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HomeMy WebLinkAboutThe Huron Expositor, 1918-01-25, Page 191g enar ,owskarawmascorearliiiiiiigirairrraoro* _ . , • - . - _ . "itore due lue „ ' ar. imaimaris a simiammoss........0.**aawoorrompaimmitesst 4111110:111.111111W FIF1Y4ECOID 'YEAR. IVIIOLE NUMBER 2615 $00013400.4>e<04100,0*0404>K040•414*******40004:04K04t04404eCtla Greig Clothing "Second to None." HERE her in January or Value."' We use rings in our store. s by make-beliere eciate our way a ad great efficiency -6 it to excel that re - tart to achieve this f at any time you a. We want you to men & Girls kirts re doubt if You can garment offerings h what you simply to the store and see arments ice of furs of every successful the Mac- e season and what bke to show you Winter if the value di Store and inspect r- in the house that ering. We will be ir values are. - el, wear well. This reised in glove buy - We exercise that tr. !ability, ventilation, el. -weight of fa.brie. !eatures, and right eear suited to your .2e -erns tie make any article Standard -pattern. n(ar(1 Patterns fit r real success ev- sgs Wanted o Look I 0 one who is thinking right and acting accoiti ingly, can afford to be dilatory in the matter lot looking into and carefully considering w s and means ot meeting conditions, not only as we cl them now, but also as we are likely to find the 4n future days of Ftill further contusion and 'world -w e strife. Bad enough- now, we are inforthed thro h mostauthentic sources, there is every iodication of in- creased demoralization in industrial operations in 11 countries. It is the particular concern of this storeJo pilot people along- safe channels in regard to tittk#1y buying of wearing apparel. Prices in 1917 were ad- 4iz yanced above the prices of former years. .11! But look out for 1918 Prices. 11 For Summer and Fall Goods let us urge you to tiny all you can NOW and make a very substantial sayip' g., A comparison of prices may help you as to whek er' buying now or later will ue the most profitable to 3#31.t. Prices for $28.00 $35.00- 100•00.18.00 $18.00 $18.00 $29.00 $4 00 1$ 10.00 $1.00 metimmaimpinirmimm( '1 NOW , Prices for Fall, Black Dog Coats $40.00 to $5 China Beaver Coat $45.00 ' to 5.00 Goon Coats $150.00. to $ 00.00, =Good Ulster Overcoat . $3Q.00 -to 40.00 . . . Fine Dress Overcoat $30.00' to ' $40.00 9ife ;00 Extra Fine Suits Ready-made $30.00 $5.00 Extra Fine Suits Made t� Measure $38.00 10L00 Extra Fine Trouers $7.00 to 0.00 Heavy waterproof coat $18.00 to. 5.00_ Good Warm Cap $1.25 to $2.25 Heavy Wool Underwear 50c to 75c Heavy Wool Sox $3.00 to $5.00 .Extra :special Goat Sweater 50c to $1.50 Heavy Mitts and Gloves $1.00 to $1.75 Heavy Shirts $1.50 to $3.00- $15 00 to $25.00 dies' Cloth Coats 4 $30.00 to e50.00 • $10.00 Laclies'Meffs $20.00 - $12e0 Fur Shoulder Pieces $24.00 The above is only a small portion of our large and well assorted stock. Early choosing is always= the best. $1.75 to '3.00 - $2,00 to *4.50 V..00 to 1.50 $7.00 to 12Am $1.50 to $3..50 isamemerammre; CliTeig, Clothing Co SEA_FoRTH e>.04.0404-0-iikedededtte.0.0414410.0400400.004#40.090.040041 ' 4 T • ( . A ea oper i is ea 1 for mor the the ge And o 1 -merit 1.4o,qo ty-sev cents. that 8629 sixty of ge 805.3 for e free c E SALVAGE OF WAR y- Isaac Marcosson) rite 'ilea. from last week.) h. plete follow-up system is in, in every department. What! a workroom -progress return eilweek is issued every Thursday . On this sheet YOU can see ber of garments dispatched, a es paid,.and the exact:cost per e t of every item salvaged. You , forinstanee, that the exact ost peegarment of salvaging pairs of:pantaloonswas nine - n centimes; or about twenty On the same sheet I observed e cost per gareneet of salvaginglts was 297 centiines, ,or about ents. So it went. - The total ants of all kinds handled was and the average Wages bill h article was about seveuty- atimes only Mteen coette Now take a final look at the books. of the Paris depot and I you discorer :that fter deducting all 'expenses, in- cluding civilian labor, cost of material, coaltransport, rent, machinery and wear ad tear, the profits for one per- iod of months Were $5,2e2i1540. This . average was more than sustained= dive; , ing 1417, when the. total estimated saving 'for the year was about 000,9 One unromantic but useful item 6ii the income side of this salvage ledgd is rags. Every she months this depot sells not lees' than 500 tons at $250 a ton. i Aside from this huge saving in act- ual money tthe reclamation at the Paris _Ordnance sDepot--bafore the Government establishe:d its *mil con- trol -had a very decided effect in keeping d'own the price of Wool. If the British Government had been re- quired to go into the 'open Market and e millions of Woollen' garmente -; •MtitileSS JoileS . Supported by K. J. Francis &Miss Niabelle Gould - OF TORONTO and .a diiSt. of Seaforth Players,. presents 6 • .4, • "thin the Law" 1 . .; New York's Greatest Sensational Drama IN. FOUR ACTS. CARDNO1 PPERA HOUSE, SEAFORTH sr, Tuesday; -febrility 5th, 1918 At 8 'o'clock p.m. -sharp. . , No on i m11114404 during acts.' .1 All seats Reserved Small 'childreti. not admitted. .1 • 50c Plan opens at C, Aberhart's Drug. Store , MOnday, January 28th, '4,t x2.0'Clock. noon. Proceeds to be donated to the RED CROSS „. • buy represented by the number salvaged, arme, shoes mad, be like • iron -are of them are wise enough to realize there • would have been a I very' am. done by hand. , that, following this unique experience preci ble increase in the price of the , Every shoe salvaged is blocked for they will not only be alive but much raw naterial. • , several hours so as to guarantee the more efficient when the war ends. eIn Paris you can also see the rub- exact size. After these ,blocks or , At this German -run shop $25,000 ber salvage factory. This is run en- .lasts 'are removed the heels are inked. worth of spare parte are salvaged ev- tirely on its own accOunt--that is eep- the size is stamped on the sole, the ery week. When you consider the tboot is again oiled and goes into the immense need of automobile and truck • limed. Like spares, the great difficulty in securieg ; id in Paris them, and the scarcity of steel you ore popular can understand how essential this new ones, - branch of reclamation becomes. There are three alternatives in me- chanfeel transport retrieving. The, first is to repair the article -as, :kir arate and distinct from the ordnance depot that I. belie just described. This plant has a peculiar significance be- cause rubber these days is hnost as valuable aajewels and every ounce of it is carefully conserved. 1The chief iteme salvaged are thigh boots used in the trenches, papas, coats, and groued sheets upon_ which. the soldiers -slee .- i • i T usual story of eeonornyi is , repe ted here. A pair of rubber boots that at wholesale costs ten dollars in 4 k ' Din:• iiii are redeemed bete for, 'sixty ;vat eta• salveged:',,,eapeA Aos,cor. don . is timed outeas g :..00. rwri. •soli:dike Ofte Inge of aeroplane engine marts. te i- , for urteen'cents., You get a hint of 1 day iai young ' Abe en i \sergeant, More than 3000-Leeparate motor - the real saving effected f in rubber wounded. at Mons and who was -still vehicle parts are repaired and issued standing by the colors by acting as for immediate use., .each week. They fermi -mu in the shoe 'shop; decided include --complete engines ,radiators, , that these uppers should be saved. ball bearings, axles and wheels, ac - .Almost on the spot he invented a ma- cessories and fittings, like lamps, bat - chine that converts the unrepairable tales, wind screens', magnetos, mner uppers into shoe strings. : It is a eir- tubes, spark plugs and speedometers, cular knife operated at hieh speed. All together, 50,000 spark plugs and With great dexterity the French girls 2000 •Magnetos have been reclaimed hold' the upper in front of the knife since the 2 work began. The Veal and pull opt the lace by the yard. All toldi more than a million pairs of shoes were salvaged in 1916, and the record for last year was considerably over this'number. At the rresent high price of leather the saving rune into millions of fdallore Isjo detail of British armv se a quite so striking in its human aspect as the retrieving of automobile "spare bares, To observe thiawe• will Pio back cast and made into new ones. Aboet •to the empire of mechanical transpert fifteen. hundred such earts are made and establish (mashies at one of its and remade each week. A.bsolutely largest base depots. Here, in an ine. nothing is permitted to go to waste, Even the solder used comes from the setae. heap. . Like nearly every other important war activity, reclamation of auto - It is nothine more or less than twelve mobile spare parts is doing its part. hundred German, -prisoners, sail clad in their fatigue uniforms, working at lathe and hiench, under the foreman- ship of British sergeant -majors who were skilled mechanics before the war. The German. prisoners represent the combing out of the teeny thoesands of Huns now in British hands. When. it was decided to salvage damaged auto- mobile parts there rose at once that most persistent of all war questions: ing in operation and was installed by Where is the skilled labor to come one of the temporary officers station- farboimei ?abieB_abcokdiedin ThEegelhaanndiceywearys i;vaareildt ed at the factor. Tim next chapter le the story of up to munitions making or some other, war salvage takes us across the chan- ' nel to air ancient citadel of British ord- nanee, long the centre of treasured military traditions. Here you see an entirely different class of work. It deals for one thing with wee and centres equipm:ent This ineludes packs haversacks and cartridge belts. store ready to be Mita the leather jerkins saly. these repaired shoes are with the soldiers than t for the simple reason at, they are broken in for wear and never pinch the feet. _a, • . So Much for *eau:neer§ that can standinew soles and. lieel*.• What be- comes of the upper # that are frayed and torn.? Once mire.* it -thrift heti come to the 1, an saved the ,day. .When, the .isehetige , „.- .f AO, Wag; ;first - mau all the damaged upriereavieae .1.1•11..,•••••••••••••,...1•••••••••••••••. IMcLEAN BROS., Publishers , $1.50 a Year in Advance Igrew at such treniendous pace the web stuff was substituted for the hide and is proving to be just as efficient and much more easily salvaged. duds as the army calls them. Before economy get its grip on the fighting hosts eery little attention was paid to therm They were allowed to remain_ At this arsenal John Bull's War the fielde where they dimmed. Up laundry goes at full swing. All the near a battered_ village that had re - web and, canvas. eqiiipment is washed cently been captured I saw this sign in huge tubs and is darned by ena- in the midst of the ruins: "Save Shells. They are for Fritz -Not for Waste. chmery. It is restered to the men as good as new. But it is 'with Jeatehr _ equipment that the real mieacle is -wrought. Hun- dredsl of saddles coine in from the front every week. Many of them are shot full of holes and nearly all have the, mud. of the French roads still 1 clinging to them, A new officer's saddle represents' an outlay of $50, to $100. In this process of salvage if can be remade for a few dollars. i So, too, with the leather trench -tool carriers, which represent a very con- siderable item of expense. This pro! declines discloses one of the many. il- lustrations of war utility. In the oica days before this war, wen no one thought of husbanding raw material, • the -British troops' that -went to India and Egypt nsed huge leather bags to contain the spare bedding., They re - In a, French town take rt by the British forces last summer, which had been under severe bombardment for a long time, these signs are posted everywhere: Pick Up a Nail and Save* Horse Under these sign.s are empty biseeit boxes, into which' the men throw the -nails that litter the streets. One reason for this injunction, aside frerri the fact that it haves actual nails, is that it prevents many an =ilea horse from. getting them in his Roofs and going lama The salvage of wood' and more es- peciany the timber taken out of cap. turee or abandoned German trenches -is eanied on on a very large scale. Each 'army has a miniature eawmill present acres of hides. All these now • AS a part of its equipment. One Brit - unnecessary bags have been called. in and converted into containers for trench teols. One significant adjunct of the leath- er restoration is a schdol for saddlers, which is operated in connection with the salvage. work. Here then men are trained to do repair work in the field. They get a ebmplete coarse of instruc- tion under experienced saddlers In the -workshop you see dummy horses equipped with every kind of .leather kit used in the army. - Every man meet serve his time in the leather - salvage departnient, Which gives him practical experience. When he goes to Fraeee or one of the other theatres of war he can tackle ish army supplied an its wood•neecis , for six months ont of the supports - and walls obtained from German posi- tions, This did not include the thous- ands of poplar trees -that had once lined,the roadsides andtthat had been. slaughtered by the retireatitig Huns with • characteristic 'wantonness. This panoraina of reconstruction, ranging from redeemed biscuit CMS to restored .nine -inch howitzers, is merely the approach to the most sig- nificant of British salvage proceitses• For now we come to food economy, to Lthe cans reation of the one eoramodity . that in° than any other, not even eXCeRtilkk CUTIS and ammunition, will help -to turn theof conflict. At any sort of leather -repair job. a when he foo ston is loom- i 'tide ' No evidence of the coMpleteness of time t d que 1 ' the army -thrift crusade is more strik- wineigekkirgisoafg :it' pernereati iwntaereefeaettnter this ing than the treatment ite, carcass whole American petiati cloths. It deals with the large pieces of white linen used to cover the car- The greatest army waste was with food 'and be the 'same token fotid is casses of beef that come from South Arneriea, the United States and Aus- now the basis of the imost remark- trallas In ordinary times and in. or- able of all 'salvage activities. at furn- ishes the,leSSQ/1 in thrift thakreaches i dinary wars these bloodstained sheets 1 as I from. the domain of battling armies i would have been thrown away worthless, To -day you see them lit- straight into every melee home. It its Original form; the second is to melt the voyage has impregnated' theim with i IS She eniversal theme. . • . zen anywhere, growls about the high cost of living and contemplates the erally cooked down in large vats. -example, a inagneto-and restore it to Their long contact with the beef oo ' Wham: ohn. Jones, the average citi- down the metal -and use it for raw considerable fat. In the boiling pro- hole that kitelten -extravagance makes material; the third is to scrap it. All cess this grease domes fel the surface, scrap fronl the meehankal transport is skimmed off .and used for what is in lii8 ilteiMi4 he thinks he is a'MUCh-f Veil( tO the viiiiisertt of munitions. called "dubbing," an excellent leather abused person. Be is struggling'with t ' These same rules aPlAsi to theadvag.t.- softeher.• • The tEigs- thimiseiveE- are a i'reb ent” t'44 affects °Ta•Sr tits "'In few people. ; Consider then the aro- ' geneial -eleaning purposes. This top - 4:r !cat into trail pieces and employed lee h°wIelwial at itilifitt eolaPittativelet ngsition. that confre the Bridal whe rube Gov cont eigh, lowe L st year this depot saleaged 450,- 000 rubber boots alone. It is in cha p of a 'temporary efficer who took a th be months' course of iinstruction in o 'e of the largest rubber factories in • gland and who later established a se ool of instruction foe the. hun- dred of women employed.: • • 1 Ater clothing, the item af personal wea that represents the i•largest a- mou t of salvage is shoes.' The Brit- ish overnment not only makes its shoe -since the outbreak "of the war 24,5 0,000 pairs have been issued --•-but it h gone into sale savina on a tret men uous scale. The shim salvage, whic began very Modestly at a north- rench port, has grown to such e tent that the --original' plant now • 1, huge 'branch inehe East End of n. h of these plants hay the same syste of operate The ranch es- tabli liment however, has e ements of disti t human, interest t employs morethan a thousaed Fren and Bel- gian girls, whe sin -as they work des- pite he ungodly mell th t comes from the battered footgear, plastered as it is with the mud of = road and ft'enc and sometimes filledi with rot- ten s raw or the old socks Which the weare marcher has stuffed ar to ease his filling feet. salve see t "Is it foul it is To - the av rage Frenchwoman. •who works with h r hands are not quite so sensi- tive a yours. She not only sees salvati n for a great many of the soil- ed sho s but a eighty satisfactory rate, I tell emu that before the Paris r factory was started the British rnment got a bid from French. actors to restore thigh boots at• dollars a pair! That- was -the t bid sent in. a hs Lond • Bo All hoes in the army arrive at the 1e depot in sacks. Whee you contents dumped out you ask: umanly possible to. repair this ass of tattered leather?" But nd in amazing fashioa. gin with, the susceptibilities of of comeeesation•for herself in the salvagi fingers they d service -those carded. for fur g. These sorters hae nimble and keen eyes. In e second cide whet shoes are fit for again and what ones -II -usually 'eh bad appers-mest be dis- If one shoe of a pair is unfit er use the other is sailed, and . . since the sizes are standardized it is linked a with another oed one and the two go n their way of serviee. Shoe eclamation, as you May well imaginet is net fragrant. But the omen. and their sister e in the ctory buck up to the job with atude. It is all part of the rie ' 1 { oes go through a systematic ' f 'overhauling. Onel group clean the rough mua from e, clear out all the foreign ;side and plunge thein into ks of hot watei mixeil with cid. Following this bate they ed thoroughly, after i which eied out on rate- and Coated castor oil. Thee then ra- p of amazons, chosen for their phy cal strength, who pot the money n e or pi - boots on i 'on lasts and tear off the old legal tender at the army canteens, sole e and heels. The shoes are now Where the boche prisoners can buy sorted ou into sizes by pairs, ;enter cigarettes, jam, beer and their dearly the doma of another group, who beloved sausage. ,Whether it is due tack on t porarily the correct sized ieto the extra ,money or to the comfort sole befor it is permanently nailed in which they work one thing is cer- 1 on by the machine. The heeltipping, tain the German prisoners on the I toeeplatin and hobriailing - these salvage task have made good. Most I French London great fo day's w The s process e of wome' the outs matter i great ea carbolie are seri they are with war value of all the salvaged parts is more than $2,500,000. t -When a part is beyond repair the material of which it is composed .is frequently used for the reproduction of that spare or for the repair of some other.' Destroyed aadietors are melt- ed down to make new ones; burnt-out truck valves are machined into car valves, worn out brass bushes al% re- menee new concrete factory, which re- presents the tlast word in time and labor seeing construction, you will see one of the strangest sights of the war. in the permanent upl t of industry. Its prize contribution is a new system of' renewing iron or steel parts. For the want of something better this process is called electric steel, deposi- tion.s, Any metal part tat needs build- ing up can be restore to its original form by this ingenious device, which applies new metal electrically. It is really a bath, resembling electroplat- essentiel war industry. A long-head- ed subordinate under the director of traneport solyed the .problem by sug- gesting that the artisan German pris- oners be used. Every teeth contained at least a. few competent workers. He argued that they could earn their board and lodging at a lathe much Originally all these articles were made the demands of war tbheetitrerk.eaenpdersretehdaenrbay bgaireiadtinr roads or of leather, betas icarrying sacks of oats at the supply depots. The net resul was that every pris- oner -of -war company underwent. a strict investigation.' It was an easy task. These companies are. all in charge of their own noncommissioned officers, who, with characteristic Ger- man' efficiency, keep complete records of their men and their pre-war occu- -oations. These N.0 . 0 e's were asked to choose the most skilled of their colleagues. • .1 When the factory was completed twelve hundred operatives were ready and more than willing to RO to work. The big, warm, well lighted and per- fectle ventilated plant was like heaven after the roads, dilly ships and cirafy warehouses, in which many of them had toiled since their capture. , These prisoners proved to be so cap- able and - industrious that the Brit -1 ish Government now gives them a imoney allowance of three francs a to a gee . day. ;This wage is paid in a special tdf thispurpose.It is „ Automobile Licenses ~srarriorsomma IIMMINI11.411100 F. H. Wood Issuerof Automobile LicenseS for Huron County Remit by Money Order or Marked Cheque. Exchange must be added to all cheques. 1 cheques must be made payable to F.. 11. Wood. Poet - age for return of markers within twenty miles fee= Goderich five cents, over twenty miles, ten cents. Address; - F. H. WOOD Box 237 GODERICH :: ONT. , . . eration represents salvage raised tie the "nth" degree. It is like splitting hairsi No less drastic is the treatment to which the empty flour sack's' at army bakeries are subtected. -Flour always :-- As you well know, abbe Bull had no clings to its cloth receptacle and it is time to think -of, much less to practice' worth reclaiming. The bags therefore are 'dropped into a hopper which re- food economy during the &1st year of vnd extracts the wee. His job was to keep his new olves at great speed a their from the goods. and growing 1 armies fed, regardless every particle of of coneumption. But when the The sacks are used for various mar- • great machine of supply struck its - poses and the flour gees into army stride aed the armies were Shaken bread, At one bakery m France the saving in flour that would otherwise • .down,, one of the first things that -bobbed up for investigation anti poss- ible supervision was the question of food outlay. Already the menace of famine brooded over the herizen. The submarine danger was growing each - Governnient, with ethoueariae tef chens and millions of nieh to 'feed, °and you realize the enormous dent that waste in oohing and eating made iii the national pocketbook. have been lost in the sack is net less than $250 a week. While we are on the subject of flour I am reminded of still another unusual piece of salvage. Nearly all the ovens at one of the largest base bakeries clay, food ships were going downev- ery week, England was in the grip of in France, in which hundreds of thous- a food controller, The •conservation of what -men and womere ate became a. matter of vital necessify. Of course food restriction bad to 'begin with the eiVilian. TV last per- son with whom it couldpossiblybe enforced was the fighting man. Yet no one realizete rnore than the army chiefs themselves that the wastage a- tnong the troops was little less than criminal. Sometbing had to be done. It followed, therefore, that along in the summer, a 1916 a. defleite move - ands of loaves of bread are baked every day, are merely reclaimed tray - ding ovens that were originally part of the cominiisary equipment of troops in the field. On account of the rough) usage they uspally show signs of de- terioration in the outer casing after six months of hard service. With this decay caines a decrease in bread output, because less heat istiretained. This proved to be a serious handicap in the feeding of troops-. It was el - most impossible, to make adequate ment was inaugurated to , conserve repairs and scores of the ovens had and control army ,food consumption, to be scrapped. Since each one cost but most of all to put a cheek eh the $950 to $1000, the loss to the public hideous waste that was _sacrificing un - purse was very great.' told tons of supplies every year. A. new wing of the Quartermaster -Gen- eral's Departirient was set up and iied- icated to the supervision, maintenance and auditing of all mess services at home and abroact It was techinally called the quartermaster -general's in- spection services. Before thi$ new department had been in operation twelve months it had not only brought about drastic reforms that saved million of dollars but had stimulated industry, stiffened British independence in one very essential branch of munitionmaking, and es- tablished a full-fledged and highly pro- fitable business. Since the kitchen. was the root of the food -wastage evil it became the goal of ' a great offensive First of all the army cooks were put under the microscope and carefully analyzed. Up to this time most of them had been drafted from civil life. The raajority were incompetent. They looked upon goverinent food as something devised - for waste. In this idea they were aided and abetted by the soldiers theinselyea wha frequently there a- way more of their rations than they ate. This grand carnival of extrava- gance at government expense WAS adorned to a speedy finish. "If we are going to censor the kit- chen we must begin with the coelt," said the new watchdogs. -of the rneeses. was to train them, so schools of cook - was to trei nthem, so schools of cook- ery -were' started -in ngland and Scotland. They arin charge of tem- porarviofficers, all experienced cater- ers in civil life, who are called instruc- tors in ceterhig. These sehools prov- ed to be so successful in the United Kingdom that scores were established along the lines of communication in France at every large infantry base depot. (To Be Concluded Next Week) A bright young man in the Army Service Corps -once more the ever - ready and useful temporary officer - suggested that these travelling ovens could be bricked in. and made into ground ovens. Two overs were ac- cordingly installed in this, way, and they proved to be so successful that within six •months 'Tactically every oven at the depot I am describing was built out of abandoned field property. In the field the traveling oven burns wood.- This proved to be a very -ex- pensive item foit the bakeries. Coke was substituted, with the result that a great saving in fuel was effected. As a matter of exact fact, the saving at this one bakery amoutns to $12,000 every month, and this includes the transporting of fuel. More than this, not a single travelling oven has been scrapped sinde the scherhe was inaug- uarted. To cap the climax of conser- vation at this bakery 1 have only to add that it is built on reclaimed ground. The system of salvage, extends ev- erywhere. Nothing is immune. Ev- ery gasoline can is used and re -used until it is dilapidated, and then the tin is sold. The wooden packing cases are employed until they*fall to 'pieces and the scraps become kindling. Hos- pital dressings are sterilized and sold as cotton waste. Small motor parte are sent up to the front in empty cigarette and tobacco tins • set aside for the purpose. Damaged gas hel- mets are washed in warm water so that the chemicals used in them may be retrieved, The 'British soldier is taught that true economy, like the wealth that accumulates from pennies, is Tartly the sum of small things.d The same mintt conservation ap- plies to battle salvage. Wherever you go in the zones of the armies you' are likely to see unexploded shells, or $1,