 feet
of gas. It is estimated Out ten of
the largest city gas p/ants of the
country will yield about 10,000,000
GERMANS JOIN
RUSSIAN ARMY
Whole Military Units Go
Over in Oourland.
Von der Goltz Aiding Reac-
tionary Russ.
iLonclon Qable — Reuter le inform-
ed by the Polish authorities in Lon-
dou that the transfer of German
tronps to Russian formations in the
Baltic provinces is still continuing.
despite numerous official German de-
nials. In this connection, the fol-
lowing renaagks, made by the Ger-
man Independent Socialist paper Frei -
holt, are interesting. The Frelb:eit
says:
"The official communique is a lie
from beginning to end. We consider it
to be an undoubted fact that whole
German military formations with cora-,
'note equipment have passed and are
passieg over to the Russian Army,
and the whole of Courland is full of
German soldiers in Russian uniform.
"That General von der nolta ibd-
ing his utmost to assist the reaction-
ary Russian troops is proved by the
fact that German doctors receive ctn.
culars from tbe Record Officeee in Leip-
zig informing them that 'doctor and
military nurses are necessary for the
:Russian army, which, in co-operation
with General Von der Goitz and other
well-known German soldiers, is cam
ing on the tight in the East.
In the light of these statements,
The. •Freiheit considers the denials
publiahed by the German Government
and the military authorities to be an
Insult to the German working class,
-watch, adds the paper, would under
no circumstances tolerate such action
in the East.
French Live Stook On the Decline
The United States food administra-
tien has called attention to the large
decrease in live stock in France since
the beginning of the war, In •cattle
this decrease amounting to 2,599,000 up
to December, 1917; in sheep the de-
crease amounting to 6,238,000 head; in
hogs to 2,869,000 head. Ixi the period
eine° owing to the food shortage there
has been a still further shrinkage.
Figures like these indicate that there
will be a large and insistent demand
for live stock from this country for
the foreign trade for many years after
peace is finally established.
e.,
800,000 TONS
LESS THAN 1913
Monthly Imports to Britain
Have Decreased.
Huge Increase in Prices of
Food.
London cable says: Great Britain's
greatest economic problems are de-
creased production and port and tran-
sit congestion," says the monthly re-
port ef the American Chamber of
Commerce. The congestion directly
affects American exporters. The chant-
ber's experts point out that the con-
gestion has created confusion in de-
livery, while the delay in unloading
and the turning back of ships from
Britisb porta lessens the world's ship-
ping service.
The Government is trying to revive
coastal shipping le order to clear the
ports and relieve tbe overburdened
railroads. Although Great Britain re-
moved the import restrictions on Sep-
teraber 1, the Government will pro-
hibit dumping, the report saye, while
exporte will be stimulated by the
granting °fee credit of $130,000,000 to
promote trade with disorganized
Europe.
Attention is called to the publicity
given in the British press to tb.e
Chamber's warning to American ex-
porters not to rush the British mar-
ket with unessentials, and to invest
In British securities In Order to raise
the pound sterling rate, and it le point-
ed out that financial restrictions have
Niko removed so that A.xuericen own-
ed British securities may be Old on
the 'British market if desired,
.4.
NAVAL EXPENSES
ARE CUT IN HALF
London Cable --The daily expendi-
ture for the British navy now is half
what it was the day after the armistice
Was signed, according to an anntiunce-
tient Inade to -day by Thomas ,1.
Namara, Financial Secretary of the
Admiralty. Mr. ,MeNarnam said the
personnel of the navy- had been re-
duced from 400,000 men to 170,000. Of
more than .one thousand naval craft,
InoStly small vessels, which were un-
der' construction on armistice day,
work on 584 has ceased, seeing nearly
se 46,000,000. Ninety-eight of the old-
er slfips have been Bold and fifteen hun-
dred trawlere restOreti to their .orig.
inai uses.
****-+++++ ++++++ ++
FRUIT.
PASTES
All economical and wholesome way
to conserve fruit is to xnake paste. It
is delitious for the children, Apt the
making or them does not require an
excessive amount or sugar. The idea
of conserving fruit this way conies
from the tropical countries. A out -
mon nriictice sitch countriee Is to
serve paste with cheese, the combina-
tion serving the same purpose that a
salad course does in this country.
Because grapes are usually plentiful
everywhere title fruit is chosen mostly
in malting paste, The muscadine var-
iety le the best, for they contain just
enough acid to give the paste a
sprightly taste,
The grapes lifted in paste -making
should be sound and fresh, fully, ripe,
but never over -ripe.
JUICE AND ;PULP,
To obtain the pulp is as a bi-product
of kale -leaking, The pulp left frem
grape juice is nearly as good. The
Pttip and juice are boiled for a short
time in order to obtain the pectin,
which is the substance that makes the
materiel "Jell." Pectin is insoluble
in cold water and tberefore must be
heated before it win not. The mix-
ture of Juice and pulp is then hung in
a drain bag made of double theese-
cloth. After the juice for jelly -making
has drained out, the Pulp and seeds
are left. Without further cooking
this mos can be put through a ricer,
collander or similar utensil in order to
remove the seeds. It is then in Just
the right condition for paste -making.
QUANTITY OF MOISTURE.
One of the Old causes for failure in
making muscadine grape -paste is that
consideration is not given to moisture
content in the pulp. A certain amount
ot pulpture in' the' pulp is necessary,
but if too much is present a caramel
rather than a paste will result. • If it
is desired to make paste of high qual-
ity, in addition merely to separating
the seeds from the pulp, it is best to
work the pulp through a puree strain-
e,r in order to remove the coarser per -
tions.
AS TO SWEETENING.
The best kind of sweetening to use
in making muscadine paste or any
other kind is powdered or confection-
ers' sugar. This gives the product a
smooth finish, and it is preferable to
liquid sweeteners, such as syrups, be-
cause less cooking is required to drive
off the moisture, and the paste is
lighter in color and more attractive in
appearance. Corn syrups may be
used with good results. If a solid
sweetener, such as powdered sugar is
used, the best proportions for musca-
dine grape paste -making, when eon°.
my and quality ef the finished product
arc Considered, is one-half -pound ot
sugar for each pound of sifted puiP.
COOKING.
In cooking the paste, generelly
speaking, the same principles are in-
volved as in jelly -making. It is bet-
ter to use big, wide pans of such a
size that the paste can be spread out in
a thin layer rather than to cook it in
a deep vessel, such as a preserving
kettle. It should the stirred systemat-
ically, to prevent burning, and tor this
purpose a wooden paddle is better than
a spoon. The paste should be cooked
until it is so stiff that when the pad-
dle is drawn through it the mass Will
not readily flosv together again. When
it bas reached this stage it should be
poured out promptly, one-half inch
deep in an oil -mold or an enamel,
marble or ehin-surface, Place it in a
dry , airy window, covered with net-
ting. Dry for twelve hours. Cut in
one -inch pieces, roll inegranulated sug-
ar. Dry again.
Raisins, nuts, cherries and vegetable
coloring 'nay be used to vary the pro-
duct. Pack in airtight boxes,
•• •
f.-+4.4-4.44-+++4-+++1-4.+4-44-44-444"4.
SERVING
SHRIMPS
•
Creamed or in a salad are probably
the most common and the best meth-
ods of serving shrimps. Squeeze a
tow drops of onion juice over the
shrimps and allow to "stand while pre-
paring a white settee from two table-
spoonsful each of butter and flour to
a cupful of milk.
Stir constantly 'luta thiele and
smooth; then add the shrimps, season
to taste and serve on toast as soon as
they are heated threegh. Do not allow
the sauce to, boil after the shrimps are
added, as they lose much of their
distinctive sweet flavor if cooked too
long.
A spoonful of capers cooked in the
settee gives a little variation. If shrimp
it la Newburg is made the sauce is
Prepared front cream a.nd egg yolks,
seasonings and sherry added either
during•cooking or at the table.
SOME DESIRED SEASONINGS.
A tomato sauce, with onion juice
and any other desired seasonings add-
ed to the shrimps and served piping
hot with boiled rice. gives an appetiz-
ing luncheon or supper dish. Shrimps
end thick tomato settee baked in a
buttered eassehoie with seasoned
buttered crumbs for twenty minutes
Is another variation of this idea.
WITH AN OMELET.
Shrimp omelet is made by folding
into thelocooked omelet just before re -
mat it front the pan pieces of
shrimp that have been seined in bacon
drippings or melted butter. A little
onion just squeezed over the shrimps
before heating and a tablespoonful or
two of cream sauce added moisten the
omelet and gives another change.
Several light salads With shrimps in
the leading role are delightful, provid.
Mg the shrimps are cold and erisii,
and not mashy. If canned shrimps
are used remove from the earl, pour
water over them and expels° to the air
for ten hour before serving. Chill on •
the ice to make them as firm Ets pose
Able, Served with Oise hearts of
lettitee and inayoloaalse or with the
additime of latices of hard -cooked egg
they furaish a salad gatistning to the
eye and palate. Cricp slim or euctim-
her ill SPasoll, chopped sweet pickle or
capers, add mu& to a salad, using
.either Prettelt dressieg Or mammal:1e.
Suitable flog,
FoC bean -lovers: Boston,
For tobacco-ehewere: Spite.
Fer bald persons: Irairlees.
For lazy pereens: Setter.
For colored people: Black and tan.
For emote: Shepherd.
Per interpreterof Itatulet: Great
Datte.,--Cartoons Magazine,
SHORT ITEMS
OF THE NEWS .
, Of THE DAY
Dumb Mother Could Not
Warn Son, and Sai.v
Him Killed,
N. 1, INOEMNITY
Russian Belsheviki Kii °23
. •
U. e, Soldiers Near
Vladivostok.
'Partturke,TrnaeruilutrittluiIissuumaaettitine Queen's
of Fred,
for increased gratuity.
Tlae barns and entente
Williams, East Gwillimbure, were dis-
troyed by fire,
Rev. George B. Mcleod announced
hie intention to resign from the pas--
torate of Deer Park Preebyterlaa
Churcb, Toronto.
Retention, of armament on ships ot
Canadian register le to be diecoutinued
forthwith,
The King, pressing a button at. Bal-
moral Castle, unveiled the Memorial.
statue ,at Montreal tn honor of Sir
George Etienne Cartier.
A ehipment ot 10,000 to1as of potash
from Germany for the United States
has been contracted for.
Buying of Canadian Cheese by the
British Food Controller will definitely
cease when the purchase of 20,000 tons
now in hand, le completed.
.Counsel for loseph Callaux, former
French Premier now in prison
charge of having had treasonable deal-
ings with the enemy, has requested
his removal to a private hospital ow-
ing to the state of his health.
The value or the German mark fell
Saturday to 25 centimes ha Switzer-
right of suffrage was 174 to 55.
which 'the Chamber of
etie7taeccboyrded women the
Fred Griffith, of Griffith Broe., was
instantly killed- when the car he was
driving. overturned on the Asylum
Road a mile and a half from Orillia.
It looks at present as If there will
be a, general boycott of the milk deal-
ers of Galt, who recently advanced the
quart, of milk from 12 to 14 cents a
IRev. Mother Stenisla.us Liddy, Chief
Superior ot the Community of Loretto
in America, passed away on Saturday,
Sept. 6, at Loretto Abbey, Rapbsarn-
ham, Dublin, Ireland.
N. P. Guscho, a Greek, aged 35, was
struck and instantly killed at the cor-
ner of Cowan Avenue and King street,
Toronto on Saturday night by an auto-
mobile.
Stepping back while engaged in his
work at the Toronto Union Station, on
Saturday night, John Miller, aged 35,
of 42 Mercer street, was run down
and fatally injured by a train.
Nineteen workmen were suffocated
in a burning mine near Ovieda, Spain.
Two of the men working in the mine
at the time were rescued.
Lieutenants Stary and Blizenec, of
the Czecho-Slovak aviation service,
have completed a flight from Prague
to Paris. A courier was dropped off
at Mayence. The flight was made in
sezemhioeurmrs.assey,
stated in the House
of Representatives that he believed
New Zealand's indemnity from Ger-
mane would amount to ten million
pounds sterling.
Aviator Andre Matieyrol , who left
Vilacoublay, France, at 5.50 a.m. on
Sept: 2, to fly to Rome and back on
the same day, and who reached Rome
at 12.40 and started the return journey
6aitnet.40 p.m., has not been heard of
Adam, the little seven-year-old son
of Charles Peacock, Galt, lost his life
when in walking across the data with
a chum he fell into the water.
The Austrian railway dente has col-
lapsed, and the southern and eastern
trains have resumed service. The eta-
ployees have been granted temporal.-
.ily, through September and October,
a 50 per cent. advance in wages to
meet the increased cost of living.
Unable to shout a warning because
of being mute, Mrs. Alice Draper, 17
Tuscarora street, yeeterday afternoon
saw her four-year-old eon, Hinia, In-
stantly killed when he ran itt front of
an automobile driven by William Lo-
gan Foster, of Windsor.
St. Catharines police admitted they
had found no trace of Nelson Mimi,
who got out of the County jail yard,
there, by presumably climbing an
eighteen -foot wall.
A Barcelona despatch reporte assas-
sination there of former Police Com-
missioner Breve Pronto, who was dis-
Charged from bis post in 1918 tor
leaving furnished Germany with info-
niktion which aided her submarines
lit the torpedoing of allied vessels.
The killing of 23 American soldierg
by Russian 13olehevik1 fn an outbreak
near Vladivostok was reported in a
delayed cablegram from Tokio to the
London Daily Express. The slain
Americans were part of a detachment
ef 74 Men Who were assisting the
authorities to keep order.
Property valued at approximately
10,000.000 mares, old recently by Am-
ericans to Germans, was destroyed be
a aeries sit explosiong he ammunition
dumps near Nleaweid, Germany.
Among the material deatroyed was etn-
munition worth 3,000,000 marks, which
wag sold Friday to a. German company ,
for coMmercial purposes.
"Puget Sound Lobster."
Seattle is consuming only about half
a ton of octopus, "ileVilleshe a week,
according to fish dealers of that eity.
But this colieumption ie bound to
Juinp as soon. as the Americans be-
come familiar with the taste of this
inhabitant et the deep. The Greek
fishermen, who consider the et,topUS
a great delicacy, call it "devilieh;"
while the Japanese fieh dealer gets
calla from bis people for "taloa," and
when Sing, down in ,Chinatown, places
It on 'his menu, card he glete it a
barite that only a Cantonese earl read
or understand. When cafe mantigetit
uptown deeide to give their patrets a
treut the lowly devilfish probably 1011
become "Puget Sound lobeter."
withent religion, IS the erea-
lure of eirennistautee. Hare,