HomeMy WebLinkAboutThe East Huron Gazette, 1892-04-21, Page 2etse
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HOUSEHOLD.
Compensation.
BY CELIA TBAXTE•
In that new world toward which our feet are
se
Shall we find aught to make our hearts forget
Earth's homely boys and her bright hours of
bliss ?
Ras Heaven a spell divine enough for this?
For who the pleasure of the spring can tell,
When on the leafless stalk the brown buds
swe:l,
When t le grass brightens and the days grow
long,
And little birds break out in rippling song!
0 sweet the drooping eve, the blush of morn,
Tho starlit sky, the rustling fields of corn,
The soft ;+irs blowing from the freshening seas,
The s inflecked shadow of the stately trees,
The mellow thunder and the lulling rain,
The warm. delicious, happy, summer rain,
When the grass brightens and the days grow
long.
And little birds break out in rippling. song!
had to excite scandal. Pope, describing 1
company of tea -drinking gossips, says.' of
the "cheering cup" :
Still as their ebbing malice it sup plies,
Some victim falls, some reputation dies.,,
Even in the middle of the eighteenth cen-
tury tea had not come into general use, and
was regarded as an article of extreme lux-
ury. A clergyman of this time, in his diary,
mentions it as the only article of luxury he
allows, which he is compelled to by reason
of his wife's •' London education," and he
adds : " But, as we seldom offer it, except
to the best of company, leas than a pound
will last us a uwelvemonth," The poet
Southey speaks of some one presenting a
pound to a friend in the country, whose
wife was so ignorant of its use that she boil-
ed it up as one would spinach, and served
it with pepper and salt. Very soon after
this, tea came into daily use among all fami-
lies of wealth. It was regarded as a cure-
all by some and as a dangerous herb by
Dawe n flush noon', helm morn blaze and sunset rigs tender 1 others. Johnson inveighed against its use,
but to no avail, for tea became more and
light! morepp o ular. There was more reason to
0, far, familiar features, changes sweet
Of he revolving seasons, storm and sleet condemn this beverage in a wholesale way
And golden calm, as slow she wheels through when it was boiled, as it undoubtedly was
F omS noicew to roses, and how dear her lace at first. Boiling develops the tannic, which
sWhen the grass brightens and the days grow is certainly injurious to the nerves.
long. Tea should always bemade, as everybody
knows nowadays, with boiling water, and
0. happy earth! 0, home so well beloved! steeped, not boiled. It is not necessary only
'n
What recompense have we from thee
Pe P tbat it should be water in an actual state of
tnovsd?
One hope we have that overtone the whole— ebullition, but that it shall be water at its
The holm of finding every vanishedsoul first boiling —water that has never been
We lova and lues.• for daily, and for this boiled before. The Russians, who -are a
Glauiy we tarn trom thee and all thy bliss
Even st thy loveliest. when the days are long, nation of tea -drinkers and are near enough
And tithe birds break out in rippling song. to the Chinese to have received something
ot their methods in tear making, are very
particular to use fresh -boiled water, They
use the samovar invariably in making tea,
but the tea is not made in the samovar, as
many suppose. It is simply the utensil
which takes the place and serves the pur-
pose of our tea -kettle. No Russian lady
trusts her servant to make the tea. She
makes it herself at the table. Therefore she
must have a utensil which willboil the water
for the tea at thetable, and this is what the
samovar does. It is usually of brass, though
it may be of other metal. It is urnlike in
shape, but, unlike an ordinary urn, it has
an inner compartment, which may be filled
with burning charcoal to heat the water in
the other part. The charcoal is not lighted
till the samovar is placed on the table. The
boiling water is drawn unto the tea, which
is put into a porcelain or earthernware tea-
pot. The first water is thrown off the tea as
soon as it is put on. It is used merely to
rinse off the dust. The second water is used
for drawing the tea, and sufficient to make a
strong tea is put on at once. Then the tea-
pot is covered, and ale ample tea-cosey is
fitted over it. It is allowed to draw till the
tea grounds sink. This will be in four or
five minutes.. Sufficient of this strong tea is
poured into each cup or tea -glass, as tea is
drunk in glasses set in metal frames in Rus-
sia, and not in cups and saucers, and the
glass is then filled with boiling water from
the samovar.
By this means all the delicate aroma and
refreshing qualities of the tea are retained
in the drink, and none of the rank flavor,
which makes it a dangerous article for ner-
vous people to use. Russians do not drink
strong tea, and we would do well to imitate
them in this respect. No metal teapot, not
even one of silver, is fit to make boiling
water in. Nothing is better for this pur-
pose than the old teapots of heavy glazed
brown earthenvdare. It is to be regretted
that we do not use a tea-cosey ordinarily on
our tables. This is a tufted cushion in cap
shape, which envelops the tea-pot and keeps
the tea warm. No tea of any kind that has
been boiled is fit for drink. The longest
time that any tea should be allowed to
steep is from five to seven minutes. As
soon as it is steeped this length of time, it
should be served. If it waits even a few
minutes on the stove after steeping it is
ruined.
Ince El V(El;Is Fr, Fal, in rsi p,
Employments for County Women.
It is exceedingly aggravating to find
women discarding work just as it becomes
financially profitable and men taking it up.
Yet this happens in numberless cases. As
soon as one employment becomes of serious
import and of value enough for men to adopt
it, women are quite likely to discard it, or
are frightened out of competition with their
stronger brethren. Several centuries ago,
when the mass of mankind was occupied
wi',h feats of arms, women were the only
leeches known. It was considered a most
womanly act to study the virtues of herbs
and medicines, and even to acquire the art
of surgery. Yet, till within the last score
of years, it has been, a common thing to
sneer at a woman physician as those who
have stepped out of the limits prescribed
for their sick. Gradually the prejudice
against the woman physician is being over-
come. Many other cases might be instanced
where women have gone back into lucrative
employments from which they had been
pushed by the superior force of men and
made a success of them. The most conser-
vative thinker would hardly say that but-
ter- making was not a woman's employment,
but as soon as butter -making is conducted
in a large creamery, where it becomes a
matter of a thousand ponndsa week instead
of fifty, and is conducted on scientific prin-
ciples so that the result is sure, it is done
by men. The fact is that our farmers' wives,
with their long experience inbutter-making,
are being driven out of an excellent and
lucrative employment by the engagement of
male and alien hands. No one doubts that
the business of creameries is a success, yet
it is to be regretted that in woman's peculiar
sphereshe has not made thissuccess her own,
and has allowed the middlemen to come be-
tween her and the market.
Why should not farmers and daughters
in a large neighborhood organize and estab-
lish a co-operative creamery, to which they
would all furnish the cream ? There are
abundance of farmers' daughters seeking
employment in the cities, studying art,
studying what not, who could do all the
work of such an establishment except the
work of lifting heavy buckets, which ought
to be done by a male employe. There is no
essential part of the work of butter -making
which may not be better entrusted to
women's hands than to men's. The estab-
lishment should, of course, be conducted on
strict business principles. There should be
agencies for the sale of the butter in cities
and village where it will command the best
prices, and such agencies should be in charge
of daughters of those interested in the cos
operative scheme. There is no possible
reason why many of the army of unemployed
women who are continually drifting to the
cities for work should not be aided by such
a project as this. There is always a de-
mand for home-made bread and cake, home-
made pickles and home-made preserves, at
prices which will compete with t e inferior
produce of this kind now for sale. Canning
and pickling establishments of a similar
kind might also be conducted on the co-
operative plan by unemployed women.
It is not our purpose to add to the many
burdens of the farmer's wife. It is not a
question so much of whether she finds
enough to do as whether what she does gives
the best result. There is no use of farmers
of limited means educating their daughters
for teachers, for the ranks of teachers are
over full. There is little more use in educ-
ating them in art than there is in educating
them to write poetry as a remunerative
profession. What they need is practical
employment, which will bring a practical
money return.
Part of a Kitchen Outfit.
A home tool -chest is an essential part of
the outfit of a kitchen. Every housekeeper
should be provided with a thoroughly good
hammer of ordinary size in addition
to the tack -hammer ; two good screwdrivers
—one of medium and one of small size ; a
saw of a size convenient for a woman to use
and not too large to saw a ham bone ; a gim-
let a file, wrenches, and boxes of nails and
screws in several sizes. The articles should
be kept in a stout box with a cover, and
should be out of the reach of wandering
7hildren seeking what mischief they can
devise. However useful manual instruc-
tion may be to the rising generation, no
housekeeper wishes that the window ledges
Ind other parts of the woodwork of
her house should be a field for such
practice. Moreover, if the tools are
handled by every one they are apt to get
nut" of order. Young gentlemen with as-
pirations towards carpentry should be sup-
plied with tool chests of their own and be
given a suitable place in which to practice.
Tea.
It seems hardly possible that tea, which
has become, so common a beverage that it
Is in daily use on the table of the poorest in
the land should have been introduced so
recently as the seventeenth century. It
was first introduced into Holland through
the trade which that nation established
with the Chinese- Pepys, in his diary, speaks
of it as a new Chinese brink, which he had
had the pleasure of tasting. All sorts of
anknown virtues were attributed to it when
first introduced. Among others, the power
to- overcome sleep, so that whole nights
might be spent in study, without hart to
the body. Very early, tea and gossip
peva s;eso>viated together. Various poets of
ii.s,t thine dwiit upon the tendeney that tea
The Paris hats are large, with flap brims,
which are caught up at the back by up-
right tufts or ostrich plumes, and invariably
have strings for tying under the chin. Some-
timez the hats are straw, and sometimes
are drawn on wire, and are the foundations
of the most quaint and curious admixture ot
colored ribbons and shaded ribbons
and flowers of several kinds ; for
example, a large tuft of shaded tulips
was accompanied by bunches of cowslips.
The Welsh crown in these hats is one of the
greatest novelty, and our eyes are for the
present so unaccustomed to them that I
doubt if anybody could wear them without
attracting attention. Close -set wreaths of
roses without foliage often surround these.
crowns and are introduced beneath the brim.
—[Queen.
"Patriotism and Politics."
Cardinal Gibbons, in his article, " Patri-
otism and Politics," in the April North
American Review, has the following power-
ul plea for purity in politics :—" But when
the very fountains of legislation are pollut-
ed by lobbying and other corrupt means ;
when the hand of bribery is extended, and
not always in vain, to our municipal, state,
and national legislators ; when our law-
makers become the pliant tools of some sel-
fish and greedy capitalists, instead of sub -
serving the interests of the people,—then,
indeed, all patriotic citizens have reason to
be alarmed about the future of our country.
The man who would poison the wells and
the springs of the land is justly regarded as
a human monster, as an enemy of society,
and no punishment could be too severe for
him. Is he not as great a criminal who
would poison and pollute the ballot -box, the
unfailing fount and well -spring of our civil
treedom and of our national life? The Ark of
the Covenant was held in the highest vener-
ation by the children of Israel. It was the or-
acle from which God communicated his will
to the people. Two cherubim with out-
stretched wings were placed over it as sa-
cred guardians. Oza was suddenly struck
dead for profanely touching it. May we
not, without irreverence, compare the bal-
lot -box to the ancient Ark ? Is it not for
us the oracle of God, because it is the oracle
of the people ? God commands us to . obey
our rulers. It is through the ballot box
that our rulers are proclaimed to us ; there-
fore, its voice should be accepted as the
voice of God. Let justice and truth, like
twin cherubs, guard this sacred instrument.
Let him who lays profane hands upon it be
made to feel that he is guilty of a grievous
offence against the stability of government,
the peace of society, and the majesty -of
God."
Have Some of Your Own Folks.
" Say, Charlie, don't you ever get awful
scared here alone whenyour papa and mam-
ma are away to church ?"
" Why, no. You see, I'm never really
alone ; mamma - says God is always with
me,"
" Oh, but I should fink you'd rather have
some of your own folks."
, A true penitent never forgives himself.
PELTS OF EBDURANOE.
new Our Aiaeestors Enjoyed Themselves
--Seine Curious Bets.
Although almost all sports which were in
vogue in the eerenteenth and eighteenth
centuries were practiced with less strictness
and formality than they are to -day, they
were probably just as beneficial and certain-
ly quite as interesting. There are hundreds
of authentic stories of races and other games
which took place in England long before the
stop -watch was dreamed of. One curious
race was run in Northampton, England, in
1724, for a prize of five guineas. The com-
petitors were two bulls, tour cows, and a
calf. The calf was ridden by a boy, the
bulls and cows each by a man. The cows
all threw their riders, the calf fell - down
with his, and one of the bulls "won the
wager before a vast concourse of people."
It used to be a custom for noblemen to race
their respective footmen and to bet large
sums on the result. An instance of this is
seen in the dairy of Sir Erasmus Phillipps,
fifth Baronet of Picton Castle, 1743. The
entry is as follows : " 1720, Sept. 19.—Rode
out to New Woodstock, seven miles from
Oxford ; dined at the Bear, 2s 6d., ordinary.
In the evening rode to Woodstock Park,
wnere saw a footrace between Groves,
(Duke Wharton's running footman,) and
Phillipps, (Mr. Diston's.) My namesake
ran the four miles round the course in eigh-
teen minutes and won the race, and thereby
winning his master £1,000, the sum he and
groves started for, On this occasion there
was a most prodigious concourse of people,
returned to Woodstock, when, after some
refreshments, galloped to Oxford," If this
record were authentic, which is very unlike-
ly, it will be seen that none of our modern
" cracks " could begin to keep pace with
the winning footman.
A celebrated race agar
Mr. Osbaldestone, who i
£1,000with Col. Charretie
200 miles in ten hours
Houghton meeting, being allowed an un-
limited number of horses- The course meas-
ured was what was known as the Round
Course, beginning and ending at the Duke's
stand. All the saddles to be used were cov-
ered with lambskin to prevent chafing, and
were marked with the name of a horse, and
a number indicating the order in which he
was to be brought to the post. Provision
was made for refreshment and changes of
clothing for the rider, but the latter was un-
necessary, as Mr. Osbaldeatone, who was
forty seven years of age, preferred to ride in
his wet clothes rather than lose time in
changing thein. The distance was divided
into fifty four -mile heats, the rider chang-
ing horses at every heat. At 12:12 in the
morning Mr. Osbaldestone started. The
first 100 miles was covered in 4 hours 19
minutes and 40 seconds. When he had rid-
den 125 miles, which he did in five hours 11
minutes and 30 seconds, Mr. Osbaldestone
stopped 6 minutes and 30 seconds for lunch.
Toward the latter part of the performance
a tremendous storm of wind and rain arose,
which, meeting the rider in the face, frigh-
tened the horse he was riding so badly that
he turned right round. The actual time of
riding the 200 miles was 7 hours 19 minutes
and 4 seconds, though 1 hour 22 minutes and
56 seconds was occupied in changing
mounts and taking lunch. The total, 8
hours 42 minutes, was just 1 hour 18 min-
utes inside the required time. Twenty-
eight horses were used. A much faster ride
was made over a fourth the distance by
Jennison Shafto, Esq., who on June 27,
1759, undertook to ride fifty miles in two
hours on an unlimited number of horses.
He covered the distance in 1 hour 49 min-
utesand 17 seconds, thus riding at the rate
of almost twenty-eightmiles an hour.
Among feats of endurance may be cited
that of - Mr. Sinclair of Kirby Lonsdale, in
Cumberland, England, who for a wager rode
a thousand miles in a thousand successive
hours on the Swifts at Carlisle. The follow-
ing announcement, to be found in Notes
and Queries, is interesting as an example of
curious races : " A short time since a race
between an elephant and some ponies, ac-
companied by ameteur pedestrians, took
place on the Aintree Course, which excited
some interest." Unfortunately the result of
the race is not given. " The passion of
Charles IL for sports of all kinds is well
known, but in Notes and Queries there is a
description of a Jay's sport too interesting
to omit : " New -Market. March 15.—This
day was a race between a horse of Mr.
Brown's called Have -at -All, and the Sussex -
pad. They rode nine stone each for £300 a
horse, and continued very equal fora great
while, till at the turning of the lands Have -
at -All had the misfortune to break his hind
legs short in two, which being thought im•
pcssible to be cured, they ordered him to be
shot upon the place. After the race his
Majesty Charles II. went to see a great
match of cock -fighting. Her Majesty went
to take the air as far as the Coney Warren,
and their Royal Highnesess went to take
the air upon the Heath. After which there
was a great bull.bating in the town, whither
a great number of country people resorted
to play their dogs, which gave satisfaction
to all spectators. About three of the clock
in the afternoon there was a foot race oe-
tween two cripples, each having a wooden
leg. They started fair and hobbled a good
pace, which caused great admiration and
laughter amongst the beholders, bat the
tallest of the two won by two or three yards.
A story istoldof his Majesty, William IV.,
which doubtless caused considerable fun at
the time. His Majesty gave a dinner at
St. James's Palace on June 9. 1836, to the
members of the Jockey Club. Lord West -
minister, who was present, began to boast
about his wonderful horse, Touchstone,
which he finally offered to back against any
animal on four legs. " I'll accept the chal-
lenge," said the King, " and name to beat
him by a neck." The bet was ma, Band the
King, being called upon to say the animal,
amid laughter named the giraffe.
t time was that of
Wade a wager of
hat he could ride
at the ensuing
Ingenious Frauds on Gold Dealers -
Some of the Paris dealers in gold have re-
cently been victimized in a very ingenious
manner. One of them recently received a
letter from Russia offering gold much below
its market value. After some correspon-
dence, in the course of which the seller ex-
plained that it was gold which had been
stolen by the workmenin the Siberian
mines, the Paris merchant went to Riga to
purchase it. He -tested the metal and had
it packed ander his own supervision. After
the boxes had been sealed by himself they
were forwarded to Paris, but, to his amaze-
ment, when he opened the boxes he found
they contained nothing but copper, It is
still a mystery for him how the substitution
was effected. It appears that several Paris
merchants have been duped in this manner.
As there is no means of . prosecuthng the
swindler, the French legal authorities have
been obliged to confine their action to the
notification of the facts to Baro de Mohren-
heim, the Russian Ambassador in Paris.
Every man has his chain and his clog,
only it is looser and tighter at one man than
to another. And he is more at ease who
takes up than he who drags it.
Spurgeon and Beecher.
Several writers are speaking of Mr. Spur-
geon as the Beecher of London. This is to
use words without discrimination, if any-
thing more be meant than that the two
were respectively the most conspicuous
preachers of their generation inEnglandand
the United States. In most other respects
between Mr. Spurgeon and Henry Ward
Beecher, the difference was so great as to
form a contrast. Mr. Beecher was a genius;
Mr. Spurgeon, a man of immense talent.
As a German says ; "The imagination of
talent reproduces the stated fact ; the in-
spiration of genius makes it anew. The
first disengages or repeats ; the second in-
vents or creates." Beecher was almost desti-
tute of verbal memory ; Spurgeon, a pheno-
menon of precision, quickness, and reten-
tiveness therein. .As an organizer, Beecher
was without marked ability. « Sufor
eon
lacked but little of having a genius
government" and system. The one under-
stood human nature in general, but was
easily duped ; the other had an almost in-
tuitive perception of character, of fitness
or unfitness fora particular use. The great
preacher of America was unpractical and
dreamy; the Englishman had a sturdy com-
mon sense which never failed. Beecher was
a man of moods, worked when be felt like it,
and inclined to procrastinate ; Spurgeon was
as industrious as a mechanic paid by the
piece, and punctual to the minute. The
pastor of Plymouth Church preached, wrote,
and lectured on many themes not closely re-
lated ; the preacher of the Metropolitan
Tabernacle was primarily a man of one book
and one work. The former received im-
mense sums for lecturing; the latter, after
his early years, declined to lecture. Beech-
er attached leas importance to the letter of
the Bible, accepting it in general ; he con-
ceived his own ideas, giving to them two
elements which mark genius, "novelty and
grandeur," using the Scriptures as far as
they would illustrate his conceptions. All
of Spurgeon's sermons were drawn directly
from the Bible ; hence, where Beecher was
often vague, though splendid as the Milky
Way, and, to the ordinary mind, when
different sermons were compared, seemed
somewhat contradictory, Mr. Spurgeon was
positive. Though Universalists, Sweden-
borgians, and Spiritualists, claimed Beecher,
and Arminians and Calvinists quoted him
against each other, none ever doubted as to
what Spurgeon held, or accused hien of self-
contradiction. Mr. Beecher made radical
changes in his theology ; Mr. Spurgeon
none.
for the Table.
GINGERBREAD,—Stir together until quite
light as quarter of a pound of fresh butter
and a quarter of a pound of brown sugar ;
then mix in half a pint of West India molas-
ses. Sift rather less than a pint and a half
of flour. Beat four eggs until very light
and stir them gradually into the mixture
alternately with the sifted flour. Add a
heaping teaspoonful of ginger and a heaping
teaspoonful of cinnamon. Stir all well.
Dissolve a level teaspoonful of soda in as
much warm water as will dissolve it, then
stir it in at the last. Put the mixture into
a buttered tin pan, square or round, and
set it immediately into the oven, which
must be brisk but not too hot, and bake it
well. When you think it done try it with
a broom straw thrust into the center, and
do not take the cake from the oven unless
it come out clean and dry. It requires long
baking.
APPLE TARTS.—Pare, quarter, core and
boil in a half -teacupful of water until very
soft, ten large tart apples ; beat till very
smooth, then add the yolks of six eggs (or
three whole eggs), juice and grated rind of
two lemons, half a cup of butter, one and
onehalf cups of sugar, or more if not sweet
enough. Beat all thoroughly, line little
tart -tins with puff -paste, fill with the mix-
ture and bake five minutes in a hot oven.
If wanted very nice, take the whites of six
eggs (when the yolks of the six are used),
niix with six tablespoonfuls pulverized
sugar, spread on the top of the tarts, re-
turn to the oven and brown nicely.
ALMOND TARTS,—For almond tarts, beat
to a cream the yolks of three eggs and a
quarter of a pound of sugar, add half a
pound of shelled almonds, pounded slightly,
and put in tart -tins with puff -paste. Bake
eight minutes.
COCOANUT TARTS. —Dissolve half a pound
of sugar in quarter of a pint of water-: add
half a grated cocoanut ; let this boil slowly
for a few minutes, and when cold add the
well beaten yolks of three eggs and the
whites of one. Peat all well together, and
pour into patty -pans lined with rich crust.
Bake a few minutes. When removed from
the oven, cover the tarts with a meringue
made of the whites of three eggs, mixed with
three tablespoonfuls of sugar. Return to
oven and brown delicately.
TART SHELLS.—Roll out thin a nice puff
paste, cut otit with a biscuit cutter, and
with a smaller cutter (a wineglass will dol
cut out the centers of two or three of these,
lay the rings thus made on the third, and
bake immediately ; or shells may be made
by simply lining patty pans with paste. If
the paste be light the shell will be fine, and
may be used for tarts or oyster parties.
Road Improvement.
Every farmer should make a note of the
following extract, which is taken from a
circalar sent by Secretary Donly of the
Canadian Wheelman's Association to all the
bicycle clubs in the country :—" The ques-
tion of road improvements is a gigantic one,
but during the coming year the Canadian
Wheelmen's Association proposes to face it
and endeavor to start an agitation in Canada
that will result in a revolution in the
methods employed in the care of our common
country roads. The public mind is in a
state of coma on this great question. It will
be our aim to arouse it. Our scheme of repair-
ing roads in the spring by statue labor is a
screaming farce. There is not a thinking
man in Canada who does not know it to be
utterly indefensible. In no other way does
the average farmer lose more •time than
through bad roads. If it were only possible
to put plainly before every farmer in Canada
a few figures showing him the tremendous
disadvantage he labors under in comparison
with his brother farmer, in lands where the
railroads have perhaps cost leas, but the
wagon roads are good, I believe that he
would not rest until this great drawback to
our national progress was corrected. This
task can only be approached on lines that
will be successful in one way ; organization
is essential, and the object to be attained is
of such considerable importance - as to
deserve for it the support of the most in-
fluential of Canadian wheelmen."
He Ate the Foundation.
Mrs. Skinner--" Great heavens, Mr.
Sixaweek, what have you done ?"
Mr. Sixaweek—" Why, nothing."
Mrs. Skinner—" have you eaten the bot-
tom crest to that pie ?"
Mr. Sixaweek—" Why, yes, that's 'bout
all there was." -
Mr. Skinner—" Didn't you know I always
keep the bottom crust for the next pie?":
n -
SDN SPOTS.
What England's AstronomerRoyal Says o
the Phenomena.
The spot on the sun, first noticed on th
5th inst., hashed special attention directed
to it by the reports received of the interfer-
ence with the telegraphic system of Russia,
Sweden, the United States and Canada, the
magnificent display of aurora borealis on
Saturday night last and the magnetic dis-
turbance which was also experienced in
this country. Mr. Christie, the astronomer
royal, informed our representative yesterday
that this is the largest spot yet photograph-
ed at the Greenwich Observatory (where the
sun has been regularly and systematically
photographed since 1573,)andthat the great-
est attention has been paid to it with a view
to clear up, as far as possible, moot points
with regard to the cause, periodically, and,
perhaps, even more particularly, the magne-
tic disturbance which these spots bring
about on this earth. Some excellent photo-
graphs have been secured, but, unfortunate-
ly, on several days the sun was obscured,
and until photographs are received from
India or Mauritius the investigation can not
be regarded as complete. However, the in-
formation which Mr. Christie has obtained
is of the greatest interest and value. In the
first place, the spot is found to be composed
of two nuclei, very black, surrounded, as
usual, by a penumbra or fringe, and with
several smaller nuclei connected with it.
Occupying as it does an area of about
1-350ths of the face of the sun as we see it,
the " spot"—still to speak of it in the singu-
lar number—is plainly shown on the nega-
tives taken at the observatory ; photogra-
phic plate ten inches square being used, and
the solar disk being eight inches in diamet-
er. Without, therefore, the aid of a magni-
fying glass, the unusual size and importance
of the spot are at once evident. But it is
when the negative is placed under the mic-
roscope and accurately measured that the
details of its size become more striking, for
it is found that, while its greatest length is
about 100,000 miles and its greatest breadth
60,000 miles, the whole group extends over
150,000 miles.
Asked as to what was the cause of these
spots, Mr. Christie said that
THERE HAD BEEN SEVERAL THEORIES
framed to account for the phenomenon, but
none that was entirely satisfactory. There
were those, for instance, of Faye, Secchi, and
Lockyer. The theory of the last named was
that the spots are caused by a bombardment
of meteoric matter falling into the sun and
causing a great " splash." The nucleus, as
the dark spot is called, is cold, and to at
lower level than the general surface of the
sun ; while around the spot are generally
seen what are called faculee, parts of the
sun's surface which are raised up. Often
by means of' the spectroscope can be traced
masses of molten matter surging round ar.d
over the nucleus. The apparent movement
of the spot across the face of the sun is, of
course, the movement of the sun itself carry-
ing the so •called spot with it. On these points
Mr. Christie was careful to state that all is
conjecture ; and he pointed out, as an objec-
tion to Mr. Lockery's, theory that while the
spots never appear far from the sun's center
the nearer the spot is to the solar equator
the faster it appears to move ; a spot at the
extreme limit from the equator taking two
days longer to complete the circuit than one
near to it. What he was able to speak more
positively upon, from the records at the Ob-
servatory, was the characteristic ofthespots
as they have been observed. In this connection
a very valuable series of diavrams have been
prepared by Mr. Ellis,both from the observa-
tions since 1873 and from the records prior
that year, showing not only that the mag-
netic disturbances have been coincident
with the appearaece of the spots, but that
the intensity ot the disturbance has been in
exact ratio with the size of the spot. They
further show that the "spottiness" ot the
sun reaches its maximum every eleven years,
dying gradually down to its minimum of
absolute freedom from spots, and as gradual-
ly increasing. There was, for instance, a
minimum in 1878, and the maximum at the
end of 1882 or the beginning of 1 S83. Then,
again, there was a minimum in 1889, since
which year the number and frequency of
the spots have been increasing. It is anot-
able fact that when there are the fewest
spots they come near the equator, but when
a fresh cycle begins the spots appear in high •
er latitudes—about 35 degrees or so from
the equator, though never appearing at a
greater distance than 40 degrees.
'These are the solar phenomena in connec-
tion with the spots. The terrestrial mag-
netic phenomena are equally striking, the
magnetic storms or disturbances being of great
extent—amounting to several degrees in the
deviation of the compass.
IN THE PRESENT INSTANCE,
soon after the spot had passed the central
meridian, there was a great magnetic dis-
turbance from noon on Saturday to noon on
Sunday, and that was accompanied by
aurora on Saturday night. During this
period both the movement of the needle to
the north and its attraction to the earth
showed great disturbance. This has been
fixed by the recording instruments at Green-
wich, which work in this way: In the point
of the magnetized needle is a small mirror,
which reflects light upon sensitized paper.
Ordinarily, therefore, there is oa the paper,
which revolves on a drum, a continuous line,
which shows that the needle has been quies-
cent. But when the magnetic disturbance
of Saturday set in, instead of a straight line
there was recorded a series of zigzag lines,
showing that the needle was darting from
one side to the other to such an extent to
get off the paper—some fcur or five inches
in width—on both sides, many times, and
exactly the same results were found in the
register of currents passing through the
earth. The matter of interest now, said Mr,
Christie, is to discuss what is the connection
between the sun spots and these extraordin-
ary magnetic disturbances. There are now
three or four marked cases on record of large
spots on the sun being coincident with these
disturbances on the scale experienced during
the past few days ; but while there are no
cases of a lage spot being seen without mag-
netic disturbances being felt, there are cases
in which the latter have been experienced
without sun -spots being visible. This might
be urged as upsetting the theory ; but we
only see what is going on on one side of the
sun, and it is very possible the spot was "on
the other side ;" so that the absence of a
visible spot can not be held to prove that
there is nothing on the sun causing the dis-
turbance.
T1ke Inferenoe is That He W onld<
Promoter (in a confidential whisper)—"If
I should approach Alderman Huckleberry
with an offer of $1,000 for his influence do
you think he would accept it?"
Fellow -Promoter (after some reflection)—
"From the fact that he came to me the other
day and offered to help us through with the
scheme for $150, I am inclined to think he
would."
There is no worship where there is no
joy.
WEALTHY MASHONAL 9U:
Gold and Silver Which Assay EUor ger
Bi chness.
Experts—men who have spelt many
years gold -mining in this and other coun-
tries—are confident that Mas honaland
prove the richest gold country in the
world.
_ Besides gold, Mashonland is rich in sil-
ver ; very rich lodes have been covered
in the Lo Mogundi district these had
likewise been worked in ancient limes.
Chips from the blossom rock give an assay
of over one hundred ounces of silver to the
ton. Galena containing a very large per-
centage of silver has been found in large
bodies in Manic,. And in diffettnt parts,
other minerals have been discovered whose
nature and value have not yet been tested.
Iron is found everywhere off the granite
beds, and often in almost a virgin state. I
cannot possibly declare that the future of
Mashonaland as a gold -producing country is
assured. Only deep sinking, careful devel-
opment and the battery test will prove that.
But I do say the prospects diacloaed by
what work has already been done, quite
satisfy the expectation of the most sanguine.
No one can say what is under the ground,
but there are good reasons for feeling confi-
dent that the promises of the surface and
of the depths that have been already reach-
ed will be fulfilled when the country is
mined in a practical manner. Of wood and
water there is abundance, and in many parts
there is the fall necessary for water -power.
I have said that all the clams pegged out as
yet are on old workings. Whoever the
people were who worked these mysterious
mines, they knew as much if not more about
gold prospecting than we do. Almost all the
gold -bearing outcrop is worked away.
Where the ancient worked, it is invariably
rich,
Present Dav Philanthrope
The dominant idea underlying all re-
ligious and philanthropic eforts to -day is
social service. A multitude of different
and distinct tendencies all unite in this idea.
Religion has ceased to care only for the
salvation of the soul in another life, and has
become actually eager in its efforts to save
men's bodies and brighten and enrich their
lives in this present life. -Philanthropic
societies of every sort are corning to think
less of the temporary alleviation of need and
pain, and more of bringing about such con-
ditions as will reduce pain and need to a
minimum. And even queenly Science her-
self,has given over for a time, the pursuit of
abstract truth, while she brings out of her
storehouse such facts as will sweeten and
fortify human life. Time was when this
tendency was spoken against, as an outcome
of materialism, and even to -day there
may be found a few who condemn
man's attempt to improve his environment,
their theory being, that he will be thus led
to grow so satisfied with this world that he
will forget all about the world to come.
But such good souls are in a hopeless
minority. The self-centred isolation that
distinguished the old-time saints, is giving
way before the diffusive solidarity that is
the note of our democratic age. To -day
men do not most readily find God in the
darkness and silence of a cell, but in the
places where men and women are most wont
to gather, and in wise and helpful plans for
the progress and happiness of the race. In
these latter years of the nineteenth century
a new and vibrant meaning has been put
into the words of the 'Apostle : " None of
us liveth to himself, and no man diet' to
himself."
'Desperado Trapp3d by a Woman.
A most remarkable capture of a desperado
was accomplished at Deckertown, New Jer-
sey, on Saturday, by Mrs. Sarah Baker, the
wife of a farmer living near there. She was
sitting alone in the diuing room on Saturday
afternoon when a tramp entered the Douse.
He was some moments in the dining room
before he saw her. Through trouble with
her eyes she was wearing green spectacles,
and this fact, together with her silerce,
made the tramp believe she was blind. He
commanded her to get him something to eat,
and this she did. He asked her if she could
see, but she said she could not, although
she knew her way about the house. After
making a hearty meal he demanded what
money there was in the place. She at first
said there was none, whereupon he seized
her by the hair and threatened to kill her.
To save her life she told him that a roll of
bank notes was concealed in the oven in the
kitchen. This was a large brick oven be-
longing to an old-fashioned fireplace not
now in use. The tramp opened the oven
and got in, trying to find the loose brick be-
hind which the notes were concealed.
While he was thus busy, she took up the
kettle from the stove and poured tome boil-
ing water on his legs, which he promptly
drew inside. She thereupon closed the oven
door and secured it with a table knife. She
then ran to a neighbour's and told her story
to some men, who released her captive and
took him to a lock-up.
Judicious Advertising.
The advertiser often slights this, which
is a most important branch of his business.
He prepares his copy hurriedly and without
judgment or thought, leaves its display to
the printer's taste, does not attract the eye
or the dollar of the reader, and then says
advertising does not pay. Advertising is
an art, and does pay, if made a study. The
advertising agent has goods just as legiti-
mate and valuable to sell as the salesman of
drugs or jewelry, and this fact is recognized
by advertisers. The essentials of advertising
can perhaps be stated as but three in num-
ber : you must have what people want or
can be made to want ; you must select the
proper medium to reach them, and you
must tel your story in an attractive and
forceful manner. All- the resources of
modern ingenuity are called to the aid of
the advertiser—art, poetry, music, high
literary ability, keen business insight, all
contribute their quota. Lincoln's famous
saying that " you can fool all the people part
of the time, and part of the people all the
time, but you can't fool all the
people all the time," must - not be
denied in practice, if one expects to
build up an enduring success.- Advertising
is a field of an infinitude of variety ; what
succeeds in one branch, is a failure in an-
other. Intelligent study of the question is
an absolute necessity.—[Pharm Era.
He whom the gods favor dies young, while
he is in his health, has his seeses and his
judgment sound.—[Piautuse
Mr. Topnody is no lawyer, lint his wife is
an able woman. He was sturnpled in his
reading the other evening and appealed to
her. " Are you up in Latin, my dear 7' he
asked. "What do you want to know ?" she
enquired with proper caution. " I want to
know the difference between de jure and de
facto." Mrs. T. studied a moment. " Well,"
she said, " you are at the head of this family
de jure." " Yes " he put in, " I underetend
that." " And," she concluded, writ Moe
vigour, " I am at the head of it de fanno.4
a
Help 1
Heti
Fathe
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Come,
u�rd
Our
Come.
Come,
Spirit
On e
Come,
Thy es
In th
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Now r
And n
Spirt
To the
The Li
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Thy so
:May w-'
And
Love
TOE E
it is A lieged
iii
One of the t
scientific natur
vestigdtiou of t
if rota,ion. It
mica! observat
;ain observat ori
states are slow
ire exceedinglyi
nost delicate
.item ; but in m
he small thing:
rive the invest
ince with the ce
Yet, althougi
;hat seem to ha
mal l—amounti
tase of the ohse
iia, to a motion
if six inches
deductions may
1 C. Comstock
discussion of tl
si the position i
fated by the va
possibly be the
still retraining
of the earth's
which the Nor
the center of G
lion.
The idea the
have been in Gil
that Greenland
which was covet?
al epoch. Such
then, serve to
the ice sheet
America as far s
York.
Mr. S. C. Ch]
results of the o
made as to var
duced the conch
be accounted for
Pole revolves in
er, once in ever
;even days.
To maty pers
appear to be of
but is it not w
thing we can ab
which is bearini
through the oc
peculiarity of 1
lation to the for
ently endless jo
The 1
Scarcely a dal
is guilty, throu
or perhaps inter
word or act age
another's word
motives, we try
lett our injured
nature is restore
not slow to ang
our own percept
to see the word
point of view, a
trition that we
picions, and voi
ty and harshly,
;ing of our cons
ether's heart—t
have been harm
with our duties,
forts to get who
along rough-sho
that checks our
kind, but carele
daily doings. lj
imagine emery o -
twin himself. N
selves charged
fishness, and t
our self-centerec
of the tender s'
our neighbor's r
with idle or bes
clumsily the pia
All this is ani
entiously live tc
feel discouraged
and often justly
are apparently
how many of u
How many ch
means of righ
should false prii
that to assure a
vrong, and are
humiliating ?
matter is our o4
thoughtfulness,
sae our blunder.
our part and o
enough to be
trouble shall no
should share th
opy. Not that
pentance, genu
but it is the firs
aaturally back
ar higher harm
The Fishe
At Port Arth
fishing industry
ing. In 1888 t
500,000 pounds
of lake trout, 4
90,000 pounds o
other fish, or m
all. They did
63800 in boats
pound nets. T
a Chicago pas
the main Chieag
is controlling
white -fish is, in
mets, the mos
Americans. Th
i am told that t
char than to the
liar to our inla:
five to ten pounc
to weigh 120 po
weight be, .it is i
flesh, calculated
Spiders e,.:a se
portion thari fie