Loading...
HomeMy WebLinkAboutThe Huron Expositor, 1951-05-04, Page 20 THE HURON EXPOSITOR Es Wilted 1860 A. Y. McLean, Editor Published at Seaforth, Ontario, ev- Thursday afternoon by McLean ros. Member of Canadian Weekly Newspapers A Ns'rr�iation. Subscription rates, $2.00 a year in *vane; foreign $2.50 a year. Single ipies, 5 cents each. Advertising rates on application. PHONE 41 Aute -sized as Second Class Mail Post Office Department, Ottawa SEAFORTH, Friday, May 4, 1951 Clean -Up Time This is clean-up time. The snows of winter have gone, leaving in their hke an accumulation of litter and dirt and grime on streets and lawns. Seaforth residents, on the whole, Liave always been proud of their Streets and lawns, and as befitting citizens of a neat and attractive town, are taking advantage of every opportunity to clear away the hang - oyer of winter. There are always some, of course, who appear not to care how their town looks. Some lawns are not raked. Trash is some- times allowed to accumulate. If Seaforth's reputation as a clean .and charming town is to be main- tained, it is necessary that every ei'tizen do his part. One unkempt yard can spoil the effect of a whole block. As an assistance in clearing away winter accumulations, the Lions Club is soon holding its spring paper col- lection. This provides an opportun- ity of disposing of waste paper at no cost to the householder, and at the sane time aids the Club in raising funds for its community activities. • Contentious Question Not for a long time have we heard any discussions concerning that long standing puzzle: Are pyjamas bet- ter than the old-fashioned night- irt? But now the question is out in the open and is the subject of a full dress inquiry by the city council of Limer- ick, Republic of Ireland. The in- quiry by the city fathers was prompted by recent fist fighting be- tween pyjama wearers and the de- fenders of the nightshirt at the Poor House Hospital, which is maintained by the city council and the Limerick County Board. Wards of the county are outfitted with pyjamas. Those of the city re- ceive night shirts. The county's py- jamad paupers have held themselves aloof from the city po,or and the lat- ter have responded with unkind re- marks about .the appearance of el- derly men in fancy sleeping pants. Twice last week this small cold war erupted into open combat, neces- sitating the intervention of the coun- cil. No matter what the outcome, it will be helpful for future reference to have an authoritative decision on such a contentious matter. • To More Drilling? There probably is no experience that has come to be regarded with trepidation to the same extent as has that of having ones teeth drilled. While the actual drilling may in it- self not cause much pain, there is conjured in the mind of the patient the thought that, at the very least, he is undergoing the worst of agon- ies, and the operation is viewed with fear and apprehension. This, in spite of the soothing remarks of the den- tist that "it will only take a minute" arid, "it won't hurt much." But all this may soon be an experi- Owe of the past if the promise of an American dentist is fulfilled. The ew invention, it is claimed, will in- troduce an era of not only painless 10.rt also heatless and vihrationless dentistry. The invention provides a new method of cutting teeth, which em- loys a fine abrasive carried ty a glt.,speed jet of air. The abrasive is , pe ed through a nozzle under , pressure and comes out in the of a stream with high cutting ' er. lit is claimed' the stream) can be directed against gum tissues without harm. We hope the promises are founded on fact, but we shall wait and see what the outcome is. 0 On Seeking Grants How often have we seen occasions when Municipal Governments in dis- cussing the provision of some muni- cipal service have said: It won't cost us very much. We will get a grant from Toronto—or from Ottawa—as the case may be. Such a grant has come to be looked upon as something for which the Local taxpayer will not be called on to pay. There is another aspect to the situ- ation, and that is that when a muni- cipal government accepts a grant, it, at the same time, gives up its right to determine how the grant may be used. The local government has Iost a certain amount of the power to legislate which should rightfully be- long to it. The matter was discussed recently in the Rural Scene, when this warn- ing was issued: - "School boards and municipalities, both urban and rural, should think twice before asking for, or accepting financial assistance from the govern- ment. "Such assistance creates in the public mind the impression of some- thing for nothing, and is responsible for the spectacle of candidates for office appealing for votes by promis- ing to secure bigger and better grants from the government. "Nothing can undermine our sys- tem of local self-government so quickly or so completely as this prac- tice of looking to the central authori- ties for financial contributions to lo- cal responsibilities. "When a local government accepts such grants it builds its activities around them and soon finds that it can't get along without them. "Then it discovers that he who pays the piper also calls the tune. The government attaches conditions to its grants, and is in an excellent position to enforce its conditions. "Thus power passes from the local to the central authorities. The local government is no longer master in its own home. It has become sub- servient to outsiders. - "Likewise provincial governments should be chary about entering into contracts that would put the federal authorities in a position to apply financial pressure to them. "There is much to be said in sup- port of the old rule that expected every government to collect its own taxe's." What Other Papers Say: Brantford Was "It" (St. Catharines Standard) The Bell Telephone is 75 years old and again there is general confirma- tion of the fact which has occasion- ally been beclouded at Boston, that on August 10, 1876, the first success- ful one-way long-distance conversa- tion was held from Tutela Heights, Brantford, to Paris, eight miles. Sub- sequently, on several occasions, Alex- ander Graham Bell confirmed the claim that Brantford was the birth- place of the telephone. To develop the invention, American money had to be secured. Cow In the Parlor (Sydney Post -Record) What seems outrageous or eccen- tric may, under certain circumstan- ces, be the only sensible thing to do —the exception that proves the rule. The Tennessee woman who milked the cow in the parlor wasn't worry- ing about what the neighbors would think. She was unwell, a snow storm was raging, making it unwise for her to venture outside. So her hus- band, the poor sap, who didn't know how to milk, drove Bossy indoors and the good woman did her usual chore without endangering her health. But why in the parlor? Well, no orderly housewife wants a cow in her kitchen. The parlor, least us- ed room in the house, was reserved for events outside of the ordinary, such as weddings, funerals and en- tertaining distinguished guests, not least of whom turned out to be the family cow.�Seldom has a parlor been qua � r a more essential pur- pose. Sixth Sense of Animals To Be' Subject of University Study (From the Chatham News) The sixth sense of dogs, cats, migratory birds and fish is up for scientific experineents at Duke University. Doer your dog really read your mind? When the cat finds you after you have moved to a new place; is it really an acci- dent? These experiments, new to the scientific world, are going on in the para -psychology laboratory there, where in 20 years of work Dr. 3. B. Rhine has shown the existence of a human sixth sense which he calls extra -sensory per- ception. His proof is mathematical and mathematicians say the mathe- matics are used with absolute cor- rectness. Dr, Rhine has not discovered what forms his human sixth sense. That is why he is taking on animal experiments. If this mysterious quality is proven in animals, it will be possible to do experiments that cannot be tried on humans. The hent will be for something equivalent to a sense organ not now recognized. The first step is gathering dog and cat stories and checking their correctness. The best authenticat- ed dog story thus far is about a Collie. Bobbie, whose owners took him on an auto trip from their home in Silverton, Ore., over a northern route into Indiana. There they) lost him. The family con- tinued on to Mexico and then home to Oregon. Months later Bobbie appeared at his Oregon home about 2,000 miles from Indiana. His feet were bleeding and he lay quiet for Three days. The Oregon Humane Society investigated. Bobbie had a trick of offering a front paw for a hand- shake, and this trait (with his story and photo) was used to trace his long trek among persons who recalled such a Collie. He had not returned over the northern auto route but via a route farther south. Dr. Rhine says records of ani- mals returning home are . numer- ous, though he still wants more for special details. More interest- ing are those that went to places previously unknown to them. One was a Belgian Shepherd that disappeared from his home in Idaho just before the family moved to Richmond, Cal. This dog was the pet of two boys. In California they lived in an apart- ment. Several .months after the move, they found their dog in the apartment hall, lying in front of their door. Who Pays the Unseen Taxes (By Joseph Lister Rutledge) We all tend to believe what we tike to believe, and there is noth- ing pleasanter than believing that all benefits are free. When we are routed from this comfortable posi- tion, by arguments we cannot meet we fall back on another almost as comforting. We say: "Somebody may have to pay, but not I." Such delusions are based on the popular belief that the only costs we pay are those that we can plain- ly see. We used to see the income tax as such a charge, but more .re- cently we have beclouded that by tax deduction at the source. With higher taxes, this was necessary if there was to be sufficient left to deduct. It had another effect. Not having receivedthe money, it seem- ed not as something taken from us, but something we hadn't own- ed. We began to think of our in- come in terms pf "take-home pay," Whatever prejudice resulted was turned against management, which bore the costs of collection with- out a hint of benefit. But govern- ment, which did benefit, was cred- ited with helping out with welfare measures to offset the supposed niggardliness• of employers, The result is that, while we are quick to recognize a half -cent rise in the price of milk or flour, we are blind to the tremendous for- ward march. of taxes. Our various governments, federal; provincial, and municipal, in 1939 took from every man, woman and child 'what rveraged out as $95 in annual tax- 's. At the present time the charge against every individual, old' and i young, is $260. Working that ou for our present population it means that governments take from us in the tax year $3,600,000,.000, of which the federal governments gets ap- proximately $2,412,000,000. We surmise, happily, that mos of this almost two and a half bil lion dollars is paid by the wealthy and the big corporations. But al these sources provide only about two-fifths of this total. There is a remainder of almost a billion and a half dollars after the wealthy and the corporations have paid their substantial share. Everyone gets an even break on this remainder. So, when you pocket your welfare cheque, you might remember that ' it isn't a bonus. You are only get- ting back what you paid in. There are three-fifths of the federal taxes that can't be aid on the shoulders of the wealthy or the profits of in- dustry and this three-fifths you and the millionaires pay equally. The pack of cigarettes doesn't care who buys it, nor do shoes or gasoline, or flour or anything else you buy. So, it adds up to this: You are paying your welfare budget—look- ing after your children or your old age or your unemployment just as you used to do. The only differ- ences are that you haven't the same sense of independence now that government pretends to be looking after your future, and un- doubtedly, you could do the job better and more cheaply for your- self. Fertilizer Recommendations Farmers should follow closet he recommendations of provincia fertilizers advisory boards or coun oils. These are based on experi nental work done by Federal an Provincial Departments of Agricul ture, and the advisory boards kee ace with necessary changes by r vising their recommendations fro time to time. Pending revisions some farmers often get increased yields when using fertilizers at higher rates of application thaln the recommendations, but care should be taken, for it is easy to ;o beyond the limits of profitable returns. It is poined out by G. W. Michael (Fertilizers), Department of Agri- culture, Ottawa, that the recom- mendations are made on the as- umption that farmers are doing all possible to maintain soil fertil- ity by good cultural practices. This includes crop rotation, drainage, care of manure, growing good leg- ume sods, and then balancing the plant food level with commercial fertilizer. y d p e- m Soil Sanitation . Crop rotation is probably the oldest. most effective, and usually the least expensive of any method available to the farmer for the con- trol of those soil organisms caus- ing plant diseases, says Dr, G, B. Sanford, Pathologist -in -Charge at the Canada Department. of Agricul- ture's Laboratory of Plant Pathol- ogy at Edmonton, Mts. Fuji sanitation from the stand- point of the farmer, Dr. Sanford points out, largely becomes a prob- lem of using certain natural meth- ods that destroy or reduce those members of the soil flora causing disease, without seriously affecting those needed in the soil. In many instances it is very difficult to do this. Complete elimination of the parasites from the soil is not al- ways necessary. What is import- ant is a reduction of the harmfui types to a low level where the ef- fect on yield and quality of the host.. crop is commercially negli- gible. The continuous growing of the same crop year after year on the same soil, says Dr. Sanford, is al- most certain to inrrrase danger- ously the various soil borne diseas- es Affecting I. If wheat is follow- ed by wheat year after year, for example, the various root rots of wheat tend to bulb) up In. the soil. A crop of oats le exceptionally ef- i fective in reducing the root -rot ting fungi of wheat in such a soil, even better than a clean summer. fallow. .An oat crop, however, may not be feasible in dry areas where the storage of moisture and plant food would be lessened by the oat crop; so summerfallow would be recom mended. Alfalfa and clover are al so effective in returning a diseas ed soil to health again. Even the fungi that are usually persistent are reduced to a safe degree by a crop of oats, legumes or by sum mer -fallowing. Not all soil -borne diseases re spored; equally well to short rota tions; there are some fungi tha require longer periods than one lyear to be reduced by a suitable crop, or by summerfallow. Includ :ed among these are the fungi caus ing common scall of potatoes, the club root of cabbage, and certain root rots of peas which are all dif ' ficult to reduce in the soil, Plant diseases are caused by various, kinds of fungi and bacteria some of which live normally in the soil. Others can live in. the soi as well as on other things not in the soil, and some do not live in the soil at all. The fungi that cause the rusts and the smut),' and many of the leaf spots that occur on the parts of planks above ground, belong to the group that normally do nut live in the soil. Such diseases are best controlled by the use of suitable resistant varieties and, by seed treatment in the case of smuts. As soil sanita- tion is vital generally to the pro- motion of a healthy soil and econ- omic crop production it should be practised wherever possible. Poultry House Litter Healthy and Sanitary In ,this\day anis age of great em- phasis on sanitation and cleanli- ness, it may seem a little impu- dent for anyone to suggest that considerable benefit can come of a foot or so of litter, even though the suggestion is aimed towards poultry. But T. M. McIntyre, of the Experimental Farm at Nappan, N.S., a man who is recognized as an authority on the subject, bas ad- vised poultrymen that a foot of lit- ter on the henhouse floor is not only sanitary but has a definite nu- tritional value for the birds as well. Mr. McIntyre has proof, too. For a long time sanitation was (Continued on page 6) L �4 Jack Spxatt was much too fat Bis wife was much too lean. Now Canada's Food Rules help them both To strike the happy mean. Dept of National Health and Welfare r YearsllAgone Interesting items Picked From The Huron Expositor of Twen- ty-five and Fifty Years Ago. �..rw.` From The Huron Expositor May 7, 1926 The residence of Mr. Geo. Dun - dos, McKillop, was consumed by fire on Sunday. He intends build- ing again as soon as possible. Mr. Wilmore Scott, McKillop, held a successful plowing bee on Monday afternoon. A pleasant evening was spent at the home of Mrs!, F. O'Brien, Staffa, when about fifty residents of the community gathered in honor of Mrs. W. O'Brien, who has since joined her husband in Flint, Mich. During the evening she w.as pres- ented with a clock and other suit- able gifts. Mrs. C. Sellers, of Walton, was called home to Heidelburg owing to the illness of her father. Geo. A. Sills & Son have erected a new gas pump in front of their hardware store on Main St. Mrs. J. H. Broadfoot had the misfortune to fall in her home on Monday and sprain her ankle. The residence of the late James Millen, on the North Gravel Road, has been purchased by Mrs. James Hogg. Mrs. F. Fitzgerald, Chiselhurst, had a successful wood bee on Thursday. Mr. Isaac Hudson has on exhi- bition in the window of .Silver - woods' some potatoes that are pot- atoes. They were grown on the farm of James McCluskey, in Mc- Killop. Twenty-two of them weigh- ed 30 pounds, and six weighed two pounds each. A bitter north' wind with gusts of 'driving rain made the annual in- spection of the Seaforth Collegiate Institute cadet corps most unpleas- ant. Col. Gillespie was in charge. Cadet Sgt. Major Jack Archibald w -as in charge of the fall -in, and Cadet Captain Fred E. Willis con- ducted the corps through their ceremonial and company drill. Of- ficers were: Capt. F. E. Willis, Lieutenants, Robert Willis and Clarence Trott; Sergeant-Major, Jack Archibald; Section Comman- ders, Davis Moore, John McIntosh, Larry Webster, Bill Barber, Nor- man Jefferson, George Daly, Tom Ciuff, Charlie Stewart; Platoon Sergeants, Jack Crich and Harold Cummings. • From The Huron Expositor May 10, 1901 Our old townsman, Mr. A. J. M Intosh, has been elected by th citizens of Woodstock, as a mem ber of the joint water and ligh commission for that city. Mr. S. Dickson, Seaforth pos master, has new potatoes in hi garden which measure six inche in length, Mr. Harry Watson, who has bee employed with Mr. A. G. Ault, lef here for Detroit, where he expect to secure employment. The Rev. John McNeil was in ducted into the pastorate of th Presbyterian Church congregation of Bayfield and Bethany on Thurs day. D. B. McLean and Wm, Murdoch Kippen, left Saturday for the O1 Country with a shipment of cattle Mr. Hugh McGregor, Brucefield is raising his barns and enlarging them. McCowan Bros. have torn their old barns down and are be- ginning to build new ones. For a number of years the 33rd Regiment Band of 'Seaforth has held a most enviable reputation and has competed most success- fully against the best musical or- ganizations. of the Province. Of late the band has suffered in, the loss of the leader, Mr. Miller, and other prominent members, but we are pleased to note that even this setback will in no great degree off- set its efficiency. A new leader, Mr, Crooks, of Stratford, has been engaged, who comes most highly recommended. Mr. Gilbert Dick, Kippen, the past week disposed of some forty young calves, and yet he failed to supply the demand. Thomas Cudmore, of Usborne, has purchased. Mrs. Sandwell's house and property in Exeter for $1,2.00. At the first of July, Rev. Mr. Russell, of the Methodist Church, Seaforth, will terminate h,1 s three years' stay. By his earnest labors and pleasantmanner, he hes won and maintained the sym- pathy of his people. Mr. S. Hardy and family, Zurich, left Thursday for their new home in Carsonviile, Mieb. On Monday evening Mr. Hardyee Sunday Sehool class assembled at his residence and spent a few pleasant hours. c - e t- d • Heade Kinsmen Club At the regular meeting of the Wingham Kinsmen Club in the Queen's Hotel last Friday night, Ross Hamilton was elected by ac- clamation e-clamation to the office of presi- dent for the year 1951-52.—Wing- ham Advance -Times. Fawn Seen At Bluevale Mrs. R. E. McKinney, Bluevale, recently observed from her home, situated on the banks of the Mait- land River, a fawn being chased by a hound. It took to the water and found refuge in some bushes after swimming diagonally across the pond. The hound did not follow it into the water. — Wingham A4- vance-Times. Left For Texas Mrs. Ed. Gascho left on Monday to enjoy a few weeks with her sis- ter and brother-in-law, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Carr, at Fortworth, Texas. The trip there was made by ,bus and return. She will accom- pany Mr. and Mrs. Carr to Chica- go, where Mr. Carr will attend a convention before coming to Zur- ich. We wish Mrs. Gascho a safe trip.—Zurich Herald. Accepts Teaching Position Miss Marjory Klopp, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Bert Klopp, who is at present a student at the Ontario College of Education, Toronto, al- so a graduate of the University of Western Ontario, majoring in the course of French and Latin, has accepted a position on the teach- ing staff of the Fort Erie High School, duties to commence in Sep- tember.—Zurich Herald. Male Choir Cops Cash Huronia Male Chorus, Exeter, captured the $25 cash prize at the Huron County music festival at Goderich last week. The chorus is directed by Mrs. H. L. Sturgis. The prize was given by the Domin- ion Salt Company. Harry Bern, of Granton, captured the tenor solo class with 84 points, Other com- petitors in the festival from this district were Dalphine Earl, Zur- ich, and Sheila Soper, Zurich.—Ex- eter Times -Advocate. Chimney Blaze A chimney fire at the farm home of Thomas Ellis, four miles north and west of Brussels on the 4th concession of Morris, was noticed by Mr. Charles Nicholson, as he drove along the road on Monday. Mr, Nicholson notified Mr. Ellis and helped him quell the blaze, which burned a Iarge 'hole in the. roof, but was put out before caus- ing further damage. The occupants of the house had not noticed the blaze.—Blyth Standard. Pave Lucknow-AmberIey Road Announcement was made Satur- day by John W. Hanna, M.L.A. for Huron -Bruce, that the twelve -mile stretch of road from. AmberIey to Lucknow will be paved shortly. It is expected tenders . will be called for within the next three weeks. The present highway is 100 feet wide and has been properly drain- ed and graded. Highway No. 86,! when completed, will be a decided asset to the tourist trade in the Point Clark-AmberIey Lake reg- ion.—Wingham Advance -Times. Fire Smothers 7,000 Chicks Close to 7,000 chicks were smoth- ered to death in a fire at the new- ly -built hatchery of Fred W. Bray, Gidley St., on Saturday afternoon. Manager Eric Carscadden said the chicks were from a day to four weeks old, Fire started when gaso- line was spilt inside the building. smoke was pouring out of the building when firemen arrived. Water pressure was low and only one hose was used after it was• found that the main couldn't sup- port two lines. Damage to the - building, w'hieh was erected last month, was estimated at $500.00.— Exeter Times -Advocate. Large Crowd At Bingo The $100 cash prize for the final. bingo game at the Crystal Palace last Wednesday night went to Mrs. Willard Soeder. Mitchell Chamber of Commerce sponsored the large- ly patronized event. Adolphus- Rolph, Mrs. Matheson and T. Flan- agan shared the first $25 special game prize. Ml's. Pincen, Stratford, Pat McCardy, Stratford, and John. Dungey, Mitchell, shared the sec- ond $25, and Don Rolph had no , competition for the third •special game for the same amount. Those winning the three door prizes were John Nicholson, Mrs. Kunder, of Stratford, and. H. Powers, Mitchell. I. W. Lockhart extended a welcome to the patrons and S. Smyth drew the door prizes, while A. D. Jordan. was at his usual task of calling the numbers. Winners of the regular games were: Bill Scoins and Miss Bessie Cronin, Dublin, tied; Mrs. J. Todd, Stratford; Mrs. William, Bauer and Mrs, Morris Ryan, tied; E. Harburn, H.. Wrdght and Mr. Kemp, tied; Wm. Bennewies, Mrsi Len Wahl and' Patsy Thorne, tied;: Walter Peebles; Mrs. Turnbull; Mrs. Ed. 1VIcCormick,. Ross Barth- el, Frank Williams; Dublin; Mrs. Folz and L. Kearney, tied; Mrs, C. O'Donnell; Mrs. Cliff Norman; Pat Cardy, Stratford; W. Peebles, At- wood; Miss E. Coyne; Geo. Beuer- mann, Miss Mary McCarthy, tied. —Mitchell Advocate. A Smile Or Two "He is intolerable, but that's hie only fault." • A clergyman and a Scotsman were watching a football game to- gether. The Scotsman continually kept taking nips from a bottle, and the clergyman, no longer able to restrain himself, at last cried out, "Sir, I'm sixty-nine years old, and never in my ..life have I touched alcohol." "Well, dinuae worry yourself tae much," replied - the Scotsman with a pronounced burr. "You're nae gina start noo." • Sitting on the veranda, the en- gaged couple discussed the furni- ture they would need for their dream cottage. "Now, darling, regarding the liv- ing room," the young man ventur- ed, "are you going to bring your piano to our house when we are married'?" "My goodness, yes," the young woman replied. "That was the one thing Father made me promise before he would agree to let me marry you!" • Rather proudly a Western farm- er was telling relatives about the fortitude with which he had en- dured the rigors of the past win- ter. "Snowbound for three weeks•" he said. "Low on grub and fuel'. Yet, in 30 -below weather, I battled storms and tended to my chores. Had to keep a stiff upper lip, I did!" "What else could you do, Pa? put in his quiet little wife. "And with all those icicles hanging to. your moustache!" BOXWORD PUZZLE By Jimmy Rae World Copyright Reserved 1.1 12 13 17 18 ■ ACROSS 1—Sullenness 4--Sled-dog 7—Constricting snake B--�Slmii,ar 10•—,Roman 11—Silvery white 15—Nocturnal bird 16—Pendent ice 19—Expenditure 22—Make cold " 23—Skips over 25—Hand-covering 26—Mark, sign 27—The Devil 30 --Three -(prefix) 31—First-born 34—Strangeness 37 ---Furs 38—Not erect 40 --Coda of laws 41—Untrue 42—Particular 45—Dispute 46—Great tumult 49—Chromium 52 --Ancient 53—Betoken 56—Spring flower 57 --Listlessness 58 --Animal's thigh 69—Defamation 60—Savory DOWN 1—Run with leaps 2—Double quartette 3—Madness 4—Cure 6 --,Stink down 6 --Yonder 7—•Kind of soup 9—Here (French) 12—Intermission 12—Live SOLUTION ON PAGE 7 14—Bird's claw 17—Young swan 18—Throng 20—Act of burning' 21—Enjoyed 24—Amphibious mammal 28—Irregularity 29—Dwelling 32—Academy 33—Marine duck 35—Imperfection 36—Lazy person 38 --Garment of tartan 39—Wind. instrument 43—Memorial 44—Lady's title 47 --Small 48—Side glances 50—Part of foot 51—Possess 51—Elongated fish 55 --Sphere esseseetorsereasseeseeeesesaramsaramivoomemomeemovemoftweessoesteseeseseeseees