HomeMy WebLinkAboutZurich Herald, 1956-08-30, Page 2The regular conductor of this
column is away on well-earned
and --- we hope -- well enjoy-
ed holidays. However, from her
hideaway she sends us this clip-
ping about how to make apple -
butter And it sounds like REAL
apple -butter.
Which reminds us that we
baven't tasted any of THAT
sine before Hickory Jixn was
weaned.
This morning I came in from
the orchard with a half -bushel
of Wealthy windfalls.
I knew where to lay my hands
on grandmother's recipe for ap-
ple butter and eagerly I read
again the words written on
lined paper in her clear, firm
hand.
"Wash the apples in cold well
water," the recipe began.
The chromium faucet had to
assist me there, and although
the water had a distinct chlor-
ine flavor, I plunged the apples
into it.
"Cut the apples into quarters.
(Do not take time to cut out
seeds, blossoms ends, or stems.
They will not go through the
colander.)"
The parentheses are hers —
pure Dutch thrift, even to the
saving of a minute.
I patiently quartered the Ap-
ples with one eye on the recipe.
It has been in use in our fam-
ily since the fall of 1856. two
years after grandmother came
(down the Ohio and up the Mis-
sissippi by the river boat to
Minnesota.
The cold well water grand-
anothtr advised came from the
well grandfather dug soon after
he had selected his farm site.
Again I glanced at the recipe.
"When the apples are ready,
put them in a large iron kettle
and "ook them until they are
soft."
How many hours would that
have taken on grandmother's
wood cook stove, I wondered.
In twenty minutes the two large
eluminum kettels were steam- .
Jong on my electric stove, giving
off that pungent aroma of apple
sweetness that is matched by no
other fruit.
The members of the family
began to drift in toward the
kitchen.
"Um -m -m, applesauce," they
said, I smiled but said nothing.
1{ was looking at the recipe.
"Ladle the apples into a colan-
der and work through with po-
tato masher."
I remember that potato mash-
er as on of my first toys. It
would roll, it could be used to
make a loud noise banged on
the floor, and it was smooth to
piste on. Grandfather had made
;t and years of use had given
a satiny smoothness. I don't
save the potato masher but I
lo have a food mill, How grand-
nother would have loved my
:cod mill: five or six turns of
the handle and the sieving is
done.
"Measure the fruit pulp with
a china cup and add about two-
thirds cup sugar for each cup of
fruit, Taste for sweetness," the
recipe continued.
I knew what that tasting
meant. Grandmother had a
sweet tooth and I could still re-
member the fun I used to have
when I foraged her volurninus
apron for the inevitable, pink
and white peppermint drops.
"Now add spices, cinnamon,
cloves, and allspice, a little . of
each "
Grandmother was a born cook
and "a little of each" was as
accurate to her as the carefully
measured amount in my bright-
ly colored plastic spoon.
But after the direction about
the spices, I saw another famil-
iar handwriting — my mother's.
She, too. had used grandmoth-
er's recipe and I had helpfully
inserted these words: "11/2 tea- .
spoons cinnamon, 1 teaspoon
allspice, sit teaspon cloves for
6 cups fruit." I took mother's
advice.
Thr butter began to smell de-
licious then, and the family
came running this time. Again
their ejaculations, "Um -m -m,
apple butter, can't we have a
taste right now?"
But I merely beamed on them
and kept stirring to prevent the
precious mixture from even a
suggest. on of scorching.
At last it was done, when I
dipped a wooden spoon and
brought up the shining dark-
ness, :t heaped upon the spoon.
I turned again to grandmoth-
er's writing,
"When the butter is thick,
ladle into stone crocks, cover
with wax, and set in the milk
safe in the root cellar."
I looked over to the pantry
shelf at my fovorite containers:
stone jars from London, a mar- .
malade pot from Dundee, and a
number of brown pottery jars
that once held store jam.
I ladeled some of the butter
into these and the remainder
into prosiac glass jars with tin
covers. After I had them la-
beled, "Apple Butter, Wealthies,
August, 1956," I glanced at the
recipe for a final look. At the
bottom was a notation in my
own handwriting.
"Do not use until after
Thanksgiving; by that time it
will taste its best."
I suppose I really believed
that when first I wrote it, but I
have come to know that time
has little effect on the taste. It
is good butter any time because
the recipe is good, put together
by a good cook a hundred years
ago.
A scientific gentleman when
explaining the term 'relative
humidity' stated that only . the
other night he had been very
conscious of its meaning when
nursing his infant niece on his
lap!
teeleeseemeee
AL
1
*
Serve warm, generously buttered
. a delicious tea -time treat. If you
bake at home there's never a
failure when you use dependable
Fleischmann's Active Dry Yeast!
i'1'B.M°.;.h`::.eeicjeeai z etet> .$'!3,:;sr.�.'�.'is`eee
1. Measure Into bowl
1 cup lukewarm water
Stir in
2 teaspoons granulated
sugar
Sprinkle with contents of
2envelopes Fleischmann's
Active Dry Yeast
Let stand 10 minutes, THEN stir well.
2. Cream
Ye cup butter or margarine
Blend in
1/2 cup granulated sugar
11 teaspoons salt
Blend in, part at a'.ime
2 well -beaten eggs
Add the yeast mixture and
1 teaspoon vanilla
Stir in
2 cups once -sifted
all-purpose flour
and beat until smooth and elastic,
Work in an additional
21A cups (about) once=
sifted ail -purpose flour
3. Turn out on lightly -floured
board; knead until smooth and
elastic; place In greased boort.
Brush top of dough with melted
shortening. Cover. Let rise In warns
place, free from draft, until
doubted in bulk --about 1 hour.
4. Meantime prepare and corn.
bine
7.;::7>Wee, Ar ........................................
NEEDS NO
REFRIGERATION
WA 7
Vat cup finely -crushed
cracker crumbs
t/B cup blanched almonds,
finely -ground
AA cup granulated sugar
1 slightly -beaten egg
2 tablespoons water
11/2 teaspoons almond
extract
5. Punch down dough. Turn out
end halve the dough; set one
portion aside to shape later, Roll
one portion into a 1 2 -inch square.
Spread 3, of square with half the
crumb mixture. Fold plain third of
dough over crumb mixture, then
fold remaining third over top—
making 3 layers of dough and 2
of fitting, Cut rectangle into 18
strips.Twist each strip twice; place
on greased cookie sheet. Press 2
or 3 blanched almonds into filling
of each twist. Brush with melted
butter or margarine; sprinkle with
sugar. Shape second portion of
dough in same manner. Cover. Let
rise until doubled in bulk --about
b hour. Bake in moderate oven,
350°, 20 to 25 minutes.
Yield, 36 twists.
PI
f1isCijijs
...WV reUSr YEASTYit9r Islssn,v,,0er
...,q„ tttsIFC
FASHION. HINT
de And The
carne
In the great wave of publicity
that hit the world concerning
the development of the now -
famous Salk polio vaccine, the
part played by Canadian scien-
tists caused not a ripple. Even
today, more than two years af-
ter the dramatic report that
proved the vaccine a success, it
is not generally known that a
considerable part of the whole
program depended upon workers
in, and the facilities of, the Uni-
versity of Toronto's Connaught
Medical Research Laboratories.
As a matter of fact, the Con-
naught labs not only manufac-
tured all the vaccine used in
Canada up until recently, but
they also provided all the polio
virus culture used to make vac-
cine for the history -making 1954
trials of half a million American,
Canadian and Finnish children.
Not only that, but the chemical
solution used then and still used,
in which to grow monkey liver
tissue necessary for the vaccine,
was developed by a Connaught
researcher supported by funds
provided by the Canadian pub-
lic.
The Connaught Laboratories,
named after the Duke of Con-
naught, (Canada's Governor Gen-
eral when the first buildings
were officially opened in 1917)
consists of thirty-two buildings
located in Toronto, and north of
the city 'at the famous "farm".
The Connaught had its real
beginning in W14 when Dr. J.
G. FitzGerald, a crusading, hard-
working young U. of T. gradu-
ate, borrowed enoughmoney to
buy a barn and five broken-
down' horses with which to.make
diptheria anti -toxin, which up
to then had cost from $20 to $80
a treatment, "right here in Can-
ada and cheap enough so that
provincial governments could
buy it and distribute it free of
charge
Since that time, this combin-
ation pharmaceutical ho us e,
school of hygiene and research
center, has saved Canadians .mil-
lions of dollars by providing, at
prices much below those ib the
U.S., medications for diphtheria,
tetanus, rabies, typhoid, measles;
glandular products for the treat-
ment of pernicious anaemia, Ad-
dison's disease, •arthritis; peni-
cillin; processed human blood
and blood fractions; °most of 11'
country's veterinarian supplies
and insulin.
Connaught researchers, under
the leadership of Dr. A. J.
Rhodes had been working on the
polio problem for 6 years. When
gamma globulin was heralded'
as an immunity factor for polio
a few years ago, Connaught pre-
pared hundreds of pounds of
ent. Unfortunately, this proved
to be another scientific blind.,.
alley as the immunity provided
was only tetmporary.
But science was hot on the
trail of the killer, with scientists
all over the world working on
the problem of isolating the
virus and growing it outside the
body. If this could be done the
virus could then be killed and
made into a serum that would
stimulate the body to build up its
own immunity against the dis-
ease. The picture began to clari-
fy in 1949 when Dr. John Enders
of Harvard succeeded in grow-
ing polio virus in human embry-
onic tissue in a horse blood
serum. Previously other work-
ers had grown the virus i -i --ani-
mal nervetissues, but a Evac-,
cine made in this way carr' e.uf
a brain condition which it
worse than polio.
Horse serum, however, <.rwa$
not satisfactory either, bdcause
it contained other factors that
were impossible to eontrol. What
was needed was a medium in
which polio virus would grow
and multiply by the trillions but
which contained no serum from
an anima -- a purely synthetic,
life -supporting serum.
And this is where the inter-
dependence of scientists becomes
apparent.
Working away in a small lab'
et the back of the School of
Hygiene building on College
Street in Toronto (part of the
Connaught Lab) was a team of
researchers under the leader-
ship of a lively little man with
a bald head, cookie mustache and
a weakness for bow ties — Dr,
Raymond Parker.
For five years Parker had
been trying to do something that
no other scientist anywhere had
ever been able to accomplish
produce a synthetic medium in
which body cells would grow and
multiple indefinitely. P.a r k er
"^scribes the problem this way
"Int all animal serum there
. factors of heredity, inimun-
ity and so on that we cannot
control. We wanted to come up
with a chemical compound that
would do the same work as horse
serum but which would contain
only the chemicals we put into.
it"
Parker's work had nothing to
do with polio. It is, in fact, sup-
ported to the tune of $25,000 per
year by the National Cancer In-
stitute of.Canada, a volunteer
organization of medical men and
others which. suports nearly all
cancer research in Canada. And
the bulk of this money comes
right out of the pockets of John
Public during the annual cam-
paign of the Canadian Cancer
Society.
The method of the Parker
team was simply to keep mixing
different chemicals together,
grow mouse cells in them and
see how long they could keep
the cells alive. By 1951 they were
working with their one hundred
and ninety-ninth chemical corn -
pound, 'which contained 'no less
than 60 life-giving chemicals and
in which mouse cells would live
for 40 days. (Parker has since
achieved his goal of a live -for-
ever fluid, No. 858.)
At this time Dr. Rhodes, Dr.
A. E; Franklin and Dr. William
Wood enter the picture. Work-
ing on polio research in the
same establishment as Parker,
they knew all about his syn-
thetic medium and decided to
try to grow polio virus on mon-
key kidney tissue in synthetic.
medium No. 199.
As it turned out, the virus
found 199 very much to its lik-
ing and reproduced by the mil-
lions. Since then, all the virus
used in the Salk vaccine has been
grown in Parker's 199, or in re-
cently improved versions.
By this time Solution 199 had
gained considerable interna-
tional reputation and requests
were coming from laboratories
in different countries for sup-
plies of the miracle mixture. In
1953 Parker received such a re-
quest from Dr. Jonas E. Salk, of
Pittsburgh, who had been con-
ducting extensive experiments
with polio virus in horse serum.
As Rhodes had done, Salk suc-
cessfully grew the virus on mon-
key kidney tissue in the Parker
medium. Then he killed the virus
with formaldehyde and had
what is known as a "dead vac-
cinTe "
The principle of such a vac-
cine is that even the dead virus
can cause the body to build up
its immunity, but cannot cause
the disease.
As with all new vaccines, the .
big problem was to test it on
human beings. Salk solved this
be. trying the vaccine on himself
and then on his wife and three'
sons, When no evil effects fol-
lowed, he tried it on 200 'school
children in the Pittsburgh area.
Suddenly Dr. Jonas E. Salk was
internationally famous and mil- '
lion's of mothers. all over the
world were filled with a breath-
taking hope.
The first half of the problem
had been solved—a dead vaccine
had been produced and demon-
strated to be harmless. Now, the
64 million dollar question was
... would it provide immunity
against polio? The only way to
find • out was to try it, and here
the National Foundation for In-
fantile Paralysis steped into the
picture. A field test, involving
some 60,000 American, Cana-
dian and Finnish children, was
organized and the Connaught
Lab was assigned the ' job of
preparing the virus culture
needed for the job. •
At that time the virus was
being prepared in one -of Con-
naught's buildings. Although
there was a great urgency for
the virus culttn'e, every precau-
tion was taken with its menu,
facture. The monkey tissue was
finely minced in sterile rooms
by technicians wearing caps and
gowns and taking operating
room precautions against conta-
mination. The minced tissue was
then placed in large, 'fiat glass
flasks containing 199, which were
placed on racks it rooms kept
at body temperature. The racks
gently rocked back and forth
for six days, when polio virus
was introduced into the mixture.
The virus multiplied by the mil-
lions for a -few more days and
then was tested for purity and
strength.
A ticklish part of the opera-
tion was delivering the live polio
virus to pharmaceutical houses
in the U.S. Each driver of a sta.
tion wagon hauling a load of
death -dealing substance carried
cans of gasoline with which to
burn up both car and cargo it
case of an accident. Fortunatelj
this was never necessary.
In the U.S. the live virus was
killed by the addition of for-
maldehyde, processed into polio
vaccine and shipped out to the
doctors, who were injecting
every second child of selected
groups with the vaccine while
injecting the others with a non -
potent liquid to serve as "con-
trols." The test ultimately show-
ed that the vaccine gave com-
plete immunity in about 80 per
cent, and lessened the severity
of attacks in the other 20 per
cent. Medical history had been--
made.—By
een "made.—By Max Braithwaite in
"Imperial Oilways."
In this odd world people are
usually detested not for being
wrong but for being 'right.
"HIGH AS AN ELEPHANT'S EYE".
is the corn above. Judy Mar
shall has to stand on top a cap
to reach it. The stalks are of
the farm of Judy's dad, wht
says crop prospects are the bes
since 1950.
ISSUE 35 — 1956
lKING.SIZF HATCHET MAN -+. Lumberjack Chet Shandel stands
with his giant axe, ready to swing into action when he portrays
Paul Eunyon, fabled Iunniberjack of the North woods. Shan.
del, for: er boxer, wilt rule over the festivities at a "Return
of Paul tr;,.tyon" telebrat'iotit, 1