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HomeMy WebLinkAboutThe Huron Expositor, 1944-07-14, Page 2....eSseeeS •- 4 40;4 itor 4blikibeci 1860 Hail McLean,• Editor. e Seaforth, Ontario, ev-, raday afternoon by McLean Subscription rates, $1.50 a year in advance; foreign $2.00 a year. Single copies, 4cents each. Advertising rates on application. • SEA -.FORTH, Friday, July 14, 1942 .ReadingSpeeches inParliament The rules of the House of Com - plans forbid the reading of speeches by member's, and it is an olcl ruling that dates back to theMother of Par- liaments in the days of the Stuart Kings, when the King and,, Parlia- ment were constantly at war with • one another. At that time Members of Parlianient did not want the King to know what they were saying in the House, and to further that end, members were forbidden to read from manuscripts, which might eas- ily be' carried out of the Commons, and in that manner get into circula- tion. • The need, of such a rule has, of course, long since vanished, but it has remained a rule of both Parlia- ments to this day, although as far' as the Dominion Parliament is concern- ed, there seems to be a growing habit to disregard it in recent years. In fact, it is stated that every member who has yet spoken in the debate on the budget has read his speech in whole or in part. / That is most unfortunate, because the reading of stifled essays is a wearisome business without interest to' anyone. Further', it tends to make all debates -deadly dull and, robs the members of much of their authority. Still further, it is 'a time and money consumer and lends itself to rather 'dishonest practises. Not many members of Parliament are real orators; not many are top- notch -debaters,. But there are al- ways. some of both in every Parlia- ment, and it is an easy matter for one member to write..a speech_and • give it to some one else to read. That • has been done, and is being done as anyone who follows Hansard at all • closely is fully aware. • , It. is claimed that C.C.F. Members •invariably read their speeches in the • House, and as the members of that party occupy as much, or more, of • the time of Parliament in debate, On • any and all subjects- as any two other parties combined, it is- not at • all surprising that sessions linger on • month after month when there is not the slightest need for such long ses- sions. A member can continue with ease, to read aloud for forty minutes—the •time allotted—when it is doubtful, if the same member could speak extem- poraneously for ten minutes. But that ten minute speech would, with- out a doubt, hold the attention of the •• House, and of the country, to a much greater extent, than would a forty minute essay, 'and the halt hours spared in debate every day and ev- ery week -would shorten a session by two months. There is som xcuse for a, minis- • ter reading his speech when, he is making some .important announce- ment on Government policy, or giv- • ing the House some complicated de- tail, but it is only a few years ago that even ministers were not permit- '• ted this privilege. Sir Wilfrid Laur- ier, Sir Itobert Borden and Mr. Meighen never read a speech, while great Finance Ministers' like Foster -• and Fielding only used a few notes • when they presented their budgets. •• In the present House there is, how- ever, one outstanding exception, that is the Hon. J. G. Gardiner, Minister tof Agrictliture, who has never been • known to read a speech; • ' ' • It- is true that Ministers' duties • and responsibilities have increased a •litindredfold in recent years, and par- '• 'titularly in wartime one can excuse " ;-therti for taking short cuts, but the till and 'useless hairs they are fore - d to .n the ,Huse listening to read,Osoo„ cOuld be much 'tfantageoildy, spent in their rti6/04.1 'Work Vir. Mein 6rs ',"1-4‘!-A• on(' prices Drop Since the C.C.F. came into power in the• ,recent Saskatchewan . elec- tions, there has been a drop in the, market quotations for Saskatchewan • bonds of three points, and one issue is clown even more than that. In view of • the statement recently made by Saskatchewan's new Pre- mier, coupled with the general atti- tude of the C.C.F. party, this drop is, perhaps, not surprising. The Can- adian Press quoted 'Mr, Douglas as saying that his government would seek to refund the Provincial debt of some $225,000,000 at lower interest rates, because the C.C.F. policy was refunding. But, he added, "if the boys are too tough," then other means would ,have to be considered. Other -,Canadian Provinces are re- funding at lower interest rates as their bond issues are maturing, but Mr. Douglas' statement would., lead one to suppose that he proposes to secure an immediate reduction in in- terest rates without waiting .for the bond issues to/Mature. If the bond- holders refuse his demand he will, apparently, try to compel them. But the Alberta Government tried that •• some years ago, and is still bitterly regretting their action. No doubt Saskatchewan will want money for its reconstruction pro- gram, but how is the Province going to get that money if its Premier talks like that, and by raising doubts • and 'suspicions in the minds of in- vestors, either at home or abroad. • But perhaps Mr. Douglas forgot, when he made his little fighting speech .to the Press, that he was no longer free to make irresponsible ut- terances. That as Premier of the Province he held a very important post of public responsibility. That he no longer belonged to a care -free opposition, that could say or promise anything. • About Success • The next time you hear a bitter tirade made against the head of the Army, the, Navy, the _Airforce, or the Government, you can get quite a bit of cortifort by remembering this Disraeli anecdote: "Sir, what is your definition of success?" some one asked Disraeli. The British Prime -Minister- con- sidered the question, then replied in his usual satirical manner: "Young man, all that I can say about suc- cess is this: It is one unpardonable . sin that any man can commit in the eyes of his less fortunate fellows." „ • Hang Oh To The Old One • The chances of our motor loving cousins to the south of getting a new car took a decided drop 'last week. • with the disclosure by the Office of Price Administration, that only 30,- 000 new cars remain to meet' all re- quirements until automobile produc- tion can be resumed after the war. In normal times, these 30,000' cars would only take care of three days' buyer demands. But at the same • time the agency also announced that, it had removed inner tubes from the rationing ',list and had granted an in- crease in__the number of new tires for Jury and August. Over here the situation is not a bit better; and the tire situation even worse, so after all the old jollopy will have to do for quite some time yet. • Save Time The motto of the great airlines on the North American Continent is said to be, "Why telephone? Go •yourself. It saves time." And - And that, before very long, may literally become true, judging by the plans being made by aviation line to handlethe most perishable goods in air. cargoes. Lettuce has been flown from the Pacific to the Atlantic; a shipment • of bees has 'been made to Alaska; a South American lake has been stock- ed with fish eggs from the Middle West; berries are 'being shiPped from the, South to the North, and even orchids have been carried. from Mexico to New York. The high altitude, it is said, has -little or no effect on the most tender conntodity in a. day's_flight; and be - lore long these distances. will be thi- t y:,,,4 -an over -night rule 6 A ,gettthg smaller •and 6 • safler all_ the tine, •-• erSteeeeting iteMS• Pielted from The elepositor Q fifty and, twenty-fiveLyears O. From The Huron Expositor July 18 Pee" • . Word was received in Stella on Friday lag teat Mr. Lorne Hittche son, of the R.C.A.F., had arrived in Mitchell from overseas, so a number of auto loads,, numbering between 40 and 50 people, went to 1V4e. F. 11 Hutchison's home to give.him a wel- come and a cheers,- • The following students' from the Seaforth Collegiate were successeil at the Normal School examinations: Second class certificates.: • Mary Ger- trude Crich, Florence Deem, Hester Godkin, Jean R. Hays, Alice Knechtel, Mary E. Jessie McMillan, Marjorie J. Nolan, Marian T. Scar- lett, C. Gladys Shillinglaw. Mr. Ralph 'Reid returned from ov- erseas on July 19th. OA Thursday evening last the pup- ils of Miss Anne Govenlock gave a recital in the Carnegie Library. The vocal solos were sung by ,Miss Doo - thy Wilsqn and Miss Mabel Ture- bull. Miss Agnes Campbell, Seaforth, •spent Sunday with Mr. and Mrs. Nor- man Jones in Tuckersnaith. Mr. A. W. Stobie has, purchased the cottage on North Main Street from Mr. R. 0. Henderson. Mr. Henderson has been given a more important position as Massey -Harris agent in St. Marys. . Misses. Agnes, Jean azld Nora Gov- enlock,. of Ottawa, were' here -this week attending the funeral of the late James Govenlock, their brother, Who died le Saskatoon last Friday. Mr. and Mrs. H. W. Colquhoun.and family, of Winnipeg, are visiting friends in Seaforth and Hibbert. Mr. Colquhoun formerly carried on a meat business in the Beattie block here, and has been in the West for some seven 'years. Mr. Abraham, teller in the Bank of Cemmerce, is spendin-g- his holidays at Wiartoh. Miss Bessie McMichael, of the Bank of Commeree, is spending her holi- days with friends in Toronto. Miss Taggart, of •Ottawa, has been appointed teacher of Moderns and History at the Seaforth ' Collegiate; succeeding Miss Travers, who resign- ed. • Mrs. J. J. Cluff and Miss Scott and Messrs. T. G. Scott and Thompson Scott were in Hamilton on Tuesday attending the funeral of the late Keith Murray. Mr. Morley. Habkirk, ,who recently returned after spendingeenearly four years overseas, is visiting at the home of his father, Mr. John Hab- kirk. Miss Marion Larkin, of the Ottawa Civil Service, is spending her boli - days with her parents at the Manse. • From The Huron Expositor July 29, 1894 P. Gutteeiege, dentractree. hie filled a long felt want by building on Market Street ineeown, a fine brick double house, being situated next to his own residence. • Mr. Samuel Dining is also building a neat- and comfortable brick dwel- ling house. Mr. WilliamsFielay.son, of Egmond ville, has gone on a trip up the lakes. Messrs. Scott, Bros., who have pur- chased from the town the electric light plant, are getting things into shape for work. The plans were pre pared by Mr. William McKay, head engineer of OgilVie's Mill. •• Mrs. A. McLean, Mrs. Coulter and, Miss M. E. IVIcLeati, all of Seaforth were rusticating last week at the residence of Mrs. John CoWan, ."1Vfait- landbank Farm?' The garden party held at the Methodist Church Parsonage, Walton on Tuesday ehrening, was a grand suc eess. The violin and organ music by 'the Best Brothers was 'highly appreci ated. The genial members of the Seaforth Brass Band won the admira- tion of all present. Miss L. M. Hillen, McKillop, who is a leacher in the .High School, Nia gara Falls, has returned home for the hqlidays. Mr. Robert Logan has sold the resi- dence, formerly 'occupied by the late Thomas Sharp, to Mr. George Ches ney, of the Hp.ron.- Road: MreArthu'r Forbes has added to his stock or rigs another large carriall. Quite a bad fire occurred in Clinton early on Saturday morning last. It originated in Jacob Miller's black- smith Rho and was discovered about 5 p.m, by Mr. George Swartz, whet was feeding hie hersee The flames spread rapidly, and Cook's Feed Store, Cantelon Bros.' grocery store, Bepkwith's Bakery,. Cook's Photo Gal- lery and Woo eines Laundry all suf- fered conaiderably. The largest.Orange celebration ev- er held in Western Ontario took place at Wingham on Thursday of last week, whSh about 15e00 people were present. • Mrs.4Maber, of Listowel, is at pres- ent visiting in town, the guest of Mrs. George Murray,. Goderich St. Mr, Janies Grieve; of the 3rd con- cession •of McKillop, finished haying on the llth of this month. Mr. and Mrs. J. 8. Porter, Miss Flora Porter and Master Lorne Por- ter drove to leayfleld on Tuesday, A petition being circulated •on Thursday was beilig Very generously signed by the businessmen, asking the; Mayor to proclaim Friday, Aug. 10th,, Civic Holfhays. Pliursday Was the warmest dayof the season. The eliebiarateter regie= tered over 106,in the shade. A comedian atopPed Ik newsboy who Was :vigorously plyl.ng his trade "I say, 'sonny, theyou watit sa, new job." he 'askee. •'total mindeetiTA Whet is fee" re! plied, the boy. • -"Well, my Manit0i€46,.,14Aittng, rOf a hut Bite youtik:' 04' "Oa, he IS, hi',:114 7)Alleif bid idea -t-tO1 fire you ,ot td. IteituitttVo or tow By in! 4-1,1$034.‘ We ead young fellow sta,cing with us this 'week -end who is going over- seas iq a few weeks. Be left ou Monday to take the eaat pale of ibis training at a camp somewhere east of here, wee a hot Jule week -end. Now that We've had a fa:r)y good amount of rein this hot ,sun seems to be sending everything scooting • up „to- wards the sky. Oa the other hand, the crops that got their growth in June are starting to edge toward harvest. All in all, it was a perfect summer Sunday. We •sat out on the front veranda an.d smoked and watched the cars going by. Down in the pasture field most of the cattie steed around un- der the weeping willows and the sad - old elms with their feet in the muck around the spring. They were the smart ones, but the younger cattle, still not wise to the ways ot the heel- fle, were now ard again zipping around the field with their tails in the air as if the devil, himself was nipping at their heel. • Patricia Ann- was playing in the orchard with score of the Higgins youngsters and the cat and dog had forgotten their feud and were dozing on the far end of the porch. The pigs in the barnyard had rooted a nest on the shady side of the strawstack, and the geese were enjoying the pond with. Mrs. Duck • and her brood, An occasional chicken strolled 'across the front lawn, stopping to i,eek now and again but with a sort of lazy air. • Mrs. Phil was having a nap. Ed. • Higgins strolled by on his way across to the other fifty are to salt the cattle and check them . . . a regular Sunday job for..him. Everything was peaceful and quiet. Now and again a car would rattle over the planks 01111•111111MW ose‘tune for 0v ei;1vveoerenyteb;12. 0enacetcrbein ea,an,, airplane droned Wogs., peckein a clear blue , . - The young fellow wee taking it all In. You. almost .imagined he was soaking it up. These were to be bis east perfect • memoriee of home and he wanted them to be tucked away in good Order so that he could take them out for going -ever whenever he needed a bracer like that. '•• . ' ' he said without looking in ioy direction, "it • has just* suddenly come to me. I know now why I'm fighting. •Not this story book stuff that a loeef high-powered guys dream up, but something .else. I didn't join up for honor or anythtng I just en- • listed. because there was something going on and' the young fellows were going. While. I was kicking around this country e never thought much about it, but new that I'm going over there, it seems different," I -le stopped and then event on say- ing, "I'm fighting for people like Miss Abbott. She walked into the orphan- age and saw me and she wasn't like the others. : She didn't lose interest when she found put that my parents. had been foreigners. Ien fighting for you, Phil, and the wife, because you've let me call this .place home. I'm fighting it for Patricia Ann, be- cauee some day I hope to .haV.e kids like her . . . and I guess I'm fighting it. because 1 feel that there's enough in the world for everybody and there's a good chance nowof get- ting each person a share. • I'm fight- • ing it for Canade, too, • because I think it's a great place." We just sort of sat there after that and didn't • say much lentil supper - time, bet we thought a lot. ,ttigessimummomm ; JUST A SMILE OR TWO ; "How come you didn't run. out?" demended the sergeant. "Didn't you hear the bugle blew re,veille?" "Honest, sergeant, I'm afraid I'm going -te' be a flop as a. soldier. I •don't know one' durn tune 'frena an- other!" • Baldheaded Gent: "You ought to cutesy hair cheaper, there's' so little of, it." - Barber: "Oh, no. In your case we don't charge for cutting'the hair; we. ,charge for having to search for it." • "Your wife is a very systematic woman, isn't she?" asked Robinson. "Yes, • very," replied Smith. "She works on the theory that you -can find whatever you want wben .you don't want it by looking where it wouldn't be if you did want it." "Sometimes," said the mistress, "it will be necessary for you to help the butler upstairs." "I understand, eciadam," replied the new maid, "when he's had too many." • A beautiful Russian actress, was at a reception.. She was asked by her •hostess to recite something. She could think qf nothing to suit the oc- casion, and begged to be let off with a short selection in her native lang- uage. Her audience could not understand a word, but were enthralled by her gestures and tones. She received tre- mendous applause. Just before the guest event her hos- tess said, "Do tell me what yob. re- cited?" "It has no name," said •the actress. "I was counting from one to two hun- dred and thirty—in Russian." Huron -Federation Of-: :Agriculture—FarmNews The Wartime Priees • and Trade Board has declined to concur in the Ontario Farm Products -Control Board's -1944 minimum price "Orders of 10 cents per pound for sour cherries and 15 cents per pound for sweet cherries when purchased for process- ing, it was announced at Queen's Park, Toronto. The minimilm. prices were determined by the Farm Pro- ducts Control Board in view of ex- tremely light cherry crops aeticipat- ed this season and in keeping with the cherry ceiling prices to the fresh fruit market already established by the Wartime Prices and, Trade Board for.'1944 of Ile per pound for sour cherries and 16c per pound for sweet cherries f.o.b. to growers including containers. The Wartime Pilees and Trade Board, `it is announced, has approv.: ed of a subsidy of lie cents per pound on both sweet and sour cherries which is to be added in the case of sweet cherries to the price paid grow- ers by processors in 1943 ofe12c per Pound, and in the case of sour cher- ries to the price paid growers by pro- cessors in 1942 of 5%c per pound, thus providing for prices In 1944 of 13%c per pound for sweet cherries and 71/4c per pound for sour cherries delivered processing plant. A further provision in the Ottawa order Is that the 1F2d per pound subsidy on cher- ries is only paid on cherries caviled, frozen or made into jam, but will not be paid on any cherries processed tor the glace or maraschino trade. In view of all the circumstanced of the 1944 cherry deal whereby maxi- mum fresh fruit ceiling prides and minimum processing prices have been established by the Wartime Prices and Trade Board with the processors free to pay higher than the minimum if necessary the Farm Products Con- trol Board is asking concurrence to its Orders by the Wartime Prices and Trade Board establishing terms of contract respecting grades, deliver- ies, dates of payment, etc., but with all refeeence to price deleted. How To Produce Clean Milk 'There is no' more important item In beaten food than milk. Just now, because of the heavy demand for it, every pound is required and if it is clean or pure thee it Will make bete ter cheede, better butter and other productse and mean more profit th the fariner. To produce Mire milk, requires non. Stant care 'on the part of • the dairy farmer. Hd iniist have clean, healthy, ierilized Utensils and' billkAust berOplect:proiltlanktilt (itOisige IOW le144tatn-ra, ;ffiltia6 are -the three firat eeselitigs ttee. observed if bacteria is to be kept out of the milk. -Becteria. are living or- gat:flame or germs, many of them ' dis- easegerms. They get in milk When cows and utensils are‘ not kept dead and thrive most in Werra milk caus- ing souring, bad flavors and other de- fects. Even when cows are groomed daily, the long hales on udders and flanks kept clipped, the miters washed or wiped off before milking some dust or hair may get into the milk., When cows are dirty, then it is very diffi- cult to keep the milk pure as manure and: dirt contain harmful bacteria. There are some helpful suggestions on the subject in Speciel. Pamphlet No. 7, entitled sProducing Pure Milk," issued by the Dominion Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. * * Milk Recording Not a New System Milk recording„is not a new sys- tem. lt,was practised by the ancients thousands of • years before the Chris- tian era. In more recent times, be- fore A.D. 900, milk recording was in comtnon 'usage in the principality of Wales. In the s ummer " time, the Welsh farmers Migrated; to the hills and turned thole cows into untouched paster. Every day, the yield of each cow wa's -redorded and poured into a common churn, each farmer later re- ceiving his equitable share of butter and cheese, according to the yield of his cow on that day. The record was Made by what, was known as the Venedotian measure, and not by weight. The measure was in accordance with the code of Venedotia, the chief of the early States of Wales, and was a vessel of three thumbs width across the tole and nine teumbs diagonally. A thumb was ,about an inch, so that the Venedotian measure held about a gallon of milk. A normal cost was expected to give about two gallons of milk a day. Three-timeseasdae milk- ing was also well known in WaleS in the twelfth century, and the month of May was' known ,as the month of three rankings, a day. With regard to the ancient record- ing of milk, a frteze, representing a farm -a-bOut -B;C1-; -was recently unearthed in the excavations of ,,Ur of the Ohaldees. It shows men milk- ing Cows In the barn, and In a room close 1:1, officials pouring milk through a strainer lute huge stone jata. Calvesoltily intiztted, are •tied to the &Ave bAdstanti, to entourage the cows tb give inote tank. • • Hoe Canning •':LoveediAtW.46biti'' itiiug tlepelida en '&041'014,01 midoreedeple life by •tOiliftlide4,011446. 19:• • ' " ' • .• e).• Four Accident Cases in HosPital When.she fell off the running boaid' of a car Stueley evening, 15 -year-old Audrey Rile, suffered a concussion. The accideet happened on Highway 4, south oe town. Miss Ridley wee taken to Winghatn. General tlospital, where she is still a patient, She is - progressing satisfactorily, but it will 1 be some time yet before she is com- pletely recovered. 011 July 1st Harry Jones, of Belgrave, 'Suffered, a severe- g,ash on the back of his left leg and feet. Ile was rushed to Wingham, General Hospital where he still is a, patient.He was operating a machine e at the. farm when the accident hap- pened. Two men that are employed ` I by the Kennedy Lumber Company are izi Wingham General Hospital follow- ing accidents, On Friday last some logs fell on Wilbert Hennes foot cut- ting and bruising it badly: On Satur- day Donald Nicholson suffered con- cussion and lacerations when he was - hit by a .crow ,bar.—Winghara Ad- vance -Times. ' Alss•-•• • A 01• Has Champion Cow Mr. Will Schrag, of the Goshen' e, North, has the distinction. of 6,71.ing Canada's champion R.O.P. mature G-urnsey cow which has a milking record in 305, dags of 10,061 pounds of milk, 529 'pounds of butter fat, with an average test of 514. We -congratulate Will on possessing so, find a record' cow.—Ziieich Herald. Invalided Home Spr. Clarence A. Lee, of 883 Due- ferin Ave., London, sqn ref Mrs. Vel- ma Lee, of Thorndale, and .grandeoni of Mr. George Easterbraok, of town, bas been invalided home after spend- ing three. years and eleven months overseas. Spr. Lee was injured in 11 motorcycle accident in England where the blackout and traffic congestion. combine to make any sort of driving hazardous.—Exeter Times -Advocate. Admits Murder of Former Exeter Girl" Prosecutor William E. Dowling, of Detroit, announced on June 28th, that Robert Miller Turner, 20, arrested the. night before, had made a "complete confession" to the murder last March 27th of 14 -year-old Joyce Fitton, on a lump near •Detroit's western city lim- its. Joyce was a former resident of Exeter, being a granddaughter of the late Saxon Fitton. Dowling said he would request immediately a delaSA its the case of Richard Vincent, now be- ing tried .en, a: murder charge its Wayne circuit court for the Fitton girl's death, while Turner's story is inveetieeted. Thiats-Adeoe cate. Dalt Davidson Receives Praise' When Sgt. Major Joy, leader of the^ brass band from Woodstock spoke at the gathering at the Legion Home' last Thursday nig/at he gave all credit for the organization and excellence. of this, band to its first leader, Dalton Davidson, thee at the Woodstock ' -Drieing and Maintenance echoer: It was just about- a year ago that ' Dalt took ill while with .his. band boys up north which eventually led to his dis- charge trona the service.—lefitchelI Advocate. Cromarty Boy Heads Calf Club - Jack •Kinsman, of Cromarty, is the president of the newly -organized Mit- ceell Calf Club, the meeting being held at the home of Howard1Wright, Cromarty. Jean Wright, Cromarty, is vice-president; Donald' Scott, Crom- arty, secretary, and B. J. Thiel, Mit- chell, club leader. There were 15 at the meeting in charge of Donald Gra- ham, assistant agricultural represent- ative for Perth. They judged Here- ford cattle. It was decided that the' club will .be a baby beef club, includ- ing steer- and heifer calves to be-, shown in two different sections on. .Aehievement Day in connection with Mitchell Fall Fair. The local agricul- tural society id sponsoring the club. —Mitdhell Advocate. • Fatally Injured in Farm Accident Wilbert John Mellyeen, of the Base Line, Goderigh Towneeip, died in the - Clinton hospital an Monday from in- juries received on Thursday last at his farm. He was hauling in his, haY crop, and after unloading at the bara was climbing up beside the team to drive back to the field ween he lost bis footing and fell 'against the hors- es. Taking fright, the team bolted and the heavy wagon passed over him, injuring his spine. Mr. Mcllveen was in his 54th Year. For some years he was in business in Clinton, but for the last 12 years he had been farming. He is survived by his wife, formerly Margaret Lancashire, of Peterboro, and three sone elohn, with the Canadian Army Medical Corps, overseas; Stinsoe and 'Harold, at home; also by a. brother, Jo1f, C.N.R. employee, and a sister, Mrs. W. D.- Williams, of Clinton.—Goderich Signal -Star. Help Needed To Gather Hareests With haying in full swing news comes from the fields in Huron Coun- ty that the fare:A' labor situation was never so acute and that unless help arrives promptly a goo'cl, percentage of the crop Will neVei be eareested. There is danger, also; that MIA ana.y. apply- also to tatr theist and oiloitt- orb* ,grains vrldeb aIdoothiapoliv. tOolitata4 ao, • ,4 k • V 1