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HomeMy WebLinkAboutThe Huron Expositor, 1938-08-26, Page 6at F* 4,; to#edin• 'say . that if l tail'�pe ,t nsgeeted the importartne4inta d, lip Elie campaign' at Wa- jai*jQt?, . ell'igtoan would, not have hen hilp, But Napoleon himself tealne nearer to the solution of his xl Roat than any .subsequent commen- Vitor, when the ,allegedly observed that au army marcheie ou its stomach. What has this to do with the pres- ent ,shortage in the world's supply of tin? Merely this ---Napoleon needed some method of preserving food for his sol-! diers abroad, and his sailors at sea. If the modern , Connectieut Yankee could only have visited• his encamp- ment -instead of washing his time im- pressing King Arthur's Court, and if he could have brought as his single gift a tick Can, the whole picture of modern European history might have been changed. • The Little Corporal offered 1,000 francs to any Frenchman who could solve his "problem. But when the so- lutdon was found by Nicolas Appert in 1809, it was too late to help Na- poleon. Still, it was' decades before the time of Pasteur, who led natural scientists in discovering the agents of food decay. Appert's method of cook- ing and preserv.}ng fruits and vege- tables is still substantially followed in modern practice. While it was a Frenchman who dis- covered early facts about food pre- serving, it was an Englishman, Peter Durand, who obtained a , patent in 1810 for making a "tin-plated canis- ter," whence came the shorter name -"tin can." Shortly thereafter Thos. ,"die.nsett emigrated to America from PICOBAC PIPE TOBACCO FOR 'A M i LD, COOL SMOKE 47' ta' 14s lout dipct narrated Le' for a ,.similar patent in the4ljmitedeStates. It waa Pigeojnholed inr 'W.as'hfiton for tea year because. eveleyone' in authority considered it a hoax. In the past eentury, especially since the 1.860's, tits cans' have risen in pop- ularity until' 'even the ch'ildren'g ,hero became none other than the Tin Woodman, of "The Wizard of Oz," an extravaganza in which Montgomery and Stone used to cavort. Today the manufacture of the "sanitary can" developed by • Charles M: Ams, a chemist, is centered around the Am- ericakr and Continental Can Compan- ies, whose factories supply the larg- est percentage of the 10,000,000 such containers used annually. But all this is history.,, Tin is in the news again -along with undeclared' wars and rumors of wars. Tin is the leading Far Eastern mineral export and the greatest por- tion of the world's supply comes from the area between southeastern China and Sumatra, including the western edge of, Malay. Next in production comes Bolivia, with England and Aus- tralia tied as very.poor thirds. That is why the Chaco dispute in South America seriously affected the tin market not many menthe ago, and shifted th,e burden of supplying the world market entirely upon Asia for a time. Now, as if the conflict in Asia were not enough to oensider in figuring fu- ture markets, experts' say that there is barely enough tin left in known lo- calities to supply the world's present demands for ten years. Our first thought might logically be -let's save 'our old tin cans instead of throwing them away? Alas, this might be a good' idea if tin cans were really tin. But it so happens that each container is only about 2 per cent. tin and 98 per cent. steel. Can- isters of solid tin would in no time at all cost as much as sterling sil- ver, Some cities have found it profitable t0 ud044,11?' the eau . t Vertig the t tin and then haling the, tinewt til' both of which - .111, oto tali'! Georgia, 1166 ]I ed, -4A , as a, four,--. ddtien for.,110.'4ze tr 'u t refit miles. of streets, a' roadways ben trade ' by flatteeing the cans wit a five et,on roller, pouring nand and gravel over them and theem oiling- In about month's the cans undergo oxidation,, and form a &hard, firm' mass. Notwithstanding America's con•: gumption of, more than half !the world's production, of tin, t7re value -uf tin recoverymethods is comparatively negligible. Following a , re-esitablish- ment of peace in Asia, especially in China, • vast new tin deposits could be opened up, it is believed, to meet the growing demand, and also to aid China in its efforts to modernize its political and economic structure. In the early days, an expert tin- smith could make as many as seven- ty-five cans' a day. Now a single ma- chine turns out 180,0(10 in the same time. As late as 1861 canners were still processing food by boiling the cans for six hours. Isaac Solomon, a Baltimore canner, added calcium chlo- ride to the water and reduced the boiling time from six hours to thirty minutes. Next came the research of Ams, who produced the present can to replace "open tops" which had their lids soldered' on. Before going into the tin bath to receive its plating, the initial product is ordinary thin sheet steel, either Bessemer or open-thearidr. Formerly iron was used, but this practice has long been discontinued- After being annealed, the plates are scoured with^ sand and water and then pickled in dilute sulphuric acid until clean and bright. After thorough washing in water and boiling in palm oil, they are dipped into the molten tin bath. The Romans knew and used tin, calling it "stannum," whence origin- ated the chemical symbol for tin, 'Su: Being a. component of bronze, it was known •several thousand years before records of history began. This does not mean, of course, that the ancients ever saw pure tin. Economic geologists find tin oc- curring in close connection with granite or acid eruptive rocks of the same type, and to them such ore is known as tinstone- It is commonly uncovered in the form of rolled lumps and grains in alluvial gravels. More than five sixths of the world's produc- Lo k At It 1 This Wa �lr 74 t11114. 4;;7 Il'•i';i • • A retail store regards itself as being a public servant. Therefore, it is wholly fitting that it should"'y to be -the best and most eager 'servant possible. A retail rstoi 'l rhich hides itself from those whom it wants to employ be- comes under -employed, and so its sales decline. • The public inclines in largest numbers toward those stores which seek its attention and custom. It takes the advertising store at its own valuation. It likes to do busi- ness with those who manifest eagernessto serve it. It likes to buy at those store which have to renew their stocks frequently. • Advertising is just communicating news and informa- tion about one's shore and service. It is just a form of talking. It is those who talk who are listened to. Silent stores lose out to stores which carry on conversations_ in the form of newspaper advertisements -with those whose custom they want. • Any retailer who wants to get more customers --for the replacement of customers who become lost to him and for the expansion of his business -can surely get them by making his store important in their eyes, and by putting in his advertisements the kind of information which will help buyers come to decisions. • Our newspaper's advertising department is ever will- ing to help retailers prepare the right kind of advertise- ments --free assistance, of course. t 1 • U].ON tEXPSiTOR „,, Established 1860 .YAM, Publishers 4%4,7 c., ' f,Si yid } WF, s". ,k • 7a e Y;° +I 7 ;•'9 I ki .rr 1 COO* AttaCks. 11110 1atbon- OFTE$ START THIS WAY Some. oni people ane wha.t oto nOwn as ; acid -makers. They. •can't help it-404. often ,that' ax'L know it. The results of an Eiden of acid may seem just like ordinary .stomach trouble -- but they can't be put right by ordinary stomach remedies! Ekes; acid may be the reason wby you wake up Slot, tour, .bleary=eyed, bilious - mid the reason why fierce purgatives only leave you in the grip ora, weakening habit and the same old symptoms. But there's one thing that acid can't face. That's the neutralizing power of Vange Salts,' the alkaline remedy ,with the natural mineral spa action. A tea- spoonful in warm water surges through your system just like the medicinal spring water far away in England where Vange Salts come from. Excess acid is neutralized quickly, painlessly. Your blood is purified of poisons. Your sore stomach walls are soothed. And that mass of hard, poisonous waste matter lying in ,your intestines is softened gently, a 4urally, .and passed out of your body. Tien do you fed good/ It's marvellous i But the most marvellous thing is that Vange Salta are only 60 cents a tint At your drug- gist now -but if you're wise, on your bathroom shelf tonight! PreIt":17.4tei*St* serving Pickles arc tion is obtained' frorn: open pits. The ore is broken- into small bit's by giant stamp mills, until the mineral, crush- ed small enough to pass through a sieve with tholes only one -twentieth of an inch in diameter, can then be put through several washing processes and finally emerge as black tin, con- taining about 65 per cent. pure metal. This "dressed"' ore is then smelted with carbon and cast into bars. Bars, in turn; are refined by liqu'ation and boiling, accomplished by heating cau- tiously' on an inclined hearth until the relatively pure tin runs off, leav- ing a skeleton ingot of impure metal behind. The run-off is then "polled" or stirred with the branch of a tree to remove oxygen diffused through the metal as an oxide: It is then lad- led' into ingots again, this time pure blue -white tin, the ladlings from the top stratum being finest. Commercially, pure tin is valued for making chemical apparatus, evap- orating basins, infusion pots, stills and such things. As tin -foil, it finds favor for wrapping ch000late or for silver- ing mirrors- Inasmuch as tin doesn't tarnish in the air and is unaffected by „such things as vinegar, lemon and lime juice, it is a favorite coating for cooking vessels. As such it is placed over a copper or steel base. Ito use in pewter and bronze has been known for centuries, Wardle the commercial world is thinking seriously on the. question of how long the world's supply will last, it must be remembered that tin is not the only mineral that . may become scarce. Some one of these days there is bound to be talk of where we •are going to get copper for our boilers and electrical apparatus', lead for pipes and storage , batteries, silver, manganese, vanadium, nickel, and a host of other things. Even the iron, which we use by tons in modern engineering and build- ing feats, cannot last -forever. It took millions of years for untold decilllous of microscopic organisms to swallow enough dilute iron water in 'the marshes about Lake Superior to con- centrate it and leave it behind their skeletons as 69 per cent. iron, now mined at the rate of 50,000,000 to 6.0,000,000 tons a year. About available petroleum and an- thracite there is hardly reason for concern, because there are 'many sources of energy besides petroleum and anthracite and many chemists. Furthermore, the sun stillshines and we allow billions of horsepower to fly away as wasted heat units. Forests can be planted and, when the time Demes, the eun will be harnessed. But where will new supplies of minerals originate? - Indications: are that, when such a day comes, it will find the chemists all at sea. Already they have talked about mining gold from sea water. Apparently there is much more gold beneath the waves over which Span- ish galleons sailed than they ever got from the Incas. Anti in Wilmington, North Carol- ling, not so long ago, chemistry prov- ed that much-needed bromide sup- plies oould be profitably gleaned from the waves. Appare ly, ever since the world, began, ri ere have been carrying minerals to the sea and Davy 'Jones bas been locking' them up in his 'chest- When the time is ripe and the need great enough, natural science will pick the lock --perhaps with a can opener. A lawyer being interrupted, said "I will speak, sir, as long as I please" ' "You have spoken longer than you please," was the Opponent's retort. • "Will you give me sixpence to give a cripple man, dad?" "Where is he?" "in the pay -box at the cinema." • Mother (doing a crossword puzzle) : ".'Give me the name of motor that starts with "T'." Father (fed up): "Don't be absurd, my dear. .They all use gas." • The wife 'of an almost bankrupt business man sai'd.•at breakfast: "Will you mail this fetter for me, dear?,It's to the furrier countermanding .'my or- der rder for that $10,000 sable�r'You'll be sure to remember?" due a The eyes of the harassed brininess' man Jit up with joy. Be seized. a skipping rope that lay with some dolls and toys in. the corner, and going to his wife sai'd': "Here, tie my right hand "to, my left foot so 1 won't for- get!" • M,P.-"tlentiemen', if this measure goes thtrough, Parliament we will all !Ye on •easy, erect," Old `>✓lettor: • "Aye, s'weepin' it!" 1 .. 1 e:: 14 1i$ Marmalade 1 Orange - 1 lemon' 1 grapefruit 12 cups water 12 cups sugar. Cut fruit very find. Put water on. Boil until stein is tender. Then add sugar. Boil until it jells. - A s ,piaioile, • Odd 1- . cup salt„ ]hail eland over- night. ??¢+a., i T'heantli• ,1,..teempoon + oje eleivrt 1 teaspoon ailaplce t'eas19ou ;Inger 7% tom, cayenne Pieper 1 it. 'addle w'igte a PP -Ms Stew s'lowl'y for 2.hours. Five'min- u'tes 'befloiree 'Wring from lino add two pounds of brown sugar and a hand- ful of celery seed. Bottle co d Did? Pickles Wash good sized. Ctieumberrs . and, put into jars with•plenty of dill. Then make this, mixture: 3 quarts .water 1 quart Cider vinegar 1 cupful brown sugar 1 cupful salt. Boil this ten minutes and pour ov- er pickles and seal while hot. Let; stand about 2 months' before using. Copper Piddles Twenty --five large cucumbers cut in round slices like coppers. Cover with salt water and let stand overnight. Slice 1 dozen onions. in round slices and salt overnight, Separately from cucumbers. In the morning dra]a, put on stove and bowl all together for 15 minetes with the following: - 2 .Cups& sugar 1 pint vinegar , 2 teaspoons celery seed 2 teaspoons mustard 1 teaspoon .ginger 1 teaspoon turmeric. Black Currants 10 cups black currants 10' cups water - 20 cups sugar. Boil currants in 5 cups water, Boil sugar in other ,5 cups. Skim. Then mix and seal. Rhubarb For Pies For Winter Wash gems, pack with cut rhubarb. Set under cold tap, let cold water run over the gent till every air bubble dis- appears. Put on rubber ring, glass and steel ring and tighten. In win- ter when you want to make your pies, strain off the liquid, fill your pie shell with rhubarb. Add ane small cup of sugar and two, tableseoons flour to the rhubarb. Bake as usual. Grapefruit Marmalade To every pound of fruit use three cups water and five cups of sugar. Cut fruit, remove pith and seeds, squeeze juice, cut in pieces and put through milneer. Put all in kettle, add required amount of water, and let stand over night. Next morning boil for half an hour, let stand over an- other night, then boil for two hours. Add sugar and boil one nem- longer, Dill Pickle Largecucumbers % gallon white wine vinegar 1n cup salt 1 cup of mustard' 1 cup of brown sugar (or more to taste). A few sprigs of dill and a few grape vine leaves, a piece of alum,. Put liquid ,in crock. Put cucum- bers in as you Jaye them. Stir every, day. Then they are ready to use in three weeks' Cucumber Relish 12 large'. cucumlers' 6 large onions 3 red peppers. Put vegetables, through food chop- per, add' 1 cup salt and let stand overnight. Strain in morning. Sauce: 1 quart vinegar, 4 teaspoons mustard' 4 tablespoons flour 4 cups wthite sugar 3 teaspoons celery seed 2 teaspoons turmeric. Mix dry ingredients with one cup of cold water, add to boiling vinegar and when all boiling,''a,dd chopped vegetables. Let boil 10 minutes, , Heinz Relish 3 dozen green tomatoes 2 sweet green peppers 2 sweet red peppers 1 hot red pepper 6 medium sized onions 5 teaspoons salt 5 teaspoons 'curry. powder 6 teaspoons celery seed! 3 cups vinegar 6 cups white sugar. Remove weeds from peppers. Put onions and peppers •through chopper. Wash tomatoes, put through chopper and boil for 10 minutes or until cook- ed thoroughly. Then drain off liquid, add other ingredients. Boil twenty minutes and bottle, Aristocracy Pickle 1 quart large cucumbers (chopped fine) 1 quart large onions (chopped fine) 1 quart cauliflower (chopped fine) 3 green and 3 red peppers (sweet) 1 quart small cucumbers (whole) • 1 quart small onions (_thole). Put chopped and whole in separate dishes and cover with brine. Cup salt to each dish over night. Then drain. Mix: in gallon' white wine vinegar 1/4 M. white mustard seed 1/4 ounce celery seed 3 lbs. brown sugar. Put this over . pickle after draining next morning and bring to a boil. Add the foll'owin'g paste: 2-3 cup flour '/4 ib. mustard 1/2 oz, turmeric. Plum Butter 1 basket plums (6 qt.), 3 or 4 cups water. Boil till' soft, then put through, a sieve. Measure pulp, add equal quan= tity sugar with 1 tablespoon ground cinnamon. Boil rilowly 1 hour or un- til thick, Tomato Relish, 1 tin tomatoes' 2 apples 1 small cup sugar 2 large Spanish onions 1 cup vinegar 2 teaspoons salt 1 teaspoon mixed spice 1/4 teaspoon cayenne pepper. Chop onions and apples very small, Put all in saucepan and cook three- quarters, of an hour. • So simple, and one you can make any time 'of the year. • - Penny Pickle ' 25 large cucumbers 12 large onions (cut the size of a 50 cent piece around -the cucumber and same with .&rhe onion). Put in a brine for 4 flour, then drain this all off. Mix --11h pints vinegar, 1 teaspoon ginger, 1 oz. tt)raneric, 2 oz, mustard seed, 2 lbs. brown sugar. Let this. come to a boll and add cucwm:ben and onions. Boil 5 min- utes, Put in jars and seal. Tomato Soup 1 peck ripe tomstoesi (Peeled and sliced) 0.7 Ys tt?.'• qq, uWe 01 Sliced Pickles 6 quarts thinly' , sliced ctacu abers, medium size (do not peel) 12 medium sized onions, sliced .., 2 large green sweet peppers, cut in sanai1i pieces Mix all together and put in alter- nate layers in' salt. Let stand three hours and drain. . Then take- 14 cup white mustard seed 2 'tablespoons .celery' seed 9 cups white sugar 3 heaping teaspoons turmeric Stmall piece of alum (size 2 peas) 4 red not peppers, cut in small pieces 2 quarts cider vinegar. Let all beat up, but do not boil- Can hot in jars or put in covered chock, Corn Relish 12 cups corn kernels 1 am&all Cabbage 3 cups chopped celery 4 medium sized' onions 2 green peppers 8 cups vinegar 3 cups brown sugar '4 cup flour 2 tablespoons salt 2 tablespoon's dry mustard 1 teaspoon cayenne 1 tablespoon turmeric. Measure the cooked corn kernels, which have been cut from the cob. Shred the cabbage very finely and add to the corn with the celery, chop- ped onions and chopped peppers. Add 4 cups cider vinegar- Mix the sugar with the flour, salt, mustard, cayenne and the turmeric. Slowly stir in the remaining 4 cups of vinegar. Combine the mixtures and heat until boiling, stirring frequently. Simmer 40 min- utes stirring often to. prevent stick- ing. Seal at once in sterilized jajrs, using new 'rubber jar rings. Note -When fresh Corn is out of season, smaller quantities of this in- teresting relish may be made by us- ing the canned niblet-type corn, dnaineds Indian Relish 40 tomatoes• 8 onions 6 red peppers Put through chopper and, add: 4 cups cider vinegar • 6 'cups white sugar 6 tablespoons salt Cook until real thick,, then bottle. Heavenly Jam 12 apples 12 pears, 2 lemons 12 peaches 4 oranges. Cutup oranges and lemons. Cover with eold water and let stand over- night. In' the morning put on stove aid 'boil until thick, then add the applies, peaches and pears whiob'have been finely chopped. Add pound for pound o sugar and boil until it thick- ens, 'Phis jam is delicious, Fruit Chili Sauce 30 ripe tomatoes 6 ripe peaches, 6 ripe pears 4 onions 4 apples • 1 large bunch celery 5q worth spice (in bag) 1 quart vinegar 4 clips white sj}gar 2 tablespoons salt. Boil all until right conteistency, a- bout 3 hours, Sugar should be added last half hour of boiling Celery Relish. 1 quart cucumber (chop fine) 1 quart celery (chop fine) 1 quart onions (oboe fine) 3 teaspoons salt 5 cups• brown sugar 1 quart vinegar. Boil together 10' }9iinutes. Mix in aced vinegar, 1 teasialoon turmeric, 3 teaspoons mustard, 1 smail cup flour. Add all this to veg'etabl'es and bring to boil. If more vinegar is heeded, Odd to it as you want it' Bottle while hot. • Green Tomato Sauce 1 peck green tomatoes 12 onions 2 cauliflowers 3 green peppers 1 bunch celery S/4 cup salt. 'Cut fine. Leave in brine Overnight. Drain and boil 15 indnixtes' dal 1 quart vinegar and 2 (marts water. Drain again. Make syrup of 1 quart vine- gar, 2 )bio, ,g4"arintiated1 sugar, 2-3 cup (Continued on ,Page 7) 4f; 1 lk l'. V114:100$ Gaul hOipli ion *capon Relieves:that tu1ly feeling after eating, Cleanses eteviees• between teeth, too.... aesuresawcet'lrettlt. Itirimpre aid to health! Buy 'some' now!in coat but bight benefits! Enjoy it after every.neal--millions talo! csas / Every(Oc Packet of WILSON'S FLY PADS,,. \ WILL KILL MORE FLIES T!iAN i ,,SEVERAL` DOI1AFUSWORTH/ °'.,OFAHY OTHER FIY KILLtR/� • / l Qc WHY PAY MORE Best of all fly killers. Clean, quick, sure,, cheap,. Ask your Drug• gist, Grocer or General Store. THE WILSON FLY PAD 00.. HAMILTON, ONYL Fall Fair Dates Tillsonburg Aug. 30, 31 -Sept. 1 Toronto Aug. 26 -Sept, 10 Woodstock Aug- 25, 26, 27 Elmira Sept. 2-5 Fergus . , . Sept. 9, 10 Hepworth Sept. 8, 9 Kinmount Sept. 7, 8 Tavistock Sept. 9, 10 Chesley Sept. 13, 14 Clifeorn -. Sept. 16, 17 Com'b§r Sept. 16, 17 Hanover Sept. 15, 16 Kincardine Sept. 15, 16 Lion's Plead Sept. 14, 15 London (Western Fair) • .Sept. 12-17 Midland Sept. 15-17 Milverton Sept. 15, 16 New Hamburg Sept, 16, 17 Orangeville Sept- 16, 17 Marton Sept. 1,5, 16 Wilkeport . Sept. 15 Alliston Sept, 22, 23 AtwooSept., 23, 24 Dresden , Sept.. 19, 20, 21. Exeter d Sept. 21, 22 Forest Sept. 20, 21 Galt Sept- 2/-24 Goderdeh Sept, 20, 21 Harrow Sept. 22-24 Lambeth Sept- 22 Listowel Sept. 21, 22 Meaford , - Sept, 22, 23 Mildmay ' Sept, 20, 21 Merlin Sept. , 2 Mount Forest Sept. 21 22, 22 3 Neustadt Sept, 23, 24 Norwich Sept. 20, 21 Paris Sept- 20, 21 Sarnia Sept. 22-24 Seaforth Sept 22,-23 Shedden Sept. 21 Shelburne Sept, 22, 23 Springfield Sept. 21, 22 Stratford Sept, 19-21 Acton Sept. ' Ailsa Craig Sept, 2220,, 2321 Thorndale Sept. 21 Tiverton Sept. 22, 23 Arthur Sept. 23, 30 , Aylmer t- Sept. 26 28 Ayton Sept- 29, 30 Bayfield Sept. 28, 29 Belmont • Sept. 29 Brussels Sept. 29, 30 Burford • Sept- 27, 28 Caledonia Sept, 20, 30, Oct. 1 Dept. 27, 28 Drormraytonbo Sept- 27, 28 S Florence .. Sept. 28, 29 Fordwich Sept. 30, Oct. 1 Glencoe Sept. 27, 28 Grand Valley Sept. 30, Oct. 1 Harriston Sept- '29, 30 Holstein Sept, 29, 30 Ilderton Sept, 23 Ingersoll Sept. 29, 39 Jarvis p, , Kilsyth Sept.Set2828, 2928 Kirkton Sept. 29, 30 Langton Oct.t. 1 Leamington Sept. ' Oc Lucknow Sept.26 29, 381 Mitchell Sept. 27, 28 Muncey Sept. 28 Paisley Sept. 27, 28 Palmerston Sept. 27, 28 Parkhill Sept. 30 Port Elgin Sept, 29, 30 Ripley Sept. 27, 28 Rodney Sept, 26, 27 Strath,roy Sept. 29, 30, Oct. 1. Thedford Sept, 27, 28 Wallacetown Sept. 29, 30 Welland Sept, 27-29 Windham Centre Sept. ,27 Wyoming Sept "28,4 Zul'ieh Sept, 26,,'27 Zephyr • Sept- 27 Aberfoyle Oct. ., 5 Alvinston Oct- 6, 7 Brigden Oct. 4 Chatsworti�_ Oct. 6, 7 Dorchestelr o Oct- 6 Dungannon Oet 8 Oct- 6, 7 E. Emb Oct.--1O 6 Erin: Fairground Oct. 4 Highgate Oct_et. 7, 79 g Melrn O Moubount Brydgese - Oct, 4 Cr' if County (Sinacoe) , ..Oct. 3t - 6 'wen Sound Oct- 1-4 dwn StRi, getoMarys Saugeen Ind4a l Tara Oct. 4 -6 Oct. 6, 7 Oct. 3, 4 Oct. 6, 6 Teeswater Odt- 4, 5 OOhs•weken Oct. 11-1$ Underwood•Oct. 11. M.oraviantown,. (Indian) ...:Oct, 18-21 International PIowing Match and Farre. Machinery • Demonstra tion, Minesing, near Barrie October 11, 12, 13, 14. fLtt,4;y fl 1 ■