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HomeMy WebLinkAboutThe Gazette, 1894-02-08, Page 2eTetw. eee ee • . • - - HE BMW STREET CAR. eleeeeseeseettereass.emeeee R•w It Zuns—The Principle a Simple one—Read This and Yon Will Under. stand the Secret. Among many things about electricity puzzling to the average mind is the produc- tion of motion and the method by which electricity is made to propel street cars. The principle by which electricity produces motipri*a very simple one and one very generielly known and observed. It is noth- ing more than magnetic attraction. Every one has seen a magnet attract and pick up a needle. This same attraction is what propels a street car. The simple fact that magnets attract and repel magnets is the one that explains hcw electricity produces motion. go... a ..0111=1•••••••IIMIIMMISIMIENIS IMIMMIIMUION.11•In va.din IMIVIIMMIMMOMMIMAINLIMME1111. 1I&N 113111 Mt ummen m1111.111.11MININOW FIG. 1.—MAGNET PRODUCED BY ELECTRIC CURRENT. To we how this is we will first observe how a current of electricity produces mag- netism. If we take a piece of iron, and coil some wire around it, as shown in Fig. 1, and then pass an electric current through this wire, the iron piece becomes a strong magnet. On the current ceasing, the mag- netism disappear,. If we reverse the direction of flow of the current, we reverse the magnetism of the iron, and cause the former north magnet -pole to become the south pole, and vice versa. Now, simply noting that similar magnet - poles repel, and dissimilar magnet -poles attract, we can proceed to an understand. ing of the case. In Fig. 2 there is shown a form of motor generally used for toy - motors. On each side are the poles of a magnet marked N and S. In the centre is the revolving part or armature wish the projecting arms. Around each arm is weund a coil of wire, thus making each a magnet FIG. 2.—SIMPLE ELECTRIC MOTOR. wherl an electric current flows through the wire: The wire,it will be noticsd,is connect- ecl atentervals to the little black sections (K) representing metal segments which are arranged in a circle and separated from one another by pieces of mica, or insulating material, represented by the white spaces. This is called the commutator'. Pieces of metal called brushes are shown on opposite sides of this, rubbing on the metal strips and ccnveying in tbis way an electric cur- rent from the connecting wires shown. Let a current flow in, as indicated by the ar- rows, and observe what happens. The pro- jecting ends, a,b, c, etc., all become magnet poles from the current flowing through the wires around them. The poles a and b are made north magnet -poles and are drawn over toward the magnet S, while c becomes a south magnet pole and is repelled from S. Similarly on the other side, d and e become south magnet -poles and are attract- ed toward N. while f becomes a north - magnet pole and is repelled from N. The result, it is readily seen, gives a revolving motion to the right in the direc- tion that the hands of a clock move. As this star :piece revolves, the black or metal segments rule against the contacttpieces or brushes shown on each side. In the position shown, these brushes are just about to leave the metal segments between b and c ani e and/and slide over on to the following ones. As soon as this is done, the direction of the current around b and e is changed, FIG. 3—REVOLVING CYLINDER OR ARMATURE OF MOTOR. arid the magnetism of these poles is revers. ed, and_they are then repelled from S and N, and so the motion is kept up. Attraction and repulsion act on each one of the projec- tions a, 6, c, etc., so that they are drawn over, down toward S and up toward N,and then repelled up, away from N, and down, away from If we wish the direction of the revolution ebangedove change the direction of flovrof- current, so that it flews in from tbe -wire tcathe top and right and out at the bottom and left. For good reasons the form of electric motor generally used differs somewhat teem the one just described.. The revolving part or armature, unlike that shown in Fig. 2,_ie made by wrapping layers of wire on a eylmder, as shown in Fig. 3 Here only two or three layers are shown, but when eimpleted-the wires cover the surface of the cylinder, the ends being connected, as •-hown, to the separated metal eiegmente or commuttOr To understand the action here, we must note the fact that a wire carrying a current becomea a magnet and is attracted and repelled by magnets just as magnets are by each other. Oonsider then this cylinder covered with magnetic needles, - as it were Magnet:04es placed- on eachside of the similarly to Fig. 2, would attract the needles or wires and cause the cylinder to teen untilthese wires reach the magnet,. les, when the cylinder would Stoke,- ,,k4 these wires, reach thispoint the cure rent is-ent erf, f-friien-thee% and•tbAy Cease to - - bemagtlE0, the current flowincinee*her bekinitthein, thusshifting the p3int• zerAttrierueviOd*e0inguikthernoti AaIoOfl as awire,Passqs. the point: .'.'....:.•,•.. .5T-?" ,,.. -.l ' '--k '.- ''' i- I' -'--t,'1th-eeide - , i -e " -.. 1s ktii'.etbir-iirt-Iv I: 8...C: - i$.rlitn :.. 'ittiticrik FIG. 4.-0IITLINE OF ELECTRIC STREET CAR. set of wires around all the surface of the cylinder and the result is a steady magnetic pull that makes the cylinder rotate. The application of such motion to propelling cars is, of course, obvious. In Fig. 4 is shown an outline of an electric street -car. The current flows from the wire overhead d own the trolley -pole and along the circuits, indicated by dotted lines, to the motors beneath the car, then through the wheels to the track and thus to the generating. station. In starting the car, the current is let into the motors gradually through a resistance -coil of wire, which acts like a throttle -valve. The resistance is grad ua.1- ly decreased to nothing, just as a valve is slowly opened to full gate, To reverse the motors and make the car run in the opposite direction theflow of current around the armature or revolving cylinder is re- versed. This is done by a simple switch - connection. The electric street -car motor is hung between axle of the car and a centre supporting-brace.The rev olving drum or armature gives motion to the car -axle and wheels, through a pair of gears, which reduces the speed of the car -wheels below the high armature speed. From 011ie short account of how motors run, it is seen the matter is a simple.one to underatand.— [Dixie, Atlanta, Ga"., December. gam A TOUCHING STORY. How a French Count's Lire Was Saved by His Heroic Wife. One of the most touching stories in the history of these French prisons from which so many political offenders .have been sent to the guillotine is that of Count Lavallette and his heroic wife. The count was im- prisoned in 1815 in a Paris prison—one of the many victims of a reaction in political feeling. He was condemned to the guillo- tine. Every effort was made by his wife and friends to obtain his pareon, but in vain. When he had but forty-eight hours to live his wife came to him and explained a plan for his escape. He protested against it, but she was firm, declaring, when he spoke of the risk to herself, that she should surely die if he perished by the guillotine. At five o'clock on the day before he was to be executed; the countess came to his cell, accompanied by their little daughter Josephine and by a friend, Madame Du- toit. She wore a long cloak and brought with her a black skirt. She said to her husband " Everything is ready. These things will disguise you perfectly, At seven o'clock you must take Josephine's arm and walk out. Step gently, and cover your face with your handkerchief. Unfortun- ately I have not been in the habit of wear- ing a veil here,so I dared not bring you one lets it SHOULD EXCITE SUSPICION. Be sure when you go through the doors, which are low, to bend your head so that your hat will not be disarranged. You will go a littIe way in my sedan chair, then you will be met by our friend, M. Baaidua, with a carriage, and he will take you to a place of safety." The next two bouts were passed in great anxiety. The family had to make a pre- tence of eating dinner. Count Lavallette had to take leave of the _friends who came to bid him farewell. It was decided that when the gaoler came to the cell after the count, disguised as the countess, had de- parted, the countess should remain behind - a large piece of furniture so that the gaoler could not see her distinctly enough to see that she was not the count. Of course dis- eovery mast come soon, but a little time gained would probably save the &init. Disguised in his wife's clothes, and sup. ported on one side by his daughter and on the other by Madame Dutoit, the count left the cell. He held his handkerchief to his face, and bent his head wit weeping.. He had to pass a number of prison officials. At one time he had to face -.five gaolers in a brightly lighted room. Heewilirshorter and of heavier build than his. wife; and he had but slight' hope—ofteing allowed to Eass. No suspicion was aroused, however, even when one of the gaolers conducted him to the sedan chaie, and he stepped in. A heavy step, the slipping -of his hat to one side, a remark from the gaoler which would have COMPELLED HIM etasereace would have betrayed him,. but nothing_ happened and he 'wasliorne-swiftly away: At an appointed place the chair stopped... Count got into a carriage which - was waiting. In thp coachmen lierecognix- Ad his friend, Count Chassenene In the carriage he pnt on another disgnise., In this disguise he entered the house Of a friend, who belonged to the-polititial-pwcy whose, leaders had condenified -We:Bette, and who was able to hide him for two or three weeks unsuspected. e`Thereeveegreat excitement over Lavallette's escape, and the pollee made diligent search for him,but his friends were able toga him out of the; count0e..--1Ie lived in 'Bohemia six years. Then -41eWas,peedoned by the king,- and returned to France. Thena.d:Part of the story "-haii**--461:wutr the heroic countess. When she was discovered in her husband's cell, she had to unof anger, hepreogiithis;-a fronftheekwigle*--;SW.w451007W aiiii*thirec140- b*Niat wOcl iastreco74t • 'ciliatefor aieoo. arheeld Lady or Threadneedle 'Street"— Curiosities or the Hardt of England-.. The Bullion Room—Itillionalu.Stglit. The "Old Lady of Threadneedle street" is known in every nook and- corner of the earth. Her reputation is of the very' best. Her correspondents -number thousands. She is continually sending out.notes,as well as receiving them. Tens Of thousands of people have been made happy by her notes, and as many unhappy by the loss of them. The Bank of En-gland,familiar to millions as the "Old Lady of Threadneedle street," is one of the moat interesting places in Lon- don to visit. Most parts of -the bank can be - visited in a business way,but a view of the most interesting departments can only be obtained "by permission." The stranger in the city in passing the bank would reade. ly guess that the building was a place of some importance, and more than likely he would connect it with having something to do with durance." vile," for, the fortress- like appearance the bank has, generally impresses strangers with the idea THAT IT IS A PRISON. Up and down in front of the main en- trance paces a man, whose coat of red, cut like a steel pen, plug hat with wide gold lace band, shows that he is an official of the bank. He is not only ornamental, but use- ful as a cab -door opener, and receiver of tips. Just inside there is a much more im- portant looking individual, whose uniform is even more resplendent than the outside man's. His cloak is heavily braided with gold lace, and bis hat boasts three corn* to it. His duties are to direct people in the way they should go. The mention that I was the possessor of an order to view the bank, immediately brought him to attent tion, and following the directions given me, in a few minutes I was in charge of the offi- cial who was to pilot me through the laby- rinth of offices, corridors and vaults. THE BULLION OFFICE is one attire most interesting sights in the bank. All the gold and silver that enters or leaves the building must past through the bullion office to be checked. On the left is the silver, on the right is the gold. Under an immense glass stands the ma- chine used for weighing gold. The machine, as my guide aside, " is the most deli- cately constructed of its kind in the world." It is kept under glass, as the smallest par- ticle of dust would make considerable dif- ference in the scales. Access to the scales Is had by means of a sliding panel. In or- der to give an idea how delicately con- structed the scales are my guide said that a single hair could be accurately weighed. The scales are fitted -with weights amounting to 400 oz. and in weighing the gold the dif- ference ofeone thousandth part of an ounce. CAN BE DETECTED. In - another room are several machines for weighing sovereigns and half -sovereigns. Each machine of a complicated sys- tem of counter weights,and like the machine used for weighing bar gold, these are en- tirely enclosed in glass cases. The feeder consists of a long,narrow trough into which a sovereign will fit exactly. The trough is filled with sovereigns and one byone, they drop down on a movable plate, a very little larger than the sovereign itself. If the coin is O.K. it disappears down another tube on the right -of the plate, but if it is light the machine throws it to the left. These' ma- chines can each weigh 1;500 sovereigns or or half sovereigns an hour. - On busy days there are sometimes 150,00a pieces weigh- ed. PRINTING BANK /Tres. A piece of bank piper is whisked through the rollereef the press, Passes over the en• grave .e? ee- - sli4es along the tapes and comes <eta'. uahle by £50. The well- known BignettitSC "F. May,"- which is not too familiar to the unemployed, will soon give place ie the signature of the new chief eashiee. Ate "old late" is very particular about the material she has her notes print- ed on so she has a private paper mill where all her bank note paper es manufactured. Tehe water mark4s. not really awater marks marlelieing7aliOde by a wire twisted into the design,' so that when tfie pulp settles down the,Paper 18 thinner on the wire than any other part of the paper. -,The paper on which the notes are printed 18 -made from new lineehir gotten, mid a :note: will -support a veeighkof-hirty:poo‘botore it is used: If-them:4e proper is of the -right size ; it will also support adaree faintly for months. Each machine is capable of turning out Teen:notes per daj. When a note is re- ceived it the bank. _ IT entienieenar CANCELLED, evetrthough46,hits been incirculation but few hours. It requires a large staff of elerki to attend to the checking and cancelling of the notes received over the Counters during the day. The daily receipts. will average £50,000. -- Each note has to be entered upon books, the tied "ttp:in bundles to be placed in vaults where they are kept for five years, after they are consigned to the Haines. Once a week large numbers of bank. notes are destroyed by being burned in a furnace speciallyconOrnoted for that pur- A very interesting 'jbook was shown -to me containing specimens forgeries_ast and lip to tee One 18 .pattictilar hadbeen 'I.eigented, the forger Using only liken:oaten:1n: k. Forgers of Bank of Englantili-otOwnotit be more Skilful in -their work than "they- have been,'as expert offi• when presented. _. used to issue 11 nates, specimeni of which deli -have never failed to detect false notes VA,Tii.SjiDikh-t0 me, also nwat,eons.of poundsi5and Many:decadeie ago the Bank of England one ongat the. nuinteresting collection. 'priixt�dJike the othere, except- . unt whieh was written 18 with ehsjly claim to .6.. a. thies room in .ryinto T.or, more there he banks 00;00kat tEb -I the . - epectaNe sized pat -liege for a second, "is a Itheltngeeontaining 2;000 bank notes of the value af £100 each," He replaced the package in its place, having only allowed me to beet millionaire for a second. "You must require large space to store the notes eived from day to day?" "I will show you those vaults next." I was next shown the vaults -containing the defunct paper circulation of the bank, and again my guide put the figure away up in the mill. -ions. "There are," he said, "over 75,000,000 notes in the 2,000 or more boxes you see around the vault. IN OASES OF. ACCIDENT by which banknotes may have been wholly destroyed or partially the bank will make good the loss. Notes that may have been accidently torn into minute fragments, perhaps burned or other -tat) destroyed the bank will make good, but' there must be some remnant of identification left. I -was shown a very small heap a ashes covered by a glass. The -ashes were all that were left of forty £5 notes, but the bank had been able, by the aid of a strong micro- scope, to identify the notes, and the owner of the money was made happy by the presentation arforty new, crisp notes for his ashes. It is not necessary to have a guide when one visits tee paying teller's or receiving teller's room, so I dispensed with my guide, as he said -he had shown me all that was really interesting to see. The paying tel- lers were busy as bees. A customer had presented a cheque to one and had asked that the payment BE MADE IN GOLD. It was for £1,600, but it was paid in much shorter time than had the payment been asked for in notes, for just as a grocer would serve sugar so did the paying teller aerie his "sugar." He just dipped a brass scoop into a drawer, dumped his take into thescales, carefully inspected the indicator, added a few more sovereigns, then quickly dumped the heap of yellow boys on the counter, and the customer was left to count the money if he wished. Uniformed offi- cers are very much in evidence in and THE DEOOY DUCK. Or, How Uncle 'Rastas, Although Ile Had No Gun, Got There All the Sante. .94'' • detireis argefr eltssteaeeetiede :eatetelaree c1711mosmicsammi-ffraweeerszramssasarowriesessenr... around the bank of England. The whole system, from beginning to end, is under constant police espionage. The electric arrangements are so complete that at a moment's notice communication can be had with any part of the building. There has been no attempt in many years to rob ' the bank, by burglara, but, as a bank offi- cial told me, there are many cues, which the public do not probably see, where cheques are presented for which there are no funds, or SOMETIMES FORGED CHIVES are presented, but those who attempt such tricks even though they may get the paper cashed, very rarely go as far as the bank entrance with their booty before they are nabbed. Any evening about six o'clock a detach- ment of soldiers can be seen marching down the embankment towards the city. They are from the Horse Guards and are on their way to the Bank of England, where they remain until the following morning at six o'clock. As I came out of the "Bank" a procession of the unemployed was assembling in front of the Mansion House. Banners inscribed "No Bread," "No Work," were coaspicu- °us, and made me think of the unemployed £100,000,000 in the Bank of England's vault. Tramp—" Please help me, sir I have just come from the far West, where I was tarred and feathered." Bagley—" Help you? indeed, I will I can symFathize with you." " Why, sir, were you ever tarred and feathered ?" " No, but I'm breaking in some new Winter flannels !" HER AJ MOVING TO ? We are going to Criri -NW A Co., Michigan, near Sault Ste Marie. WHY DO YOU GO THERE? Well,- we have five boys' we have sold the farm for $5, boo. We can buy 64Q acres between Piok. 'ford and the Railwav tation at Rudyard gind have a good farm for each of the boys and have money left. What can a renter do there; He can l'uy a farm on five years time :and pay for it with one-fourth of the ?money he 'would pay for rents in that Lime, and own his own home. Is it good land ? As good as any in Huron Co., Excellent or Oats, Peas, Wheat Clover, _Timothy, -Po- toes- and all kinds of tCHAS. Prices are as good as any on thEi takes, Owing to the nearness of the mines and lumber woods to the west. 'ward. What elasS' of people live there ? They are nearly all from Huron Co. ;Ton meet there so many old neighbors !Qat yon can hardly believe you have ten home. I want to see that land. Who has it for sale? Inquire of E. O. DAVIDSON,, Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. PINONTCOMERY FORDWICH, Ont. For Mt'.ps, Circulars and full par') oulars. An elegant stock of OTS AND 81-1C=8. P H. -SEAVER'S, GORRLE, Schneth.ing choice in pents' Walking 8hoes, Ladies' Lace Boots, _ Boys' and,Girle -- Boots and..S es;-, The choicest leather in stonk and th a speeialitztotordezed work, 12,0 fact fits guaranteed. PA1 RIN AN BY " How ideal sighs the Poet, heaven of res w arid." Herr him that he sin charti the g the rustic tea. ishingly use glancing roun " the blessedn peace The k world"—shiver UE the delicate hand east bound th silent un built up at those ne 'but erroneonsl tread smile, shou'.d kneel quite ag sayshi r. -eat splendor Tcrry'a " at )..ng the he .;1..Li:sc:hemnetnht. usi comfortable ch excitement, young man to before he is a . "Is metaph tnands the let f mournful but eye. ("A ma "A mere wor time it is inj sweet and ire us. Ido not Evingley, wb far from the s trotscrs. "You forge Miss Bridget She by m hasbyth ed chairi "Netnory ssphaolsolnyndeetd!:leeeseen "Never, ne says Larry su jubilant VOi.0 The effect is hardly to totters hack vacated, and be vacant, ri The wild squ receipt of th be surpassed Poet, as, plata: air. spinster (tar that she had It is all h of ,evidently see ,course,i,mst 0 Kitts, who, with laughte really goin comfortable sex. By Jo tone, "she hope," swee " Dear 1 It was a die no more 1" s Mr. Kitts a for women, of them as And they ha will see, if charms, tbei "Like ye eagerly, desirous of ,yesa s btheaemPionegt, op about him a et 'rate: isso The s ss vr t p peopleoem Not tg to th garized to t tapping the dear man, have their Kitts is18 have their% ,,, niedWthho,sem al beauty, tr irestunent gloomy frown of pe ems frown. ` wehyte,eawrfri o_ creatures o the world w cur genius yourself ki able'Etho beli Doyou yes.o inghim cal says Mr.. yesterday, best cloth ofeTateytr.irng Mies A nso s Terry stockings ably dame Trefu.sis ing lovely, ,ewfhaantgdeirst ofthirtheg sha is dressed old,ingTolrde, The latter time to t isso :;:htlehsbi °eptter undoubted b It hurts h world, sb best the It is no is an wig ,:etteeteestetereseeete