HomeMy WebLinkAboutThe Wingham Advance, 1918-11-21, Page 7' „t" eget et
001,
D
riptive Story of
German Prison Camps
ie "TIM Prisoner of War iu (eV -
Mau'" D. Daniel .f. elceartby,
Proteaeer et itlediet Jurisprudence in
the University of Pennsylvania, pre -
Seats; la -detail the reports of his Work
Rs American inspeetor of Uereean pri-
me 00114 in 1010.
D. McCarthe'e report a prison con-
dition; in Gerntany admite of ne faeile
eueutng up in the terms ot oue or two
adjectives, Ile fouuti prat:vas appal-,
lately bad, ani 1m found prison a real,
ly good; coMmandants and guarde wbo
were brutal and others who were can..
eiderate. Generelly epealcing, the
ettestiou of whether a prison canna was
geol.!, bad or ludiffereut depeutlea 'opt
oll the -commandiett. heutseit, altttouga
there 'were eartain evils that Were tetr-
a' getter:XI alui that reitulted from ate
domination of the prison situation by
wintery ideas. The woret-conditione
wore those at the "pleeue tamp,"
wbere men suffering from epidentle
die:eases continued. ta be Itereed to-
gether without eeroper cere-indeed,
without the poueibility of it -The best
camps were those in which -the men
)were orgaulzdd under their own, non-
eommIssioued officers, who were made
reeponsible tor the manafeetneut of
Ote eelnPs; but thls arrangement was
not eucouraxed be the •Gerroan
authorIttee; iu some eases, on
the contrary, it was forbiddee. The
.01tieerie cups were found, on the
Whole, to be good
Tee German itrupire is diVided into
twenty-one army districts, each placed
in wartime e'in the kande of en army
totem command, which, to all letents
gen purposes, it usually suprene,. al-
tbough nerninally under the central
Centro -I a the War Minister a the
Empire. In the prisoner -of -war situa-
tion the inspectore found again and
again that, while the central Govern-
ment itself might be sensitive to out-
side or neutral publlc opinion, the
arinY 'wee commands were u,sually
tottelly indiffereut to everything but
teeir immediate inintary preblems and
authority.
It was this attitude on the part of
the thepe command that was the cause nt
often et inhuman treatment of prisou- '
ere, especially, of course, in the work -
Leg capilps. Or. McCarthy " sums tut
„the „German viewpoint and its results
la action by stating that the "prison-
er-ef-war problem was properly or im-
properly handled just in so far
It gave military results and not In, ae-
eord whit any humane principles."
At.the same time, newever, the fact
teat the army corps conamander was
preatically supreme, and teat he hand-
ed aver the complete charge of the
1.t.rison camp to the camp...commandant,
Who was 'erten of the same -rattles
himself, gave opportunity for very
good trentmeefr
t, as it gave eedom
tee every badeof prism:tors. ot war. Dr.
MeCarthy quotes the 'saying that was.
general througnelat Germany, "Vvery-
thing depends on the conamaedant."
tee a. great extent, he says, that was
literally true:
One of the ,general regulattons from
Ute Central luinistry of Veer which
limited the power of a_humine coin-
marident to allow hie prisoners to live
tioniething approaching comfort
ited peace of mind was the refusal
ta separate nationalities: This eye -
tem of confluing all the prieonere toe
• Other wee definitely planned, Dr.
McCarthy potete out, in order to sow
dieeension and dielike among the, sol
Were of the allied nations. It resulted,
• inevitably, in a goed deal of na
persol
giseoinfort. not the toast of teltielt
was due to the widely difterieg elaws
among the various naltons in regard
te trash air. Wen Russians With
• typhus fever were confleea with Men
or other countries the consequent:1es
were more serioua; the Russian eften
tekes typhue lightly enough; es an
epidemic among thousands or healed
Prisoners or different nationalities
it becarneta terrible plague and gave
-
rite to a scandal which, says Dr. Me-
e, Leatehy, will os a stigma. upon - Ger-
many ter many geberations.
Most of the concentration. earnps
are built to acconmdate from ten to
twelve thousand men each, though
itome or the older camps are much
larger -one of them an hold 40,000
.prieoners. The newer camps are all
built aceording to elm general plan.
• Dr, llacCarthe goes on to describe
the provision made for religious ser.
vice's, tor sports at stated. intervals,
• and Joe a library where books sent
- to the prisoners were easeemed end
eated for. Ho coritinues;
Inat it the daily life of the prison-
er of ivar? The prisoner of war goes
to bed at night evitb. a' feeling of de-
, .pressloe and uneertain hopelessness,
in a crowded barrack accentuated in
a few campa by the presence of pollee
dogs, rough conanands, and the use
of bayonets, andwith insufficient vent
tilation when he Is hoesed with
French and Russian pelsonees; he
awakens be the morning under the.
same depressed dirty atmosphere, with
the 'sure standing by with a eared
bayonet, whieh again may be used to
beep the tardy ones lute pronlptness.
After sufficientetime for washing he
edraws kis allowance. pf prison breadt
and this with. a cup of coffee substi-
tute forms his breakfast. The barrack I
is thee 'placed in order, blanketa. are
(bided, and the barrack is aired. Ile
then lounges listlessly , arotted the
camp until 10 te In., When the camp
is counted. The ittisoners are lined -
up in railitary formation, and each .
answers to his prism:. number. The
absence of 33, prisoner at roll cell,
Which usually indicates a sueceseful
escape, Meals thunder, lightning, Sun '
moil, eriltation, and resentment to
.everytone itiy the military authorities
from the commandant dowe te the
Jowest guard.
After roll call le completed Most of
the prisonere again mark tette' until
the noonday meal. This is always in,
the form or eatip and is brought to
the harracke by a detail of prisoners
ittlittle. cans. 'rho 13ritish prisoner.
takee one look et it, sniffs, "Not tit'
for a dog to eat," he says, and terns O
to e a of beef or juna which has
been aent to hint, digs a eltunk out
of this \VIM, a spoon, atnivea *re not
peemitted), tears it to Wets. With hie
fingere an eats it with the bread
eud lean from his package. After the,
fnitiday teeel )14 may be detailed tb
eletla up came or May spend the time
in witehing his elothes. In the titter -
boon he May play football or other
%WARM:104M games or lounge listlesslY
With eft* eerencb, and Rusetlan ariterat
Ors and epeculate on the terming/Hon
of. the Wet or the varied fortunire of
het own army. The cocksure attitnde
ofehle pan}, the swegger of the eom-
Mlitett
loed Of+M
fieers, ee nnd not telo
lend Any brigitt color to such specit-
helmet, end so until the eVerting Meet
Which Again limy be soup "not fit for
Ldog to eat,".or Tony IV. as it banally
Is, rune pickled fish, "dead fish," Ot
nestle no Careful inepection to tell one
this), with eome bread and at theca
Some petatoete The prieoper
• take e oue glance at this "detect• fish,"
but uever disdains potatoth, and turns
inot ot
eentalade and his loaf oaagatn t his eau it nieat andr) 'white
bread which has been bent hint from
Switzerland.
A dematortr game of cares after the
weenies meet, and the tired, loatheome
days has gone tee way or oo manY,
ever so Mane, tired, loathsonte, never-
ending days, to he followed. by the
beginning of another stteli day op the
morrow. The opthelem of the lerenebe
the pessimism ot tlio !Russian, the
devil-may-care attttude of tbe Irish,
the fighting spirit dee the Ilritieh,
makes little.chauge in tide blue at-
Mosphere of never-ending denreselon,
•Some of the camp* are Mull better
Hutu this picture would judicete, and
some at the camps are very neuett
worse.
One of the best rif the parent camps
was teat at Priedricbsreld, whiett haa
been remodeled. Dr. McCarthy ext
Pm
leats. "so as to ake It very comfort,
able, There is a splendid orgaulzation
of the camp and event effort is beine
made to Matzo the rnen comfortable,
guard their health,' give them mental
and *mica' relaxation, and to mitt
them for more ueeful wont in tile fee
tuee."
As an oittstandipg example of a bad
camp Dr. ItleCerthy clesertbee that at
Minden, which is bee of the worst in
Germany, and whose conditions he
has found not only bad but "inexcus-
able.' Noncommiseumed °Mere, he
says, "were aelied to volunteer for
work, and if they refused to do so teey
were cottfined in camps tacit as that
at Minden. The carop ,at Minden was
deliberatelyetelectea on aceount of tee
bioek mystein and for the opportuni-
tles there presented for making the
lives of the men so miserable that
they would prefer anything to offs.
It was used as a prisoa, in
wheel' wag added brutal treatment by
the guards and an attitude toward
the sick prisoner in the canal) which is
indefensible even from a prison stand-
point. * " * This Was an example of
a repression type of cantp, several of
which existed in Germenv. To add to
all Has the‘pitiable spectacle tta, the
hospital attached to tele comp was al-
most too much, tor a human oeing to
gene, either with equanimity or with-
Outemotional disturbance. To have
placed such a large number of euch.seo
riously wounded men teemed together
iri such crude barracks, with insuffi-
eiet medical attention, no nursing
worthy of the name, and witb, Audi
• food as normal men could not
was, Dr. McCarthy declares, svithout
poesible %cense,
The working Camps Presented MOO
complex problems to the itispeetor.
During the summer of 1916 the author
estimates that at least 1,200,000 pris-
oners of war were employed in Pro-
ductive industries in Germany. Many
ot these were in agriculture and •in
such work ware usumly well cared Mr'
and well.treated. But in the land re-
clamation projects Dr. eleCarthy hawa
different story to tell, ellen," he
says, "we began to deal with a system. -
of peonage." The:: kind of workwatt'
enforced under particularly bad condi-
tions, worse than in the mining and
steel industries. hi mining, general-
•ly speaking, the prisoners in the soft -
coal district, were well housed and
well treated, but in the deep under-
ground pits a dttfereatt problem wan
presented, and the delegation of atia.
tharity, to various guards often gage
rise to trouble and to unhappy condi-
'thins for the prisoners.
A peculiarly interesting situation
was presented by tie "political
camps," or, as Dr. McCarthy peefers to .
cell them, "seduction camps," for those
prisoners whom the Cceman Other" -
ties hoped •to lure away from their al-
legiance, to the Allies. Prominent
among these was the camp at Limburg,
where the Irish prisoners were segre-
gated and at filet giveu. the beat of
treatment in every way. But, *when a
long campaign of "seduction" produced -
wily thirty deserters from the Attled,.
cause, the conditions at Limburg were
reverses', and Dr. McCarthy tells bow
It became a, rigorous: repressive camp. t
Another "political camp" was OW in
which several thousand Mohammedans
and Hindus were 'housed in what was
"in meny respects the Model camp eT
Germany." • Eventually says Dr, Mc-
Cagtay, all the • Mohammedans and
Hindus were witeentrated in this cam)
at Wunsdorf, witich was made "an
Oriental paradise." artd where efforts
at "political permasion" met with
high degree of sileeeSS, •
The "plague eampe" will long add a
dark Met.' Dr. McCarthy propheales,
to the sullied reputation_ of Genet -ante'
A summary is offered in the quotation
front the official report of one of thete
by the Anierican military intrgeau who
was assistant attache at the American
Embassy.
Hem, as in most instances when ty-
phus appeared, the guard and military -
authorities precipitously viteated the
camp and left the administration 1.
the hands Of the Prisoners of war.
Sanitary cohdttions leading up to this
epidemic had been indescnba.lay bad. -
The interued lind Item needlessly
crowded in the barracks, they were tiot
sutfielently clothed, there had been in-
adequate 'facilities for bathing, and
lack of Medicine, dressings, and suitabel food for the sick, together with
improper hospital accomitodations
which parallel the conditions at Wit-
tenberg, arid no excuse can be offered
for the callousness and cowardice ex-
hibited by the autheisitieS" in those
eases. ,
Of the Wittenberg eaMp, Dr. Mc-
Carthy writes:
In a consideration of the prOblera
Wittenberg It should be reMembered
that the German GovernMent bad re-
peatedly refused regtteists to place the
different nationalities in teparate
camps by themselves, and typhes has
long ,existed as an epidemic disease in
Russia. R is het &moldered, there-
fore, among them as any More thriouti
, than is typboid with us. It occurs
often in ouch mild form that the Res,
elan doctors often overlooked it and
did not recognize it as typhus. •
It is admitted that the them at Wit-
tenberg was not only overcrowded, but
that supplies were so short that two
and three prisoners oZ war were sleep -
on the Immo. mattrees; that the
camp Was dirty and vermin infested
almost to a degree unbelievable; that
the altitude of the Gertnew offieere
was hard and unsympathetic; that
even titter the epidemic bad passed
Over, whelk Mr. Ostborne Made his
visit, the prlsoners Were ,cowed by
tear ot Punishment if they talked
freely with the inspector.
Captain L, found, for Instance, that
while in the btingalgivs there was nor -
Melly one trattreas to three Men, in
the imprevieed hospital there were no
mattresses at all. Tbis was, of
ewes, known throughton •the rarity,
end, in envie:Once, theft were many
-
tePhltil patients Scattered 07er the G . AT GERm. iii. ....TLE FLEET
compouud4 wbe were deterroineil stet t
R
to Mae Into the hoopital it they COUlfl 0 , AN li AI
0
help it. I3,t. one cerapeund alOrie Capt.. 14, A,viators too Use 'Wirth,
L. giocevereci fifty hidden teeth ot -
typium. Agatn, in the abeettee of
etretehers, ell the Wattle eaglet' bad te
be eerried down to tbe bempital 1:41 the
tables on whiele the men ate their
Moat Mid there Was no poesibilitY of
weehiug these tellies because there
'mut Practically no soap in the cantle
eloreover, the German autlaorities at
Drat refused to Anew the Whole com-
pound NO. es to be usee for Walla
Pateette. They required that these
should. bo confined With other suf-
ferers, a roguletien for -which, it seems
impossible to suggest ailY Juatlfleation.
The reinlit simplY Wes to spread the
stiottecettootthi elto. wthaoyr already infiteted. in
m
"Gering the first mouth the food ra-
tion far each Patient Was half a 'peta
nahe ad lialt a cup of Milk wit per
day. Tee only lump to be had was front
tae camp ,lotchon. and that canto up
In a wooden. cilp wittinut a cover, and
It arrived at the hospital Mil of Mat
and dirt. It Wati" leePelesti diet tor
pattents in a fever. le truth, the ra-
tion. Was not a ration at all; it was a
pretense. R wee not even, pessible to
give othe patieets warm water with
their milk." ,-
Demote our Biltisb medical officere
who had been Med at that time as
prisoners ot Wittenberg, three diedo1!
typhus; the fourth Was strielten with
the league but recovered, Of the pre-
eious detention of theito and several
other physicians at Belie, •Dr. McCar-
thy sant "th direct defiance of the
provisioes of the Geneve convention,
these doctors were, treated as ordinary
prisoners ot war, an tee comuulttee
cannot resiat the 01191)10ton that thee
were deliberateey detained by the Ger-
Mart authorities so that they might he
niade available, g peed be, for work
of danger in relief • of . their owu
actaaAmff.psPcs3' as a whole Is contained in Dr.
mreent upon German prion
McCarthy's final reterence to the real,-
ly excellent deteutIon camp at Fried-
rIchsfeld:
"What the commandant at, the camp
at Friedrichsfeld was doing for the
prisoners of war was well known in
the other army corps. It wee an elc-
ample whice could have been fol-
lowed in every prison canip ite Ger-
many."
HANDED OVER TO THE ALLIES ont, ot the most remarkable stobleva.
n!ents of Amezican invention since the
',.."••••••••
• WEALTRY RUNS
Are Trying to Evade Pen-
• alty by Allies.
London, Cable -British newspapers
comment on the feet that Considerable
aisil a 1: Ill gg'Ilreif,"Ts :,:,}07;
envie
the Nva!i>‘ a'aillrgeas facing therir country.
The wealthier Germans are said to be
transferring large aniounts et money to
neutral countries. The lesult of this
poncy. It is pointed out wow(' natural-
ly be to shift the burtiene of the war
on to the shoulders of the poorer classes.
The Times and other London papers
declare that the Allied Governments will
not allOw chicanery of this sort to inter.
fere With any rightful derziands which
they make upon German resoureee. This
Is declared to be -realized.. by • financiers
In neutral countries who look upon the
manoeuvres' of the German capitalists
with suspicion.
-
• GAT AIR WORK
•••••••••
Made Allenby's Victory
Sure in Palestine.
London Cable - tCorrespondence
of the Associated Press) -The detail-
ed 2tCtry which hai just reached
here of General Allenby's great ad-
vance in Paleetine shows that the air-
.
plane played a big .part in the oper-
ation which • led to the taking Of
Nazareth.
The Chief abject of the airmen was „
at prevent the Tuelts from gaining
knowledge ot 'important • cavalry
raoyements. Big bombing machines
remained throughout the night tof
Sept. 18 over' the principta Turkish
•
At the present price there may be
some excuse for crying over spilled
Sometimes there isn't a whole lot of
difference beewee,n high moral ground
and a bluff.
war hewn has been the developaient
of a method by which flying, melt aro
Ten BattleshIps, tigateen Crullers to Salt ',mg diutouceo. L"rb°4Y 11" Ileartr
, crows Calling to one another in the
. ; ablea to speak 19 ono another oVet.
411,I •
To -Day for North of_ Scollanif
mgees* do tho same thing, ustitg a:differ.
ent lauguA.
ase. New the nterican bird -
en at 0 to do it, the instrument util.
, ized for the purpoSe being the wireless
telephone. Vrows and geese, .while in_
, flight, limit their conversation to f Mat .
distances, but Oar avtators can make
Al! Submarines Also—Story Of the Rosyth tz.4.sdkiteltVntrur.81111?IneliZtt\Ig:
as It has been finally peifeeted, is ma-
koferericti
;Basel Cable - The epw firman
Government Mu audreeseg an uppcat
to the submarine crews, at:Lemuel:I;
that it is indispensable that the ormie-
. Hee conditions be tarried, out rapetiv,
Guarantee:1, it is stated, will be gisep,
that the crewa will its repatreated at -
ter their arrival in angland anl wW
be dtecitarged as ecen eit they ratan
to eem ante
London Cable - Vice -Admiral Ir
Drviet Ieatty, command r ot the
Grand Fleet, received Rear -Mixt r 1
• eon Meurer and the the other Gera
man naval delegates aboard the flag-
ship Queen Elizabeth in the Firth of
• emelt, eicotland, lamely evening.
, Tee German cruleer Koenigsberg,
carrying the cletegatee, having arrived
- at toe reedezveue selected tn the after-
noon, Admiral Meurer was taken to
. the Queen Elizabeth by it eleetroycr.
lehe tlerunte Ildatirai Was "piped"
aboare the. flagship's quarter:deck,
where h aud other Germane -were
received by CoMmodors rfubert 13raud
and escorted to Admiral Beattya
cabin, where. the =teethes lasted un-
til the early houre of Saturday mottl-
ing.
Admiral -Meurer sat opposite Ad-
elina Beatty, who ead /renting him a
model-ot the battle cruiser Leta, ta,
memeeto of his famous flagship,
while on the cable . wall at his back .
was it fine picture- of Nelson, The Ger- '
man civilian delegates ecinaIned
aboard the Koenigsburg.
The conference was resumed Satur-
day and was ccneluded Saturday
evening. Among Admiral Meutera
staff were a Zeppelin commander and
a %timer:tie commaneer.
As the eesult of. the eonferenee the
Gorman naval envoye have agreed to
surrender the German fleet. the tee -
meted value ot which is $250,000,000.
The German fleet is to be taken to the
Orkney islands, off Northern Scotlana,
It le understood.
LEAVE awarax PORT TO -DAY.
The surtthe warships which aA to
be surrendered have to be "ready to
leave German ports seven days after
the signing of the analetice." That is
to any ott Monday, :lovember lee
The submarines which are to be
surrendered altist "e prepared to
leave German • ports irorothiatete on
the receipt of a wireless order to sail
to the port ol sarrender." and are to
be handed over with full compeement
in a port snrcified by the allies and
the United States within 14 days after
the signing Of the armistice." That
Monday, November 25.
All the subularines are -to be sur-
rendered, and of the 'surface warships
ten battleships, Aix battle cruisers;
eight light cruisers and fifty destroy.
ars of the most modern type are to be
given up. The ten battleshipe which
have been selected are: •
Kronpritre Wilhelm and Bayern, both
new dreadnoughts completed inee
1916.
Maikgraft, Koaig and Grosser Kur-
fuerst, of the Konig dreadnought class
completed in 1914 and 1915..
Kaiser, Kaiserin, Prinee Regent,
Luitpold, Roalg Albert 'and Friedrich
der Grosse, ati dreadnoughts of the
Iettiser class completed in 1912-13.
ONLY FIVE BATTLE CRUISERS
LEFT.
Five fettle cruleers, the Derfithger,
Hindenburg, Seadlitz, Moltke and Vou
der Tann,..are apparently all that Get -
many bee available so far as the so-
called dreadnought battle cruisers are
eoneerned. The armistice terms stipu-
late for the surreeder of six.
Eight of the te let recent right
e.ilicera are tile 13rtiminor, Ilremen,
• Ii.at Wrote, Milan, Pranitfurif Nriern.
heirg, Ii:Oolita and Dresden,
it id only if neutral ports are net
available that the German warehiPs
are to be broil:eat to snrrernier to
allied ports. But there is reason to
believe that since the armistice waS
signed tee reetral powera have Made
it 0441 that tbeIr ports are net likely
to be ava.leble for this irk -tome pur•
tithe. aud there is' no doubt that the
•5urrCtiUet'd Uerman wale"). pit will be
brttg1t in allied torts.
Surface warships which are left te
eermany will be concentrated in am
er more ef the (leen-Ian pone, They
will be paid off mu" eompletely els.
eviOT-1i l:T()laud will be under the ,super -
commission of surveillauee
appointed for the purpose be the
aseociated powers. -
Regarding the German submarine.s
which fled before the revolutIoneries
and took refuge in Swedi,sh waters
• there is no doubt they will 'awe to be
surrendered.
Regarding the DWI Sea, arrange-
• ments are now being made for the
aturrender of all ships in German
'hands. It now theme to bu practically
certain they evill be surrendered with.
out trouble,
•
—_—e.
,
• "It -e- r- 1- c
BRITISH SUBS.
Sank Great Fleet of Ger,
many's W'arships
Arid Scores of Transports
and Other Vessels.
London Cable -Details • can • now
be given of tne part which 13r1teh
suomarinea played euring•the war,
eble service destroyed ae toliewies
euente warships:
Two battleships,
Two erened cruisers,
'leo 'tight ce mans,'
eeven destroyers,
leive gunboitet,
Twenty submati tes,
One Zeppeliwtthre,e battleships aed
ono- aght crueler were torpedped, but
eeaelied port badly 'damaged: '
Uther enemy craft "destroyeit were:
Pout teen transports,
Six ammunition and supply 4h!is,
Two stere ships,
Fifty-three steamships,
and 197 sailing ileitis.
In no case was a inembent ship
sunk at sight. Care was taken to
see that the Crews of all vessels got
safely away,
lit addillou ,to -carrying mit tittle
attacao on enemy war craft tee sub-
marince played an . tinportant part
in convoy work.
In the third year of the war ,one
of the British eubmarine commend-
ers atried out twenty-four %%veers,
totalling 22,000 miles, whielt prob-
ably constitutes a, record for .iny
stanuarine.
In the first and second years of
the war seven British submarine
tommanders carried out e total of
120 cruiders, extending for 350edaye,
all of which wete aetually spent in
eite enemy theatre.
c A N '
NOM .
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0110,11st
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4.) LUNN
ode, e
u it y
HEW"-, r-Aftr
THE NEW 'MAP OP EUROPE.
13, Mittailt, tate M eleubt; 14, Ukraine,
no* separated from Russia, may re -
Main independent or Ione part of a
new Russia; this is true aloe of (15)
the Caucasus; 16, Armenia, to be de-
finitely freed trete Turkish control
either as an indeperideet or autono-
mous state; 17, Roumania proper,
Which will doubtless form part ot
greater Roumanla Meluding (18)
Elessarebla and .(191 Transylvania;
2.), CeechoelaVakia, tie be formed as
alt indapendent state out of Bohemia
and Moravia, parte of Motels:Hunt
pry; 21, Hungary, which May 133
either free or remain Wiled to Aut.
13LACX 5Z4
0/iSti fritett.
'Phis map, timely now in view of the
thesation ef hoittilitles, presents
Mae at the intim of Europe. 1, Al'.
sate Lorraine 10 be restored to
France; 2, Luxemburg, to be freed or
loIned t3 Belgium; 3. German Polaild
to be incorporated with (4) Russian
Poland and (6) Austrian Poland into
a new Polish state; (t, Distriet of
Cholla, disputed 137 tricralne and Po-
land, uttlinate fate doubttua 7, 8, 9,
10 11, Testhonia, /Awake Courland,
fallen% 'and Milan& teeth of WWI
may be independent or part of a ted-
ex-41e.l reentielle; 12, Marmite cOast,
diepute beteteen Russia aud Fintatult
Asi 's, pm?
iiirAs,„
trete 22, Attstria, to be fret Or joined
to what relnains of GennanYi 23,
1-eugeslav lands of Anstrladlungary, to
forte part ot- ti great augo-Slav
ite-
tion; 24, Italy Irredenta, te go to
Italy; 25, Serbia,' as she was prim' to
1913, to be incorporated with (28)
IMacedonia, , an ottilet1 d
rititic Sea and (28) Montenegro fete it
great Jugoslav natien; 29, Albania,
I fate doubtful; 30, Ittegariaash
s e watt
before the war, and as she may be,
though she hopes for accessious from
what Is now Turkey; 31, European
Tarkey; 32, the region about Drina,
Seres nnd Reveille to be restOred to
Greece by Belle:la,
Mined in a box. a foot and a half long,
a foot wide and, weighing only about
10 pounds, is easily carrled on an air.
plane, In the box are coils, condensers
amil a small storage battery, which Is
chars0 with etectriaty oy a revolving
fan -a littte wind propeller energized by
/no air pressure as the flying machine
is driven along. The aviator 'wears U.
bend -telephone arraogement witioh, its
receiver clasped elose tot his ears, la
structUrally it part of Ills leather hel-
met, A transmitter is attached to 1114
as to be convenient tor tenting. Sus.
things ere worn by telephone girls, se
person tn much the same tray as smell
pended from the airplane Is a wire that
serves the purpose of an antenna. The
whole appacato4 Is remarkably simple,
, and the claim Is made that it will carry
i
Vocal speech 200 nines, But ordinarilyt will not be arranged for covering any
1
such unnecessary distance, .11 is easy
to see how useful attell a contriVance is
likely to be -for. example," enabling a
flack of birdmen (who often operate JO
squadrons), to talk, with one anther
while high in the alr. They can thus
Co-operate to greater advantage, per-
haps obeying the spoken orders of an
ad, The tent of the fly -
officer in comma
int41,men 1 and' le, of elEtt tilei, only
th ears o ono another. le respect
4):
It Wets f TIM theconver 1 of or us
and geese. Of the language of these
birds some little has been learned by
naturalists. who say that. It is -.more
_ complex thah most persona would sup-
pose,
l'INIAlinrcTe 14:gettl-lreeoneelloil gheg
a long -drawn "ca,.a,aw." Its ordinary
.conversational remark is "owk, twit,
mit," lather quickly uttered, The clang-
er-wikraing cry of the 'wild goose is a
long -drawn "uw-a-ank." But it has ether,
notes for • signaling the start to fly,
for social talk, etc. -Philadelphia Public
Ledger,
-
1.
Worth Knowing,
To get •the best flavor and effect
bora the lemon when 'making nano -
meat, boil the lemon till tender anti
when cold take away the seeds and
chow it up before addiug to the other
ingredients. This is an excellent way,
for the mincemeat keeps much longer,
and no hard ease forms on top, which
often appeara when the lemon is used
In the raw state; •
If every aousekeeper InAmerica de-
cided not to serve a dessert that re-
quired white flour for a whole month,
think what a lot of wheat eould be
saved for the soldiers. .And this 'would
be it very simple thing to do. Fruit
deans are innumerable. Look them
up in yoUr favorite cook book.
The plInkles that are bought at the
grocer's are better boiled in vinegar
until they ere tender.
A cake will be more certain to be
light if it is put Into the oven immea-
lately after the baking powder is add-
ed. •
et_
To renteve tea stains from woolen.
material, thver with wpwdered fuller's
earth dreehrid leave for 24 kours, then
brush out. -
aet+44-•-•44-********-4' eiweteteeteett
.1
1 Epitaphs: anck,
Obituaries
-
..... ._
Here fast asleep, and full six feet de,ep,
And seventy summers ripe,
George Thomas lie.s and hopes to rise
And smoke another pipe. .
.6. 4 -9 -
When you, my friends, are passing by,
And this intorms you where I lie,
Remember you ere long must have,
Like ine, a mansion in the grave.
Also three infants, two sena and a
daughter.
•
In a Cemeteey near Paris, France.
Here lies 'erne, wile of M.
N7--, legatee, blackmail; The railing
round title temb was manufactured by
ht 'husband.
a- +
In Middleburg, Vt.
Rest in Peace -Until We Meet Again.
Here, lies John Plompouding of the
Urange,
.Who hung himself one morning for
• a. change.'
1. 4. -40.. 41.
Here 'lee the body of 'teary Ford,
Ilee soul we trust is with the Lord,
But if to? hell she's changed this life,
'Tie better than being John Ford's
wife.
•••
At threescore wintere' end 1 died, -
A eheerlees being; lone and sad. -
:The nuptial knot I never tied,
And wished' my father.never had.
• 4-+ 4 -
•ave iies the childree of William
Young,
Waiting for their daddy to come.
-at
Death' consigns els, both young and
old,
Thal e'er so fair, diecreet and bold,
In health and strength this youth did
' die
fn a eninute, twitb.out one cry. •
Killed by a cart.
••• •43 -
'Prone Bar eiarbore Me,
reach My 'vanes out fondly,
But they clasp the (Men airi
*There Is nothing of ray darling
Bet the sheet he geed to wear.
Fronfilethlehem, N.
*Meet Me In Heaven."
te*
Here, lies wife seeped of old Wing
.ttogers,
Shea,. safe Irani care, and I trent
• bothers
, -
If Death had known thee as well as I,
.•He ne'er had stepped, but passed thee
bet
I wish him joy, but much I fear
He'll rue the day he came thee near,
+4+Ile Was alive in 1825,
In 1825 he had almost Crossed ,.lie
ItIver Vex,
Wu 1827 he Was striving hard to get to
Ileeven,
In 148 he went the other 'WAY qUite
straight.
+
• Here lies Sohn Proetor,
Who livea Mut died Without 0 decant.
a••••
"Drawbridge shut;" the signal said.
'Tweeter shixt. Alas! how isotope!
Seth is lifei See list of dead
On the Other aide this column.
a' ng the oi1.
It haa been estiMated by authorltlell
that a man weighing 170 pounds, wear.
Ing No, s goes, creates xt premiere et
14 pounds to the aquare ineh of AUViAd•
Whore Ile stem. A horse weighing 1,e
400 pounds !C lrproiSnhey Iro33 per smt
•
etch unite:- hi* hoofs while pulling an
avetage load, A tractor weighing In
the neighborhood of 1,800 pounds exerts
preesure only about ten pounce; ta the
square Inch.
Footi Rs&d Eatebtishes
Stoam Trawl II Operating O.t Bri
—400,000 Ponds at Vat 101sh
-0 iambi**
LO
,
• FLAT FtSel
Twently car -loads of frozen Pacific
flattlsh, recently left a British. Cohen,
Mae fishhig port to supply , the de
-
mend oii Canada' National Fish Day
-a)ctober 31st. This shipment went to
Calgary, Edmenton, 'Saskatoon, Re
-
glue, Moose Jaw, Winnipeg and as
far east as Torento and Montreal.
A year ago Pacific flat -fish were
practically unknown -11z the Canaelan
markets., To -day, it is one of the staple
lines, of Mod fish in ever increasing
(lemmata and bids tali to become as
Popular as salmon and halibut.
The Pacific Coast has long been fa-
mous for salmon and eallbut, and the
efforts of British .Columbia fishermen
has maim, been directed to the catca-
ing and marketing of these ewo spe-
cies. The reedy market for these fish
on this continent has resultedein de-
pletion, and tor the past three years
both fish have climbed into the lux-
ery class, Halibut, once so plentiful
within a few hours' steaming et Van-
couver or Prince. Rupert, is now
caught up in the Gulf of Alaska -the
nearby grounds having been cleaned
eep-and each year sees the fishing
• vessels proceeding farther Afield to
get, them. In former years, trips of
halibut could be got in small sail
and motor craft within 'a few days.
Newadays, may: large steamers with
emple 'bunkers end oil tanks,, and
eepalle of a lengthy steaming radius,
me get them, while their voyages run
from two weeks to a month. -
DEPLETED THE HALIBUT STOCRS
In 1917, the fishing interests on the
Pa,clac Coast were awakening to the
faot that the halibut fishery was show-
ing signs of depletion, and the day
was • fast approaching when halibut
fishing would. he ne 'Mager possible or
profitable. Jest when they were dast-
ing Meant for means of future em-
ployment of plants, vessels and men,
the Canada Food Board Wee looking
Lox- supplies of cheap sea, fish for the
citizens of the 'Western Provinces.
It so happened that the Food
Board's chairman, Mr. II, B. Thomson
had just campleted, a session as a
. member of a Pacific Fisheries Com-
• mission, and he had secured a wealth
of information as to the unutilized
- fis hof the Pacific Coast These were
- the flat-fiehes-brills, soles, plaice and
witches -and certain cods -rad cod,
. grey cod' and ling cod. All of these
species were to be found in Pacific
Waters in enormous quantities, but no.
fishery existed for them, and it was
impossible to catch flat -ash by hook
amt. line,
Novv., EXPERIMENT.
After studyirieg the problem and
making inveetigations into Lite most
economical methods of: catching aptl
marketing these fish. Mr. Thomson
eel -toted the aid of Mr. Jelin P. Bab.
Cod; Aesietant Commissioner of Fish.
eries for British Columbia. Througlt
him the Canadian Fish an Cold Stor-
age Company, Limited ,of Prince Ru-
Pert:13.0., were induced to flt out one
of their halibut steamers as it trawler
to engage in ths fishery for flat -fish
and °As. Arrangements were made
wah the fishermen to bring the 'fish
In atet set prate: The profit& of whole-
salers and' retailers were limited to a
reasonable amount, and the Depart-
ment of Fisheries further aided the
scheme by bearing two-thirds of the
transportation charges to all points
west of the Manitoba, boundary, The
trawler "James Carruthers" coin-
BA O or FISH HAULED UP..
menced operations th Marce, 3.918, and
has been landing a monthly average.
of 400,000 pounds of flat -fish atul cod
ever stem
Letter in the %limner, the Canadian
Fishing Company, Limited, of Van-
ceuver, B.C., fitted out ehe hallbut
steamer "Intericaria" with trawling
gear, and this vessel is now landing
capacity catches for the Canadian
market.
These two 'vessels are revolutiete
izileg the Pacific fisheries. A new in.
dustry is being rapidly ;built t.r1 tb
take the place of the deolininehaiUptt
fishery, and the ;famous European.
method of steam , trawling is eeleg-
succegsfully applied to the Pacific. .
STDAM TRAWLING.
Trawling is the most modern mettle
Od of fishing. The vessels employed
are petverfully designed steel steam.
ers of about 25 feet long, and caltable
of steaming at 10 longs per hOttr. Art
riving on the fishing grounds Where
flattfish and cods are known to °
abound, they lower away a. huge poke.
shaelel net with a mouth about 150
feet wide. This is dragged twee the
sea batten by rthaes ot steel Wite
warps made fast to the trawl winch
on the fore deck of the vessel, at Mt
passage over theebottom, the fish are
ewept tnto the maw et the net e and
after an hopr's dragging, the net is
hauled up to the surface by Meath
-
of the warps and the trawl winch. The
fish slide int the apex of the net,
and the whale is lifted abeard the vest
see The draw -rope closing the apex
is pulled and the Web are diselearged
into the pens on the trawler's (lecke.
Experienced fishermen sort, gut anti'
clean the fish, and they ere stowed
away upon crushed ice in the 'fight
rooms, below. 4 After forty to sixty
hours' ecaninuous fishing without ces-
sation, the •trawler stealth to port,
and the fish are landed, cleaned, grad-
ed, frozen, glazed and packed in 50.
lb., 100 -lb, and -200-1b. boxes for ship-
ment ta market in express fetrigeretor
cars. •
FOOD 'BOARD PROPAGANDA.
The Food Board, having arranzed,
tar the supply, 'set to work to Create a
demand. They had a good product to
advertise, but the unaccountable' pre-
judice Against eating any Other Mit
but halibut and satIni•M had to be
overcome. The Board deternatiee ta
show Canadians how these etsb, were
caught; how they were marliteted, and
their food value. Capt. F. W. Walithe,
or the Food Board's Fisk Section, tottit
the work in hand and made two voy-
ages on a trawler, accompanied 'bet
an expert motion picture eameraentans
and a film was prepared, whtch Was
later °initiated throughout the Weet
Recipes, showing how to cook /leaflet:
and cads, were erabodted in the
Board's Fish Reeipe Book, and the
press was supplied with data, regard-
ing them. The fish trade loyelly got
behind the movemout and' pusima the
sale,
'To -day, seven months since- the
first trawler fitted out, the Pacific
fiat -fish and the Pacific 'cods are,
prima favoeites with the Wale; An
exedlent sea fish has been given to -
the public at cheap price, and so pop-
ular have they 'become that Toronto
ad Mentreal dealers are now import-
ing them by the certicad, The atlettees-
ful establishment of this fishery is but
an indication of what can be done in
other lines.
-0-494.4.4-4.4#*-4-*G-4-•-•-4,44-44-.4-* schoolmaster, it was running wild in
I THE MOTHER side. Black and white current bushei
were bearing fruit. Here and there
profusiOn of weeds and floWere.
Dandelioth and pansies grew side:by
•
+4+444 +4+4 1444144-101
It was in one of those tearful little
villages on the Somnfe, where scarce
One brick stands upon another. but
where son; by some strange freak, the
gardens bloom perennially wall all
their gorgeous tiowere.. Pansies are
there, and' tuargueritee, and gerant
iums-but always there are roses, such
a prolusion of roses
It -was, them ill BUCI1 a village as this
that we met the old French woman.
We had come in from the line, and the
outgoing battalion had told no that
there WO elle civilian left-ean old wo-
man. We sew her soon enough. She
.eittne round the cook -houses, humble,
self-effacing, Imploring, but oh, *with
Dat ter. elle asked but a fete crusts
of bread when We should have fin-
ished our meat We filled bar a mesa -
tie With "gippo," and ehe thanked so
-wonderfully, courtseyIng and smiling
as though :ate were sonic granddame
receiving it Paver' at ten hands or a,
kilig.
'ND days later I saw her at home.
• She lived in the cellars of a little
house o2 which there was nothing bus
the collars left. She recognize.' nee
and gave me a pretty welcome.
Wottid I not like to the her garden':
I went in•-thrit is It :ley, if eoa can
tall it "goleg in" When elle reeve over
a single Wire six front the
ground'.
It must have been a beautiful gerdea
Now, like that of Goldsnetlea
one eaught the rosy gleam of a straw'
berry. There were many Other flowe
ers which 1 cannot name, for 1httve
no great bontanical knowledge.
One thing, hewever, caught my eye.
Near the house, in a ellot kept free Irene
weeds, were ttvo rose bufthes bearittg
bettutiful blooms -one red, ono White,
I think she must have noticed me look.
ing at them.
"Ah," she said, "maiett admires the
roses? But they are sweet They are
the roses of my two sone -Alphonse
the red aud Pierre the agate. Good
by they were, M`SteM arid tdutiful
sons. leach week they Bent their old
mother money from Paris. And then
eame this terrible war,
"I have riot heard of them,
since Verdun. I know not whether
they live or are dead; but always 1
hope, and alWaya I toad lovingly
tizeir rose trees, ff they live, then
the flowers shall be abloom when they
e.onie back to me. If they are dead -
well, it is for France; and When at
is last the /Melte Is eriveu bleak
acrees the Rhine, and there ie Death
onee more, I shall take the news taul
seek my sons' graves. 1110 not far,
Verdun, male% when there is no war,
and hurely taere will be tometme to
show lite the graves? And then I
Ault plant them there -the red above
elphouse, tee white Above Pieria. T111
then, am you, male% I am happy la
tending the roses."
What emelt' I say? I tould only
wprider,