HomeMy WebLinkAboutThe Huron Expositor, 1933-08-11, Page 6qle,rMateatia0",
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ERS HAD INGENIR. METHODS .OF
RING AN ANIPLE--:11PPLY OF WATER
• First Wells Dug in Western
Ontario were Merely
Holes in the Ground.
By `aBluralitea in' Louden Free Press.
•
it fbeealme se .popular that in time
there was hardly a farm in Oid On-
tario without a stone well on it.
These wells wee ofterraquite deep,
although thirty feet seems to have
been the favorite depth for consta-uet-
ing them. They were generelly about
three feet in- diameter, but there
were some cases where the diameter
wasmerely enough to let. the pump
logs .be lowered. These latter, ones
were not very satisfactory, as they
were very difficult to clean out, .and
it is only occasionally that we see
them.
Stone wells were built of stone
pierced off the farms on which they
were dug. As the stones used were
sort of wedge-shaped 'they could not
get out of their correct position,
when properly layed, and thus there
was never any danger of the well
raving in. These fine old wells are. so
permanent that almost all of them
are still in use and will be continued.
to be used for generations to come.
About the time that, stone wells be-
came common, wooden pumpand
wooden •windm'ills were introduced.
The pumps worked on the same prin-
cipal as the metal ones of he pres-
ent time, and wooden pump -logs took
the place • of metal piping. Both
petrels and pump logs were made of
pine or cedar, as these wood e were
the most suitable for their manufac-
ture. The loge were made in lengths
varying from five to 20 feet and were
usually eight inches in diameter with
a four -inch hdle bored down through
the centre of them. They were made
so that the top of one log would sit
into the bottbm of the one above it.
The wooden pumps and pump logs
were made in small factories in many
of the towns of. Ontario and, one of
the best known pioneer pump manu-
facturers in the province was the
late Charles Tilden, of Mt. Brydges.
We often hear of wooden pumps that
Worked satisfactoril); „for 30 or 40
yeare,arid in fact there are some that
are still in use.
The supply of water on the farms
of Western Ontario has always been
more or less of a problent, and it has
been .contended with in many differ-
ent ways. In the early pioneer days,
when the settlers first came to the
wilderness ea Ontario, they usually
located near a stream, of water ana
thus assured themselves of e steady
water supply. As the country became
more settled .there were hundreds of
fatims that were not near a stream
or had no natural water supply. This
necessitated the digging of wells.
The first wells dug by the pioneers
were merely holes in the ground of
various depths and sizes and were
covered over with logs to keep the
farm animals from falling in. When
water was required it was dipped ep
with a homemade wooden bucket,
which was raised and lowered 'by
means of a long, slender pole, with a
hook on the end of- it. The only
watering troughs knowp at this time
were made by hollowing dut large
basswood logs. This was rather a
.hard task, but when completed the
troughs were eatiefactory., The wells
of the firstsettlers gave constan„
tvouble, as the sides often caved in,
owing to lack of support, and this
led to the idea of curbing them. The
first well curbing was made by hand,
and was generally df oak or "alack
ash.' Later when sawmills became
coneepoie itwas sawed. at the mills.
The. curbing was generally two by
our inches or larger in size and was
as long, as' the well was deep. • The
well when lined with this, prevented
any earth from, loosening and falling
in. The. curbing e as held in position
by iron hoops, which encircled the
well inside of the curbing, and held
it firmly against the clay. In same of
the earliest curbed wells, wooden sup-
ports were used to hold the curbing,
but the iron hoop soon came to be
generally used.
.
As pumps were as yet unknown,
the 'old oaken bucket" was the
Means by which water was raised
from the well. If he buck -et was large
it was generally attached to a small
windless and was thus 'raised or low-
ered by turning a crank.
'The "well -vette" was generally
used where the . well was shallow.
This was a very long pole, which was
balanced over and attached to an
upright. The line holding the bucket
was fastened to one end of the pole
" 'Wooden Windmills.
The wooden windmills were very,
conn at one time and, like the
pumps, they gave many' years of.
faithful service.
They were very qtiaint'nooking and
added greatly to the charm of the
countryside. The towers, .wheels and
vanes were solidly constructed of
the choicest pine and only the gear
was of metal. The towers were gen-
erally 20 or 30 feet in height with
the wheels and vanes corresponding
in size. The gear was very simple in
construction and it. necessitated the
constant climbing of the tower for
oiling purposes. These mills were
manufactured in both Ontario and
ana by raising and lowering the other I the United States and one of the
end, water could be dipped from thebest known of them was the "IXelr
well:" mill, made in London, Ont., by he
Curbing Rotted.
J. Taylor ,Company. We occasionally
• see these old mill's when touring
As time went on, the wood curb- about the rural districts, but very
ing in many wells became rotten, al- few of them are in use. The firms
though there were cases where it which built the wooden pumps and
lasted for many years. This led to mills also Made wooden tanks out of
the idea of using stone in them.and pine staves for watering live stock.
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, ; •, ;'
ekeetteereeek ".i.,,,aet a •
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CA,
h ,,a4,aate
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•TIAIII*ONEPOSITOR •
South Medicine To
F'arAway Roumania
Wiantpeg, ataan.—Jamb alhertuan„
President of the Western Itaware
Co,. who mune to eaaada to years
ego rpm Rqumanla, -recently
"There was hardly a, day in abereara
that I didn't have spine sort of trou•
ble with my stornaoh. I suffered
with °motivation almost as far back
as I can remember, and had to take
a Phasic every 4* of oily life. Since
taking Sargon Pills along 'with Saaa-
gen. my bowels are, regular as clook
work. never have tete ,olighteet
sign of stomach trouble. I'm send-
ing Sargon te, two friends of mina In
Bounratia."
C. ABERHART
These tanks were, of various sizes
and had iron bands around them for
support. At this period wells were
generally covered with oak planks
and had a 'four-sided enclosure of
fence rails . around them..
In recent years, hundreds of brick
and cement wells and cisterna have
been built on Ontario farms as they
are more easily constructed 'than
stone ones. 'In the building of many
of the first .brick wells., the bricks
were layed on their edge and no mei--
tar was used between them. This did
not prove satisfactory and nowadays
they are leered flat, with plenty of
mortar between thein. The mortar is
mixed very strong and cement is us-
ed .in its manufacture.
Cement tops for wells are \videly
used at the present time. These taps
are six or eight inches in thiekness
and have iron rods in them for sup-
port and to prevent them from
cracking.
Farmers who have springs of water
on their farms are indeed lucky, as
a good spring is an unfailing source
of supply in a dry season, whereas
welts generally go dry if the drought
is prolonged. Some springs have
pumps attached to them and others
merely an iron pipe which runs the
wean into a trough.
Of all the deyiees in use for the
handling of water- in the country to-
day, there is none ‘rnore interesting
than the hydraulic rain. There are a
number of these hydraulic rams in
-
Western Ontario and they are in-
stalled where there are largeasprings
with sufficient water pressure to -run
them. A hydraulic ram is a sort of
force pump which is operated by the
force of the water coming from the
spring.
The water is forced from the spring
into the pump through a large metal
pipe and a smaller pipe leads frofn
the pump to the ."farm beildings. The
surplus water flaa's away through a
ditch: A hydratilic ram will pump
water for a Tong distance and in
sufficient quantity to supply the
needs of any farmer dr stockman.
One of the first hydraulic rains to
be used in Middlesex County was in-
stalled by Wahine Legg, a pioneer
of West Missouri, on his farm.; on
the second' conceseion of that toavn-
ship. It has worked steadily for ov-
er fifty years and is still in fine con-
dition.
As earlyaas 1892 the manufacture
of steel windmills was attempted. in
Ontario and now they are everywhere
in use.
Steel Windmills.,
;.4
•
41,0
nal:(
.4"11
if ST 111 1933.
riiorr‘, y A
S. vilhv VA WAGES
(Condensed &our The Forum, in 1:towbar's Digest).
In a day of bargains the following
is, � think., the most extraordinary
bargain alavertisernent I have' ever
eareounteeed. It is taken from, the
help -wanted columink of The New
York Titres;
Wanted, stenographer -bookkeeper:
This position requires capability, ex-
perience and industry, easily worth
$30 a weekand more. Now offering
$12-$16 a -week. No beginners,
'netiare appeal to give an era-
plcate a $3u job at the enticing wag-
es of $15 a week -depicts an inneeoat
yet meaningful perception of the
rresent state of the worker more elo-
, tient than a page of wage statistics.
and it fixes attention upon a phase
of our present situation ' which, has
been a little .bi' oVerlooked — e
plight a the employed. There is
plenty of food for meditation in the
feet that countless men and woen.in
who are working at full-time jobs
are not getting as much as some of
the unemployed persons on pualic
relief rolls,
The simple yet alarming truth is
that our whole system of wages is
oninebling. Our standard of liviag,
built up so laboriously, at the cost of
so many .painful labor wars, is failing
to pieces in our hands.
It ia'against this evil that the Nee
York legislature has aimed a Wow
an the two ininirnum wage laws which
under the leadership of Governor
Lehman, it has just passed. Presi-
dent Roosevelt has put the weight of
his office and his great pre•stige be-
hind an'extension of the law to other
states. For after all, it will do lit-
tle good. to check the disease in one
area when .it can flora so easily over
the liouridaries and into' adjacent ara
eas. „Indeed, unless other states col-
laborate in the attack, the effect of
action in any one sate will be to
penalize it by imposing Upon its man-
ufacturers and. employers restraints
from which their competitors will be
free.
I do not assert that the wages of
all workers have been cut to the
point of starvation. Great numbers
of 'employers have struggled valiant-
ly to keep their payrolls.up. But such
efforts to maintain wages apply al-
most exclusively to employees who
have been ip continuous erruploym•ent;
and the story of the wages offered to
new employees, and their slow but
deadly effect upon the wages of their
The first steel windmills were anti
improvement on the old wooden ones
but they were only single -geared and
had to be oiled by 'hand. They have
been steadily improved', however, and
now they are self -oiling and are
double -geared, whichadds greatly to
their strength and durability. •
In recent years the drilled well has
become common in' Ontario and these
wells are generally found on farms
where great quantities of water are
used aad where there is no natural
water aupply.
They are drilled by a large power
drill run by a steam engine and are
often dug to a depth of several hura
dred feet before a permanent source
of water is reached. In some cases
the drill has to go through many
feet of rock. These wells have a very
serail diameter, being merely large
enough to hold a metal; casing
though which the water pipes are
lowered. A large windmill or gaso-
line engine is used in pumping the
water from them.
'The pump is worked by a pump -
jack when a gasoline engine is used,
the pump -jack being operated by a
belt from the engine.
On most of the large dairy or
stock farms in Ontario water bowl
systema have been installed. This.
means that there is a water. bowl be-
fore every animal in the barn and
as the supply ,of water is 'regulated
,by a float, they can drink at anetitne.
The water in the bowls is supplied by
a large wooden or metal- storage tank
on, the floor of the barn above, al-
though so-metimes when the tank is
metal it is suspended from the stable
ceiling. The water is pumped by
means. of a wind:Tall or gasoline en-
gine from the 'well to the storage
tank. In the summer tithe the cattle
are watered outside in a tank ad-
joining the windmill; an automatic
device shutting the mill off when
the tank is full.
Recently pneumatic water pressure
systems have become generally used,
especially in districts where there is
hydro. By means of one of these sys-
tems, one of the greatest conveni-
ences of the city can be had, namely,
water on tap throughout the home.
They will work autolmetically when
an electric motor is used. These eys-
terns are often installed in barns as
Well, and can also be run by a gaso-
line engine.
AS time goes on, probably even
greater haprovements will be made
in the water devices and systems in
use on the farms of rural Ontario. I
have endeavored to show 'how these
devices have kept pace with the
times as our province emerged from
the pioneer days and became the gar-
den spot a Canada. In every detach/
from the time of the earliest settlers
until the prestent, we notice improve-
ments an every kind of farm equip-
ment, machinery, buildings, conveni-
ences, etc., end likewise in each de-
cade we, notice improvements for
supplying the ever greater need of
watef.
Canada owes much to the mien who
Perfected these impretements as the
, alee' avett hy, for they played a
oat pat b snaking this ceentry the
fine land that it is, to live in:
expenses and takes his ,profftra. You
may make your awn guess at how
=eh is passed on teathe weary wo-
man who does the sev9ing, for a flew -
invent of that 22 cents.
This is the story of sweated labor,
The ,sweatshop operators cut in un-
der employers who 'try to maintain
decent standards, and while they are
starving their own, help, throw the
workers of their rivals into complete
unemployment.
'le is very important to understand
that such conditions are not peculiar
to any one state. The poison has
epread .throughout the whole ,nation.
Between 1900 and 1929 the average
earnings of factory workers rose
from $430 to $1,320. In spite of
much sneering, therefore,a real ad-
vance in the dollar volume of wages
was made daring that erveneful per-
iod. But no*, the wages of factory
workers are in many cases back to
the level of 1900;' in some cases they
are well below the figure of those
days.
' The American standard of living
for the worker is crumbling. It is
not only the unemployed who has lost
his purchasing power, but the employ-
ed as well. It would lie possible to
collect together two huge groups GE
workers—one group wholly unem-
ployed, the other group working
either full or part, time; . the first
group stipported by public and private
relief agencies, the other dependent
on wages—without finding very much
difference between the relative pur-
chasing power of the two groups.
The movement to put minimum
wage laws on the statute books of all
the leading industrial states is of
course part of the war against this
evil.. Beteit would.be folly to suppose
that this can accomplish anythine
mote' than a eileht mitigation of the
plight of the mos:: unfortunate •ve ...le-
ers. The root of the trouble lies deep
down in the essential mechanism of
our •systeen and is related chiefly to
the mortal injury to that system
Which slowly brings the whole thing'
to a pause. We need minimum wage
.laws, but, far more important, we
need heroic action by the govern-
ment uow—not a few months hence,
but now—ttake the initiative in set-
ting in motion once again the wheels
of industry by cre.atieg new income
through a vast program of 'public
works.
fellow workers, constitutes one of the
most distressing phases of this de-
pression.
The first effect on workers of a
depression like the present one is un-
employment in ,the margipal indus-
tries. This in turn produces a surp-
lus of .that kind of labor which is
availaiblle for d'csmrestic tservice and
kindred fields like restaurants and
laundries. And very soon the house-
hold serve wage level lbeging- fo exe
hibit the effect of the existing' sur-
plus. Wages persistently decline un..
til it is possible to read such adver-
tisements as that which recently ap-
peared in a Detroit newspaper:
Wanted: ' White woman for gen-
eral housework and care of 'children
$lper week. Apply, etc.
It must not be supposed that this
is an isolated case. The columns
from which I selected that advertise-
ment had several others that day,
while two and three dollars seemed
the prevailing rate. This, of course
was in Detroit—crushed under the
load of unemployment and bank fail-
ures. But in Cleveland $3 seems to'
be the usual rate and the same thing
is true of Chicago. In the latter
place somewhat higher wages are of-
fered in exceptional cases but' house-
wives who offer $7 'a week insist on
experienced housekeepers and cooks.
At that, domestic workers who re"
ceiv.e., board and lodging are better
off than thousands of workers in
restaurants and laundries who must
pay rent from their slender earnings.
In Los Angeles thousands of reetauf-
ant workers are employed for their
meals ()My. Where they work as
waiters they do get tips, though in
low-priced eating places these amount
to a paltryesum. In Chicago many
thousands are employed around kit-
chenes for their meals only, and there
are no tips. This, indeed, is! a form
of barter—services for food. Many
city workers have gohe on this 'beans
standard.'
Of course, Much has already been
said about conditions in the needle
trades where old-time sweatshops
feed upon the victims of depression.
State laws against sweatshops are
evaded by tieing array with the fac-
tory. In certain of the needle and
novelty trades of New York most of
the actual work is farmed out to wo-
men who do the work in their homes
An example of this kind of work is
that of a another and two daughters
who do piece work at home, making
frogs or men's pyjamas. They are
paid 80 cents a gross, and the com-
bined 'earnings of the three range
around $4 a Week. Another girl
crochets- hats at 40 cents a dozen.
She cannot make more than 80 cents
a .week. It is useless to multiply
these incidents. The story would 'be
endless.
The woman shopper on the hunt
for bargains is perhaps amazed at
that $2.80 dress which she sees in
the shop window. She knows little
of the tragedy of .grinding toil which
has made .it possible. In the' cloth-
ing industry a great deal at the work
is done by contractors. On a dress
which sells for $2.80 the contractor
is allowed 22 eents for the labor. Out
of this, of course, he pays his own
44r! d 0‘,4 4
'44 4544P '
She Was Never So
Grateful. In Her Life
Si, John, N. 13.—"It's almost unbe.
Ilevahle—I can't myself realize it—
but 'Sargon ended my stomach trou-
ble thai; had been pulling me down
for eight years," recently declared
Mrs. May Kelley, 94 Protection.
Street. "Why, I lived almost entirely
on mak and 'crackers for a long
time, but now I can eat anything 1
Want without a sign of rouble, I've
. also been 'entirely freed of OftstiPa-
. 'Mo. by Sargon Pitts. They didn't
bavejigt stymy opt."
A14110140, •
•
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akt
e. ei
FARM NOTES
Owing to the high protein content
and excellent milling qualities of
Canadian hard wheat, the Japanese
use it in a standard mixing substance
with the softer wheats from the other
countries from which Japan draws
her supplies.
The housefly is world-wide in dis-
tribution and is notorious for the part
it plays in the' dissemination of such
dangerous diseases as typhoid, infan-
tile diarrhoea, taberculosis, cholera,
dysentery, etc, It breeds in filth.
v. bees are protected against ex-
treme variations of temperature and
cold winds in autumn, winter and
spring, they are enabled to live l'ong-
ea use less food during winter, and
build up much more rapidly in the
spring.,
Damage to clothing by moths is
caused by the feeding activities of
the larvae or caterpillars of these in-
sects, not by .the winged moths whose
principal funetion in life is to mate
and deposit the eggs from which the
larvae develo•ps. •
'The horse 'bean was grown in Gen-
teel Europe thousand -of years be-
fore the Obristian era, and large
quantities of seed have been found in
excavations at Troy. The old Greeks
awl Romans used it to make bread,
cakes and porridge.
The profitalble production of farm
creeps depends upon many factors-
-weather coaditions, choice of crops
and varieties, the peectiees followed
in .producing, harvesting, storing,
feeding or merketing, and riot least
the nature of the soil and the way it
is treated or managed.
Complete fertilizers are scold ac-
cordin.g to fortmulae. Ari example of
one of those is a 2-12-6 (itwo-twelva-
six) mixture. This means that such
a mixture contains 2 per cent. nitro-
gen, 12 per cent. available phosphoric
acid, and 6 per cent. of water soluble
potash.
'Waren upholstered furniture be-
comes infested with moths it is often
diffiCult to eradicate the -re. In winter
time, however, one excellent and cer-
tain cure is to expose the infestea
furniture or other articles for a few
hours on the verandah when the tem-
perature is below zero. All stages of
the insect will be destroyed.
The stable fly is similar in appear-
ance to theo housefly but may
be distinguished by its awl -like pro-
boseis. This species is most in evi-
dence frolte July to October and com-
monly live outdoors, entering !houses
for shelter in dull or stormy weather.
Both sexes suck blood and attack
,dernestie animals and man, inflicting
a painful and irritating bite.
The summer fallow is h y no means
a modern institution but has come
down through the ages. The practice
apparently was not always for the
purpose of conserving Moisture as
the ancient injunetion. "Break up your
fallow land and sew not . among
thorns" suggests the use of the fal-
low "as a means of weed erticlicatione
Pasture For Pigs » • •
Pasture for pigs may undoubtedly
he
made good use of on the Were
age farm. This method .a feeding,
boweter, has disadvantage& partite
they with the active &moon hog, otv-
ing to the opipattnnity Zeit edtedefitive
taatteie hailer the land*oint 02hist
41,4
'" • Aldt. •• •
be there
at 2 o'clock"
Bill, Thompson, the threshing
machine operator, finds the tele.
phone a great time-saver. He
telephones ahead so he's never
held up for a crew.
"We'll be at our place at two,"
he says to Neil. MacDonald, giv.,
ing Mac plenty of time to get
his neighbors over for the job,
where granary partitions have
been put ship-shape thanks to
Bill's timely notice.
Asa work and time saver; as a
means of friendly contacts; as a
dependable stand-by in emer-
gency, you cannot do without
your telephone.
For 30 cents
you can telephone
about
100 miles
by making an "any-
one" call (station -
to -station) after 8.30
pan. See list of rates
in front of directory.
Didta.frice,
Lapi
15 surprisingly inexpensive
finishing and the liability a little
pigs to stunting through sunburn
and the combined ,effects of sunburn
and dew. .With plenty of skim milk
or buttermilk, both the experimental
evidence and that of practical feed-
ers would indicate that groWing bac-
on hogs may be fed for market more
economically indoors or in well shad-
ed pens, supplied with racks for green
feed, preferably in the form of al-
falfa or clover. Racks are .essential
to the prevention of waste.
Ontario Agriculture Well Represent-
ed at Regina.
A very comprehensive picture of
Ontario agriculture is being given be
the visitors at the World's Grain Ex-
hibition and Conference through the
large educational exhibit that has
been prepared by the Extension De-
partment of O.A.C. for the Ontario
Department of Agriculture.
.The display is 120 feet in length,
and is divided into five units that
show the most recent advances in
poultry and hog production, and the
latest developments in cereal and
legume breeding that have beert made
in Ontario. Thesefourpanels are
'balanced about the 'central unit which
provides a key to the whole scheme
with the caption, "Ontario Agricul-
ture: A Well Balanced 'Sys.bene With
Much Live Stock, and Regular Rota ---
tin of Crops."
The idea of crop rotations as
the most important factor in the
success of Ontario agriculture ia
also very forcibly presented in the
central panel by means of an eight- .
foot wheel, which revolves slowly,
showing in a eery striking manner
the crops and arrangement that go
to make up a good rotation for On-
tario.
- 'Weather Conditions Setback to
Ontario Cattle Business
Live stock in, Western Ontario is
experiencing a setback due to the
drought ofthe past two "months, says.
George H. Duncan, live stock investi-
gator. Ontario Marketing Board.
Pastures are dried mit to suoh an ex-
tent that cattle are barely...holding
their own, even on irecreaseeacreagei
of pasture land. Without more fav-
orable weather conditions, many cat-
tle will be unfinished by the coming
autumn, or 'will reach the market
later than usual.
To obtain best returns the pro-
ducer will have to exercise greater
care than ever before in, the market-
ing of such cattle. Heavy .suppliea
of unfinished eattl,e reaching the mar-
ket will, undoubtedly, demoraliie thee
entire live' stock trade.
THIS FINE .OLD HIGH-CLASS HOTEL ,
NOW HAS RATES
AS LOW AS ANY
40 *0
•
450,rjr14
iCittg Eilwarb lantEt
Zuranto
Surnrising as it may seem, you can now enjoy
the luxuries of this historic, beautiful hostelry
fo,r as little as $2.50 per day.
For thirty years the King Edward Hotel bas
been the epitome of sterling, worth -while, de-
lightful hotel service.,,Today, with rates in keep-
ing with the times,. this friendly hotel is even
10110e attractive than ever.
P. KIRBY HUNT
Manager
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A4;0: maid,
4
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eat ed.,
eilietataa