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The Huron Expositor, 1938-11-18, Page 6ii I 4 • TOE '�� EXPOS; 938, were 'closer to andattal ,than to man. During the past, five or six decades anthropology and paleontology have joined fomes in pushing ahead the re- sea,r'ch ort the, type of subman known as tomo eiSleanderthalensis, or Nean- derthal man, the fossil debris of which was first unearthed at Nean- derthai in ,southern Germany. The re- construction shows him as a being below medium height, but very squarely built, with powerful mus- cles, not quite erect in gait, yet erect enough to be classified among the "vertical animals." His 'head, especially, gives Nean- derthal an animal appearance. The face is massive and vru-y broad, the lower jaw roost prominent and re- sembling a 'moue The chin is lack- ing, and so is the forehead, the very protruding browbridges forming al- most the continuation of the cranium. On the whole, Neanderthal was more chimpanzee 'than man, although his oreetial capacity was equaI, if not su- perior, to that of mad''ern man. In spite of that, has level was hardly higher than that of the anthropoid apes. For it is not the mass and size of tb.e brain that matters but its pat- terns, their number, complexity and character. Neanderthal's brain was big but poorly developed and certain- ly incapable of higher mental process- es. His 'language must have been most rudimentary, indeed there are indications that he may have been incapable of articulate speech,since the surface on which his tongue was soldered to the lower jaw was very large. Modern anthropologists believe that articulate speeeh is an even more re- cent acquisition of man than, for ex- ample, the use of fire or the fashion- ing of stone implements., The man - craftsman must have 'preceded the speaking man, wlho was the immedi- ate forerunner, of homo sapiens, the man endowed with reason, logic and Iangua'ge. Indeed, the Neanderthal subman must have been, so inferior a being that it is hard to believe that he knew how to build fires or chip stone. A theory has been evolved to the ef- fect that he may have been som'e•' sort of a domestic animal, enslaved by •a superior, type of man, similar to modern man, who knew all about fire and the crafts. This theory, however, has been disproved, because all re- mains from that period bear the same characteristic traits, and all were un- earthed in caves, ghettoes and under ledges of rock. During that period the glaciers were expanding continu- 'ousiy because of heavy and continu- ous snowfalls, so that men sought shelter in caves and grottoes. Had there been two competing races of men, the stronger and, superior ones would have certainly occupied these a bodes. 'i i5 tell ens Is Older Than The Brain s (Ey' Jules. Sager* anti condensed in Niagauin+e Digest) The discoveries of skeletal remains Of. prehistoric man, made by ' the ;Qckefellier klourldatioa expedition ': •xtiea,i- Peiiping. 'China, .have opened new llltorizons to the anthropologist and given a fresh stimn'alus to the research en the origin of man. The first me.nitest ticnts• of human intelligence, such as th.e use of fibre said fashioning of implements, go sbeek to the, most remote era. of transi- ton from the tertiary to the quater- nary era of the Pleistocene period. Fn Europe and in America -not in the Far East where more or less the same climatic conditions have prevail- ed throughout the ages -the geologi- cal periods were distinguished by three great roe ages. The Pleistocene period, which followed after the Plic•- cene, included a heat wave and the last great ice age, the latter coming to an end at the dawn of the Holo- cene, or modern geological era, i.e., the hundred or hundred and fifty ceu- turie:s immediately preceding our age. During this last period neither the cont gurati+on of the earth nor the dis- tribution• of the wild fauna have un- dergone any appreciable changes. e rt is usually agreed to date the emergence of man at least from the Pliocene period, because the finds from the oldest Pleistocene contained stone implements 'testifying to great skill' and ability. The eminent pale- ontologist, Abbe H. Breuii, has proved that the prehistoric man who fashion- ed those implemernts must have, known also the use of fire. These most ancient of all imple- ments are known as "Chellean" (front Chelles in northern France, where they were found), and so is the man, or rather the subman of the species . hominidae who fashioned them. The next stage is the Acheulean .- from Saint-Acheul, Amiens-, which is not much different from the preceding Chellean stage. In his picturesque prehistoric novels, the French writer Rcsny describes these first , homini- dac• as being up against terrific adds, such as the saber-toothed tiger and monstrous elephants and rhinoceroses of species long ago extinet. The Acheulea'n period wee followed by the Mousterian stage (from Le Moustier, Dordogne, France), and th.sse three subdivisions together are known as the Lower Paleolithis or Oid+ Stone . Age which, geologioaily speaking, corresponds to the quater- nary era or Lower Pleistocene period. It PICOBAC PIPE TOBACCO FOR A MILD,COOL SMOKE Most of the fossil rowlairns and im- plements yielded by the' various geo- loi.;ical strata date from that 'period. The• geological travail during the transition from the Dower to the Up- per Pleistocene was very slow and, therefore, lees markets. But from the point,of view of the evolution of masa it is very important. The man of the Upper Paleolithic must have been capable of many ac- complishments. The arts, like paint- ing, sculpture, engraving, nourished first during that period, more com- monly known es the Aurignacian per- iod. The Aurignacian man had a technique wh'ioh permitted him, for example, to fashion 'perfectly round and regular beads in bone, ivory and steatite, and to adorn himself with necklaces made from them. It is doubtful whether the custom of the proper burial of the dead ex- isted hefare that period. It is cer- tain, however, that it was a comanon practice with the Aurignac'ians, and that this ceremony was accompanied by rites denoting a belief in the sur- vival of the body. There are proofs of magic practices indulged in by the Aurignacian, which were the humble predecessors of liber religions and philosophic systems. The Aurignacian man was not much different from modern man, Even race differentiation existed during that period. To judge from the shape and dimensions of the fragments of Mettle' yielded by the excavations, the Aurignacian must have been a beau- tiful type of man. The perfection of the implements and ornaments fash- ioned by the man of the Upper Pale- olithic, or Cro-Magnon man, leads us to believe that he could have occu- pied a place in a much higher civiliz- ation. It results from the above that to- ward the end of the Mousterian stage, ie., about 50.000 years •ago, man had already evolved into his present form of homo sapiens, which may be free- ly translated as "intelligent man." Apart from the Chinese fossil re- mains, skeletal 'i' -sprains of the hom- inidae subman have so far been found only at Mauer, near Heidelberg, •n 1907. '))heir reconstruction resulted in the well known homo Heidelber- Pnsis, or Heidelberg man. 1 few years later, several small fragments of a similar skull were un- earthed by the English paleontologist twson at Piltdownf north of New - h ven. and were assembled into the I'iltd wn-Dawn man•" whose cranial rapacity must have been equal' to !hat of the average Londoner of to- day. His brow ridges were less pro - Lading than those of the other primi- tive humans. Moreover, the Piltdotvn man had a well-developed forehead, a fact which places him in a some- whi,t unique position among the ham- inidae of the Lower Paleolithic, who ved tor heti the follow + seems more or approspch the 'trrutltlt : the new 'higher man intik have cowrie f rise. The invaders, having rgaftshed a MIgheu' decree of development, than Use Neanderthal subteen, 'drove them •out of theircaves and settled in the latter. The 'Neanderthal race stir/iv- ed for soMe time, but as they were toned to camp in the open and knew not how to bury their dead properly, their remaists must have deoayed al- together in the course of the geologi- cal evolution. This would account for the lack of fossil •remains of the transition man, or missing link. That the Neanderthal roan lived al- so in Africa) is proved by the so-call- ed Rhodesian man, whose skull was found in 1921 at Brolflen Hill in 'Rhod- esia and was so little fossilized as to be attributed: with 'certainty to the present geological era. Pos.'sibly, the canner .of such a skull is still 'roamu- i,ng about in 'sortie distant corner of the intertropical African jungle or bush. On the other hand, types sitailar to the Aurignacian man may be found among the South African Bushman. An almost unbroken chain of fossil debris links the Aurignacian stations of France with the South African re- gions, through Spain, Northern Afri- ca, Sudan and Tchad. It looks, therefore, as if the Aurig- melen and Neanderthal men oo-exist- ed ort the black continent which, it is hoped, will one day yield the remains of the missing link between our an- cestors with and without a forehead.. Anthropological and paleontological research in the East 'have also brought to light remains of the man of the Lower Paleolithic: the Pithecanthro- pus erectus, found in Trinil, Java, and the Si+nanthropus pekinensis unearth- ed by the Rockefeller Foundation ex- pedition in a limestone cave near Peiping. ution of this Inyetery, t ass to ype of m .f - During the following Aurignacian period the Neanderthal hominidae must have disappeared from the paleontologicta.l /htoriaon. The transi- tion from this subman to the pro- totype of homo sapiens, is, geological- ly speaking, so rapid, that it has giv- en rise to the famous theory -of the missing link in the evolution of man. Among the many explanations evol- Two Races =Side By Side (Condensed in the Magaelne Digit) The gait of the Pithecanthropus, or Walking Ape -man, must have been more erect than that of Neandertthal. He was "human in all parts.,save the brain" (Keith) .and was classified among the gibbon apes. The gibbon is an anthropoid ape ''whose brain is less developed than that of its super- ior brethren, the chimpanzee, gorilla and orangutan, but contrary to the latter it prefers the erect posture in walking. The first classification of Pithecan- thropus placed him somewhere . be- tween th.e chimpanzee and the Nean- derbh-a'l man. The geological analysis of the rock in which his remains were found led to the conclusion that he lived some time between the tertiary and quaternary eras and was a branch off the main ancestral tree of the anthropoid apes an'd ,hominidee. However, the latest discoveries in China seem to bring Pithecanthropus nearer to man. 1f the first co iolu- sions to which they led find confirma- tion in future excavations, then all the current theories on the origin and evolution of tumtan intelligence will undergo profound revolutionary changes. The three skulls unearthed in the Peiping cave closely resemble each other and that of Pithecanthro- pus. They bave been unearthed at a s� *Shopping Days Until Christmas Prc 'i. Jo wny delay any _longer before selecting your In 'Canada two races coexist side by side peacefully, after having fought each tether for a long time. One after the othek;'two gl'eat Euro- pean na14onaliities have each given it its contribution of language, culture, customs and traditions.. By virtue of its immediate .neighborhood a third Polossal force, the United States df A rm, eniea, exercises a constant ,pres- •sure and at the same time offers an attnaotion. There is no doubt that this dual influence tends to Ameri- canize the sparse and heterogeneous Canadlian •population, And yet on the vast Canadian ter- ritory, stretching from ocean to oc- ean, there are now in the making, po- litical and national 'destinies which 'show a decided ,organic unity and are indissolubly tied to the ,psyelnology of- the different ethnical groups that make up its population. The first pioneers of New France came almost without exceptdclh from the land. Hence the essential psy- ohologicai trait of the Canadian peo- ple: the spirit of possession or, as 'Paine would have 'called ..it, the spirit of domination. Canada's first popu- lation consisted of landowner and Canada's present population consists of landowners to a great extent. On the whole, the status of the first Canadians was a .modest +cine. The French people who emigrated to New France did so because; they had no land at ,home. But among these pio- neers were the sons of a numerous small landed aristocracy welch peo- pled the 'northern and southwestern provinces of France. From a mater- ial point -of view, these pioneers were little different from the peasants rea- per. They were familiar with the litters' labors 'and' tasks, they shared their frugal life, their joys and sor- rows, and, therefore soon evolved a similar mentality 'and idleology. The great influence of the 'Catholic clergy 'left an indelible stamp on the psychology of the Canadian pioneers. The, clergy was the mast numerous and most active element of the srmall cI te...}vhich rallied around the gover- nor and its influence reached far be- yond the limits 'df the religious sphere. Under .the pressure of eircumstamc- es and of common interests, a certain spiritual unity • soon developed among the various classes of the population. 'Phe original parochialism disappeared as the elements recruited from var- ious provinces were reoast in the common mold. It was a rural population of French CHRISTMAS CARDS You will be delighted with our large range of Beautiful Cards -and the prices, which include your name and any verse which you may select, tireso reasonable. Hundreds of Cards to choose from. Place your order now for, delivery any time before Christmas. The Huron Expositor 1i 1 S., Publis%iers t t', f7ti Phone 41, Seaforth, Ontario , 4; d'e'scent, led taohed to Its language that rule in 1763, the beginning of a new era In Oahe - dials history. The juxtaposition, of these two eilendents created the eth- nical dualism which was responsible for most of the • vicissttudea of the Canadian people and for. many of Its esa retial psy'cholb'gioal oharaeteris- ties. The 'duration and at times also the violence of the conflicts between these two elements are at the root of that other fundamental character trait of the Canadians, which is ten- acity, a tenacity carried to extremes' by the unswerving effort of a minor- ity determined to defend its roost pre- cious goods, that is, its moral per- sonality, its very anal. The survival of this personality Is oaten referred to as the "Canadian miracle," and in- deed it is nothing short of a miracle that a small ethnical group athould have succeeded in preserving intact, its original culture and even its lan- guage. The developments in the course of this struggle and the necessity of organizing a systematic resistance gave the Canadians a political flair and a liking for the parliamentary game. A new trait was thus added to Oanadian psychology. As they be- came British subjects, the Canadians naturally wished to take advantage of the British institutions, all of which are dominated by the old principle that those who pay a •tax have a right to vote, for or Against it. This is the principle dear to every Eng- lish heart, the unshakable foundation of the British parliamentary regime and of the Cammom?wealbh itself. The struggle for the establishment of this principle and its preservation fills' the pages of Canadian history and has proved • decisive for the psychological development of the Canadian people. An; English Canadian, MT, John Cas- tell Hopkins, attempts to prove in a book of this that the Canadians' were unreasonable in that they demanded a responsible government at a time when England itself had none. This demand, however, speaks not against but for the Canadian people. It proves that long ago the Canadians had suf- ficient political intelligence to clamor for something whioh became normal and natural a little while later. Canada's present political organiza- tion assures the reciprocal cultural in- depentd+ence of the two mother nation- alities. Less •and less do people con- ceive their fusion as the final aim to- ward which .the evolution of the Can- adian people sthould :strive. Both are loo strong and. have too old and deep- ly -rooted traditions for a complete cultural fusion.. This diversity, however, is in no way an obstaole to national unity. Nobody would, deny that there exists to -day rg Canadian people ` as such, whose Cohesion is based not only up- on the political union but upon a number of common traits resulting from common -conditions of life, in- terests and aspirations, and from the co-operation and the reciprocal influ- ence of the two great mother nation- alities. Those who have seen the i wench -Canadian, Rodolphe Lemieux, aot as speaker of the Ottawa Parlia- ment, in a setting closely resembling that of Westminster, and heard him address the assembly in the most perfect English, and 'those who heard the magnificent French oratory of Ernest Lapointe, will readily admit the existence of a Canadian people and of Canadian statesmen and insti- tutions entirely different from the French and English institutions which served as their first models. A' third element must be added to the above two elements: the influence of the United States, although this is usually greatly exaggerated. The geographical proximity of the United States, which is richer and more powerful titian Canada and whose surplus constantly overflows into Canada, creates a favorable at- mosph.ere for Americanization. It is especially in the business sphere that this influence makes itself felt. The Canadian' busdnestsman has more or less the same interests aphis' neigh- bor acros's the line and is, therefore, naturally inclined to adopt his meth- ods, so as to facilitate eommeroial in- tercourse and trade exchanges. its clergy,• deeply at heli:gion,, t'radit'ions and came under British he year which marked great depth, but while digging their way through the various strata of rock, the explorers found numerous debris of hearths and vestiges of an industry, similar to those found in the lowest stratum. Therefore, when the Sinanthropus sublime reached his subterranean city, at the dawn of the quaternary period, he was already possessed of a certain skill and tech- nique and had stepped out from the first evolutionary phase. From wh'ich'' it would appear that human intelli- gence must have emerged' already in Lee very remote tertiary era. The use of fire and the fashioning of implements do indeed involve a e:'tarn development of th.e mind,. On the other hand, human beings. with very undeveloped minds survive to this day. The least that can be said of the first cutters of 'stone is that they ,must have had a brain similar to the brain of certain; Australian, Patagonian ,and other savages,. In other words )that they bad the brain of the home sapiens contained in a matching cranium of a fixed cubic capacity, a forehead, etc. But we also have proofs that the Neanderthal man without a forehead and the almost animal Pithecanthro- pus knew how to build a fire and fa- shion the stone. Indeed they did it quite skilfully, even though their cranial capacity was much lower than that of certain Australian, primitives. Intelligence viewed in this light is of course nothing but inventive pow- er and capacity. But the oapacity a- lone is not sufficient, for it can mani- fest itself only when the necessary conditions are created, The Cro-Mag- eon man of the Au,rignaoi•an era had "iu his head" all the stuff that was needed to inaugurate the bronze age. Yet the bronze age Isltarted 40,000 years anter him. Inversely, inventions that seem sur- prising to us may have sprung from underdeveloped brains under suitable conditions. Imagine that, on his wan- d'erings, Pithecanthropus, or Sibanthr- opus came across a burning oil well such as have undoubtedly existed ;n the east in those days. It cou•id not have taken 'him long to become fa- miliar with fire and' its manifold us- es. For the emission of his feeble rays of intelligence, Pithecanthropus re- quired ten times as many centuries as the Aua'ignaeib,an man. He had ten times as many chances to com- pensate the lack of resources of his brain which was ten ?rimes less de- veloped than that of the Aurignacian man. There are a number of other con- eidenations all of which seem to point to the emergence of human intelli- gence long before the emergence of man. We say "man," because the in- termediary between anthropoid ape and mann is after all neither the one nor the other. CURRENT CROP REPORT Fall plowing has been In swing throughout the province, but lack of moisture in many localities has/ 'made the procedure difficult. Pasture has also become quite short in many dis- tricts, necessitating considerable stable feeding, while a shortage of water ,is 'also reported. The bright, dry wather of October and early No- vembe'r, however, has' -facilitated the harvest of root crops and the accom- plishment of !ofiher ta,slta. The warm Weather though has Interfered with satisfactory vegetable'1 'storage to some extent. There are also nt>Ifnrer- oris eompla5,ntt of weevil Injury to stored grains. - These three 'different factors have impressed their stamp upon the psy- chology of the Canadian people. Their synthesis is as yet in the process of formation, and its completion is a thing of the future. For the time be- ing the Canadian people still dwell i.n a phase of transition between the past and the future. The French- C'a'nadian, the "habitant" of Quebec; has not changed much, neither racial- ly nor in character. He is deeply rooted to the soil and. has preserved his faith, language, tradition, even e ta old .fobksongs. Elsewhere in Can- ada, especially in Ontario, one still comes across the descendants of the first English masters of the country, Canadians who are more English than Canadian in spirit. But very few of them are so unreas'ona'ble as to pre- tend that the French-Canadians should give up their language and tra- ditions. In the prairies of the -west we find the newocmees, immigrant& from the United States and• from those • coun- tries which formerly sent their hu- man sueplue to the United States,: Poland, Sean:dunavia, >haty, etc., This new type of Canadian resembles the n'eigh'bor 'across the border. Having emigrated from his native lend) to the American continent he de, ethno- graphically speaking, nething but an American. Politically and nationally speaking, he is very different from his•'•nei'ghbor. He feels Canadian and he is all the more Canadian as, hav- iing severed all ties with his own. coun- try and nationality, the Dominion to him means .'everything. He is, if one may say so, exclusively Canadian and not like the °there, French-Canadian OT Engllah-C'anadIaa. Politically he is an autonomist and a great 'national- ist, for 'Canada is everything, to thin. The nb,tiothal consciloareness of the Canadiatt people finds Its best expres- sion in the attitude of the leaders up- on whom is ne n ttbent the res xs1ieI- btl3ty�of directing the deestindes of the new country and the evelatbon of the Canadian people, like for example, Sir Wilfrid Laurier. It is ,probably► net just colnciidenoe that the greatest Canadian ata'tesman was of Phi descent, the offspring of the firstt-,gia- neers who settled in, a virgin nature amidst the savage bidden tribes.. Here is an exalmple Where the onistradi5ni•, qualities of the French mace were i pieced in :the exolusiv+e service of the. new fatherland. Nothing 'explains Laurier better than the title given by Robert Rumdily to the 'biography of the great statement: • Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Canadian, But La<urier's great achievements and the remarkable evolution, of Can- ada during the fifteen years of his administration -were passible 'thanks to theprevious oollaborat3ion of statesmen and politicians of the .two races. His great work was complet- ed ompleted by an Englisch -Canadian, Prime ' Minister Mackenzie King, who defin- itely put Canada on the road of dip- lomatic independence. As am expression of the typically Canadian national genius Canadian - literature comes 'next afterpolitics and statesmanship, and' for obvious reasons. In a community of hard working and fighting, pioneers politi- cal considerations and the necessity of building up a State come first, be- fore everything ease. The conflict be- tween the two races kept the best minds of Canada busy from 1760 un- til 1867. and •Lang after that. pl the tether 'hand, arts and letters are flow- ers of civilization which blossom forth only when the mother plant de- velops under favorable conditions. They are a favor, a luxury adided to life. During two centnni,ess circum- stances did not permit the little Can-- adian people to -indulge in such addi- tional luxuries. As it was' they per- formed miracles in order to preserve the spiritual bonds with their home- lands. The result of this effort was a dual current in Canadian literature, one leaning toward England and the other toward France. This made it all the more difficult for the native Canadian literature to assert itself. However, the recent developments ie this field would seem to indicate that this diffi- culty is a stimulus and not an ob- stacle to Canadian self-expression. These developments prove moreov- er that racial individuality need not be an impediment to national, politi- cal and even cultural unity. This un- ity does exist in Canada and it is al- ready sufficiently strongto justify our speaking of a "Canadian people" Its character and psychology are in oo•tirs•e .of formation. Its evolution is rapidly baking it toward the fulfill- ment of its highest hopes, along a road, cn which nothing will check the powerful d•ynamiam of its great and virgin forces.. 7'he prospective customer entered bhi, art shop. "I want to see some of those pic- tures that are done by scratching," he said to the assistant. The assistant thought a moment, and then his face Lighted up. "Oh, yes," to said, "you mean itch- ings." - LONDON and WINGHAM North A.M. Exeter 10.34 Hansell 10.46 Kippen 10.52 Brucefield 11.00 Clinton 11.47 `Londesboro .. 12.06 Blyth 12,16 Belgrave 12.27 W i ngham 12.45 South Win'gham Belgrave Blyth Londesboro Clinton Brucefield Klppen Hensall Exeter P.M. 1.50 2.06 2.17 2.26 3.08 3.28 3.38 3.45 3.58 C.N.R. TIME TABLE East A.M. P.M. Goderiob • 6.35 2.30 Holtmesville ..... 6.50 2.52 Clinton 6.58 3.00 Seaforth 7.11 3.16 St. Columban 7.17 8.22 Dublin 7.21 3.29 Mitchell 7.30 8.41 West Mitchell 11.06 9.28 Dublin • 11.14 •9.36 Seafanth 11.30 9.47 Clinton ..... 11.45 •10.00 Gode'rich 12.05 10.26 C.P.R. TIME TABLE East Goderieh Menses: McGaw Auburn Myth WA l t.on McNatight Toronto Toronto McNaught Walton Blyth Au . 111Ilnanet w 'Ger/Wick West 4.4 4.20 4.24 4.33 4.42 4.52 5.05 5.15 9.00 A.M. 8.39 12.03 12.13 12.23 12.32 12.40 12.46 12.55 6 y 1