The Huron Expositor, 1932-02-19, Page 3417
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BY ALAN C. DUSTAN
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on. troil.
An address delivered before ,the although these' Kaye not been fully
annual 'Convention •o'f the Ontario tested the ones giving most promis-
Ilo'ticnitural Society) held in .'Peron- ing results!, are discussed_here.
to last week.
.Hot Water.—The use •of a hot 'wa-
'l he gladiolus theipas has . caused ter bath +has' been "experimented with
'ery serious damage to gladioli for
two seasons. The first outbreak of
this insect occurred -in 1930 and was
followed by a second, equally es See
-
are, in 1931. Just where it came
item ie a matter of conjecture lout
when discovered it was at once .recog-
sized as a species new to America
and given the scientific name, Teen'
iothrips 'gladioli M. & S.
Distribution.
The gladiolus thrips is widely
,spread over the eastern and central
parts of Canada, having been tecord-
d"`" fi'omi' Nova ,Scotia, New Bruns-
wick, Quebec, Ontario and. Manitoba.
No definite records of the occurrence
of this' insect have beets. received from
the three Most' westerly. sprovinces,
although rumours of its presence in
Saskatchewan and -Alberta have been
circulated by some of the larger
growers. In the United States' the
gladiolus thrips has been collected in:
eight States, all of which ere..,site-
arted either in the east or in the cen-
tral pari; of that country, thus -join-
ing with the Canadian infested area
to form; one large more or less con-
tinuous area in which the pest is
Imown to be 'present. This insect in
both Canada and the United States
is of -extreme 'izportance• to growers
sof comlmereial...gr garden flowers and
at the present tilde•' Tis seriously
threatening the whole gladiolus in-
d'ustry. '
Life=History and Habits.
•
The gladiolus thrips passes the win-
ter on corms in storage and in the
spring is transferred to •the field at
planting time. When growth starts,
the insects presumably move up the
mew shoots and are .found very early.
in the season within the leaf sheath.
Here feeding within
increase takes
place. By the time the spike appears
the thrips are already found inside.,
They attack the unopened buds and
as the blooms unfold continue feed-
ing on the petals. They are shade -
loving and hide in sheltered portions
of the blossoms, 'chiefly beneath the
bracts. As soon as the flowers dis-
appear the insects 'again invade the
leaves and stems and at the approach
cif cold weather migrate to the corms.
It is not known as yet whether or not
the gladiolus thrips_ is able to pass
The` winter successfd lly'but of doors.
Hot Plants.
ray growers are of ..the opinion
tat the gladiolus thrips attacks a
large number of different flowering
plants. There is no evidence of this.
A study of this question revealed the
fact that both in Canada and the
United States this insect confines its
work .ahrwost entirely to gladioli. • A
fewwere discovered feeding on cer-
tain varieties of iris and in one case,
carnations growing in a greenhouse
near an infested gladiolus bed, bad a
few specimens in the flowers. It was
found that practically all .blooms ex-
amined were attacked by thripsof
one species or another but not by the
gladiolus thrips.
and it was fouhd that all ndulte,
nymphs and pupae were killed el the
corms were soaked for 10 minutes in
wafter at a temperature of 120 deg.'
F. The husks may be left be if pre-
ferred, since excellent results• were
secured }with unpeeled corms. Al-
though it has. not 'been possible to
test the effect of this (bath on the
eggs it is felt that in all probability
they would be killed, as well as the
other stages of the insect. The t'een-
perature of the bath must be kept rap
to 120 deggrees'for the entire period.
This can be done by pouring in addi-
tional hot water from time to time
during the treatment.
• Whale Oil Soap. --A bath composed
b whale .oil soap, using one pound to
four gallons of water, has given good
control of ehrips on corms. The corms
should be first peeled and there soak-
ed in the liquid fora period of three
hours' at a temperature of around 70
deg/ F. Similar results were also
secured where unpeeled corms were
used but Where' possible the removal
of the husks prior to treatment is
recommended. Whale ...oil soap can
be purchased from most seed houses.
and is sometimes carried by hard-
ware stores.
Some Mention should be' made of
corrosive sublimate and nicotine -sul-
phate, as meny growers claim' to have
got good results from the use of
these materials in the form of a flip.
Our experiments to date have shown
that although some of the thrips are
killed when treated with these' ma-
terials many survive. However,
work with these and other insect-
icides is being continued.
Spraying arad. Dusting in the Field.
—Extensive spraying and dusting ex-
periments were conducted at Vine -
and and ,Ott✓awa during the past
summer by Mr. P. I. Bryce and the
writers with a view to finding an ef-
fective control in the field. .Such
sprays as, lime sulphur, nicotine sul-
phate alone and combined with pene•
trol, evergreen, pysect, sox, derrisol,
Paris green and brown sugar,etc.,
were tried. Applications of nicotine
sulp'hate,••pyrethrum and hydrated•
lime, in dust •,form were also made.
The results in most cases were dis-
appointing as it was found that al-
though the. thrips which were pres-
ent on the outside of the plants were
killed those concealed in the inacces-
sibleparts were uninjured.- The best
control was secured .where the plants
were sprayed with a....mixture made
up, of Paris green 2 tablesspoonfuls,
brown sugar 2 'pounds, and water 3
gallons. Spraying should commence
as soon as the thrips is foundinside
t'he aeeeee"'hnd should be continued
weekly while the insects are .present.
Washing . off the plants from time to
time with a spray of cold water is
beneficial as it 'removes the residue
left by the brown sugar. The spray
should be stirred continually when
being applied lass the Paris (green
sinks to the bottom of.the pail quick-
ly, due to its . weight. Spray thor-
oughly at a good pressure, using
plenty of material at each applica-
tion.
Fumigation in the FieId.—Fumiga-
tion of small numbers • of gladioli
with calcium cyanide in oilcloth or
brown paper tents gave excellent con-
trol in experiments carried, on in the
field last sun neer. The method, of
course, would only be suitable for
small gardens or: for growers having
a few prized blooms which they par-
ticularly wished to protect. The work
was carried., on in a • long A -shaped
tent, having a light- wooden frame-
work covered with brown' paper which
was made tight et the joints by
means of mucilage. The tent was
built sufficiently large to completely
cover a sections of row, without rub-
bing the tops of the plants. The best
grade of calcium cyaz)fde was used
and at the rate of six ounces per
1,000 cubic feet of space. Fumiga-
tion tests were made on a bright,
warm day when the temperature in-
side the tent registered about 75 deg
F. and were commenced as soon as
the 'first thrips was seen. Exposures
of one hour gave best results..
Care of Corms at Harvest.—In the
autumn when the corms are being
harvested they should be given spe-
cial attention to safeguard them from
the invasion' of thrips. The 'tops
should be cut off as near the corm as
possible, since many thrips are pres-
ent on the leaves and stems and will
migrate on to the corms if the op-
portunity is given. When pulled the
corms should be removed immediate-
ly from the field to. a place where
there is no danger of infestation by
the thrips moving to them from the
tops. They can be dried there and
then placed in storage. If at all pos-
sible the corms should be stored in a
cellar or building Where the tempera-
ture can be kept down as, low as 40
deg. F. This is most important if
the thrips are to be kept in a dorm-
ant condition. If the temperature is
mach higher, feeding and develop-
ment • will continue through the win-
ter and injury to the corms result.
All tops should be burned as soon
as cut. This step is most important
as many thrips will be destroyed if
this is carefully done. Plpugh or dig
up the bed in the late fall, thus ex-
posing any thrips which may be ov-
erwi rater i ng --tNhere.
Suntmary of Control
Control.
•
•
The gladiolus thrips is very diffi-
cult to control in the field, chiefly be-
cause the Majority of the insects are
concealed in portions of the plant
where they are well protected from
sprays and dusts. At the present
time it is felt that the most effective
way of preventing injury to gladioli
by thrips is ito plant d only corms
which are a'beotit'tely free from these
insects. During the past season the
vaine of setting out clean corms was
demonstrated ,m experiments and in
ti ny commercial plots where the
growers had .freed the corms from
¢thrips before4planting.
Fumigation.
Por the big grower ' th a large
-number of corms to treat, fumigation
would perhaps 'be the most suitable
in that it is quick, sure and relieves
him of the necessity of peeling off
the husks. In tests with fumigants
a mixture of ethylene dichloride (75
per ceiet.) and carbon tetrachloride
(25 per cent.) gave excellent results.
Besides being most effective this ma-
iteeial is non-poisonous to humans,
non-inflarnanaable and will not explode.
It is used at the rate of 14 pounds
per 1,000 cubic feet of space, expos-
ing the corms for a period of .twenty-
four hours at a temperature between
'70 degrees and 85 degrees F. After.
the corms are placed .in an air -tight
container rolls of blotting paper,
newspaper or cloth are !placed on top
and the correct amount of the liquid
poured over these. The material could
Ibe placed in shallow pans but as it
evaporates slowly the -blotting paper
method speeds up this process. Af-
ter the fumigant is applied the cham-
ber should be closed immediately and
not opened until 24 hours after. ,It
is most important not to let the tem-
perature drop below 70 deg. Fatima,
the. fumigant is not merely so effec-
tive at a lower Poiret. This work can
she done with, safety in the cellar or
in an unused room in any dwelling
Mese.
In the United States calcium cyan-
ide has been used with success foe
fumigation. The material was used
at -the rate of two and a half ounces
per 1,000 cubic feet and an exposure
of threehours ;given; at a tempera-
r.•ture of 70 deg. F. As this fumigant
' is a deadly poison it must be used
v�ith the greatest care. Full direc-
tions for use are given on the con-
tainer 'in which it is• supplied. From
the viewpoint of safety the Kilt -Men-
tioned fumigant is recommended—.
For the smell grower with only a
limited nurnilher of corms to treat,
dip or bath of sonie kind would be
much easier and more convenient.
Considerable time has 'beet devoted to
;experimenting-wit'h such Method's' and
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sugar -mrk uxe-•PePra at. -.weekly• in-• deee heat 3 tat P.O , to stet 'bah-
te'vals. using Plei ltyl aaterial V- blitige Deals Hoar 'Morii ue • into the,
Plied at good ppOssuree_-. milk fitly tahles,Ff01Ilfi:4, Poaelt 'Ora
n ; and peae!h agiallifilri'the sa•slee .an fax
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KIPPE, '
('foo late• i?nu l sti avee'k.) -''
The•annual conggrregational meeting
of iSt. Andrew's United Church was
held on Wednesday evening, Febru-
ary 3rd. The reports were all very
favoralbleand a vole of thanks was
voted to Mrs J. ,B, McLean, choir
leader; Mrs. J. Henderson, pianist;
Miss Jean Ivison, treasurer. The El-
ders and Managers served lunch at
the -close.
'Mission ,Band was held on Satur-
day afternoon, at 2.30.
Senior 'C:G.I.T. 'Wide Awakes will
meet on Saturday afternoon in their
class room. At. theirlast meeting
Jean Bell gave a paper on '-`The Life
of Florence Nightingale, the Lady
with the Lamp." Isabel Alexander
gave a picture study on "Sistine Ma-
donna." These were very good.
The Young People held a helpful
tweeting on Sunday evening, February
7th, with Mrs. 'Penfold taking the
topic.
Miss Irene Datars, of Hensall, vis-
ited over the week end, the• uest
of her friend, Miss Mildred. Work-
man, of Klippen.
(Mrs. tMaleolnw McKay, of . Goderich,
visited recently with Mr. and Mrs,
Alex. Monteith,, of Stanley.
Mr. Thomas. Butt had the misfor-
tune to hurt his left hand while
working on his farm. Accidents will
happen, it seems.
Rev. R. 1R. Conner -preached a very
good sermon on Sunday last, taking
for his subject, "Rejoicing in the Lori
even in •difficult times." The choir
sang "In Heavenly Love Abidii:tg,.')
Mrs. E. Butt taking the solo part.
IMtrs. Thomas Butt is visiting for
a .few weeks with friends in Strat-
ford.
The Young .People of StAndrew's
United Church met Friday night,
February 12th.
The W.M.S. of St. Andrew's United
Chervil held a Day of Prayer on Feb.
12th in the school room.
USBORNE
(Too'late for last week.)
The municipal council of Osborne
met at the township hall on February
6th with all the members present.
The minutes .of the meeting of Jan-
uary llth were read and approved
on motion .of Westcott-Moir.
Correspondence: Letter from Ren-
frew Farmers' Committee, soliciting
the appointment of a representative
to meet the delegation that will in
tervieW the Government on February
9th, on rural matters:—Filed.
From -Highway Department, ack-
nowledging application for Govern-
ment highway grant.
'Niotitce let I ead Superintendent's
Conference and meeting of Good
Roads Association' on February 22nd,
23rd, 24th and 25th.—Filed.
Invitation by Highway Department
to attend Good Roads .Association
meeting.—Tabled.
A letter from Gordon Davis,' re-
collection of arrears of taxes for
1930 on Lots 9 and Pt. 8, S.W.B.,
was presented to council, read, con-
sidered and ordered filed on notion
of Shier—Passmore.
By-law No. 1, 1932,... re appoint-
ment of municipal officials and fixing
salaries of same was read and passed
on motion of Passmore -Moir.
(Shier--NNo. Seconder: That Henry
Ford be re-engaged as Township Road
Superintendent for 1932 at 35 Cents
an hour for time employed.
Amendment by Moir-Westcott: That
Henry Ford be re-engaged at 30e an
hour; that he he strictly under the
supervision 'of the township council;
that he see that men engaged be al-
lowed for no more hours than they
actually work for. The amendment
was carried.
Arnold Wiseman, presented the aud-
itors' report which stated that the
assets of the township were approxi=
mately $4,000 more than at the end
of 1930, and that the, auditors found
the treasurer's books in first class
condition: Cash in bank, $6,373.35;
arrears of taxes, December 31st, 1931,
$4,245.94; )capital assets, $1,415.00;
total surplus, December 31st, •...1931,
$12,034.29.
Westcott:aShier:. That the auditors'
report as presented be'adopted.--aCar-
ried.
Treasurer's Report: 1931 arrears
of taxes, $390.00; bills presented and
ordered paid on motion of Shier-
Westcott: Sick Children's Hospital,
grant, $10; Muskoka Free Hospital,
grant, $10; Byron Sanitarium, grant,
$10; B. W. F. Beavers, affidavits, $1;
W. A. Turnbull, Secretary -Treasurer,
insurance assessment, township hall,
90 cents; Times -Advocate, municipal
supplies, $75.22'; Times -Advocate,
balance printing for 1931, $41.50;
Arnold Wiseman, fee for auditing,
$10; Henry Delbridge., fee for audit-
ing, $10; Newton G. Clarke, salary
as treasurer, $100; excise -stamps, •$7i
total,- 107.00; Se J. Pym, salary, col-
lector, $75; Mrs. Kathleen Feeney,
Clerk Hibbert, Usborneb share Hib-
bert boundary work, $268.63; R. H.
Pomeroy, Clerk Fullerton, Usborne's
share Fullerton boundary *orle
$9.25; Peter fW1hitioek, gravel and
gravelling, $4,45; Charles Johns,' re-
moving tree, Concession 6, 40 cents;
William Johns, plank for repairing,
$1.50; Henry Ford, superintendence,
$7.00.,
adjourned to meet on Sat-
urday, March 5th, at 1 p:m;—Henry
Strang, Clerk.
Recommendations.
(1) Cut tops low and remove
corms immediately from bed for dry-
ing.
(2) Store corms in 'cellar at a
tenuperature _ass low as possible,•with
sefety. 4r- -.
(:3) Clean up and burn all tops as
soon as cut and plough soil in late
autumn.
(4) Fumigate or dip corms in
spring to kill all thrips prior to
planting.
(5) Set out connis on land as far
firm and the milk is 'praoticallry boil;
ing they should AO spreads ,. They
0iust he' waGehed carefully to keep
from boiling over
Transfer to a platter and pour any.
remaining . milk mixed- with beaten"
egg yolks, into the topof a double
boiler. and one-quarter cup sugar.
Cook to a soft thin custard. Cool,
nd pour into a •'broad service dish,
placing the nieriu se>on top. Keep
on table neait range.
llifelt the remaining sugar in a
skillet or thiek saucepan. Do not
stir after melting except to keep
fro . stic'kfng. Let it brown to a rich
caramel and pour quickly, but thinly
over the pudding. Chill and serve in
same dish. This makes eight to ten
servings.
Baked Cider"Pudding.
1/2 eup shelled eh -Minds
% cup dried 'bread crumbs
% eup sugar
4 eggs
%teaspoon cinnamon
Grated rind of half a lemon
1 pint sweet cider.
Put almonds .. and dried bread
crumbs through a food grinder. Re-
move crusts from bread first. Cream
egg . yolks and sugar until light and
fluffy. Add grated lemon rind,
cinnamon, almonds and bread crumbs.
Fold in the stiffly beaten egg whites•.
Bake in well oiled spring -form 30
to 40 minutes in moderate oven (350
degrees F.) Heat cider and' (pour"
slowly over the cake as soon as it
comes Men the oven. °'.Garnish with
peeled ,chopped almonds. This can.,
be served hot or cold with whipped
cream. It makes six to eight serv-
ings.
Steamed Chocolate Pudding.
3 half-inch slices bread
% cup cold milk
1 square bitter chocolate
1 tablespoon butter
1, cup sugar
1 teaspoon vanilla
3 eggs
1/8 cup chopped almonds
1/2 eup chopped raisins ,
1/2 clip chopped currants
2 tablespoons finely cut citron
1/2 lemon peel grated
% orange peel grated.
Relmove crusts from the bread and
moisten et with milk: Melt the but-
ter, sugar and chocolate together.
Remove from fire and stfr into it the
remaining ingredients. Mis thor-
oughly and pour into greased mould.
Steam 11/2 hours•and serve with a
hard sauce or any favorite pudding
sauce:
Strawberry Sauce.
1/4 cup butter
1 cup preserved strawberries
1 egg white
% cup sugar.
Cream butter and sugar together,
stir in the preserved strawberries,
beat well, -then fold in the stifiiy-
beaten egg white. 'Phis makes six
to eight servings.
The Princess' Pudding.
1a': pound, butter or other solid fat
6 eggs
2 teaspoons sugar
1/2- sup flour
1 pint milk
Pinch of salt
i/, teaspoon cardamon seed.
Put the :butter in a pot and when
melted stir in the flour until smooth.
Then put in the milk gradually, as
if making a white sauce. Cool this
and stir in ifl the yolks of the eggs.
one at a time. - Stir it very well and
add the salt, sugar' and cardamon
seeds which have been peeled and
crushed. Last'le, fold in the white of
the eggs, stiffly beaten.
Place in a well buttered dish or
moipld sprinkled with dried ,bread
crumbs and boil or steam• for two
hours. Serve with a fruit sauce.
This serves six tq eight.. •
Puddings and Sauces in
Forms You'll Like
Of long and honorable standing
among homentakers, puddings adapt
themselves to our' modern conception
of balancing meals and may even he
the lightest kind of a dish. Here are
some recipes you will like:` .
Soft Custard Special.
6 eggs •
2 cups milk
11/2 caps sugar.
Scald the milk in a wide saucepan
Cashew Nut Pudding.
Arrange in a baking dish six lady
fingers and six macaroons. Pour ov-
er these 1 cup' of hot sweet milk.
Beat together '3> egg yolks, one-half
cup granulated sugar, one teaspoon
salt, 1 teaspoon vanilla and one cup
finely chopped 'cashew' nuts. Fold in
the egg whites beaten stiffly.
Turn into the cake -lined dish and
bake in medium oven (350 degrees
F.) until formed and well. browned-.
Serve cold with whipped of plain
cream. This will serve six., •
Banana Pudding Supreme.
6 bananas
2 dozen vanilla; wafers
1 cup milk
1 cup sugar,,,r,
2 eggs
•1 ta'blespoon cornstarch
1 teaspoon vanilla.
Fill mould with alternative layers
of sliced bananas and vanilla wafers.
Make custard, of milk, sugar, yolks
of the eggs, cornstarch. and vanilla,
and pour over the banana -wafer lay-
ers. Cover with fluffy meringue
made from the two egg whites and
two tablespoons of sugar. Bake in a
slow oven (300 degrees F.) until
meringue i brown. This makes six
large servirns.
Mocha Tapioca Supreme.
.•w mCaramelize one-fourth cup sugar in
top of double boiler directly over the
flame. Then remove from -fire and
add one and one-half cups each of
milk and coffee, tmede as usual—one
rounded tablespoon coffee to each cup
of boiling water. Scald "and stir in
one-third scant cup of quick- cooking
tapioca. Cook over hot water until
tapioca is cooked. Then add a pinch
of salt, • one-half cup sugar and the
well beaten yolks of two eggs. Ler,
cook for one or twb minutes until
thick, then fold in the beaten whites
of the two eggs and one-half tea-
spoon vanilla. Chill and serve with
plain or whipped unsweetened cream.
This will serve six.
Custard with a topping of rusks
makes an excellent pudding.' Chil-
dren will love it, and. it proves a
wholesome dish, and a variation from
their usual supper dessert, For small
children, omit the nutmeg from the
recipe.
n e 4 rid l ail? ealai.;
•
e
The New
w;
r},
Here's good news for you, men ! The
new ,samples - have arrived this weep,
and we're overjoyed` with them --- and
you will be too when you see them.
The ranges are bigger than ever this
year. --- The colorings are everything
that could be desired ---and by the way
- --to be in style this year you should
wear light - colors.
The qualities shown are unsurpassed
- -carefully selected from the finest mills
in the old land. They are heavier, •clos-
er woven and of finer finish to insure
a maximum of wear.
Plainer patterns again predominate;
small fleck patterns, novelty weaves,
neat stripes and small checks. The col-
ors ---grey, sand, green, brick, brown,
powder blue, smoke blue and in blue
stripes. You must see them.
We Represent
W. R. Johnston & Co.
Cambridge Clothes
Warren K. Cook
Clothes of Quality
Tip Top Tailors
STEWART BROS.
SEAFORTH
l�.
71
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