HomeMy WebLinkAboutZurich Herald, 1955-07-07, Page 3Til::. FARM FRONT
The story of how an eroded,
fire -devastated, and near worth-
less 1,000 -acre Australian term •
vas made to blossom again in-
roduces to the farmers of the
i o r 1 d Australia's "Keyline
•tory,'
The Keyline story began in
.944, when Percival A. Yeomans
and his wife Rita walked over
their fire -blackened acres seek-
ing the solutioh to a formidable
problem. Their new house was
partly burnt, the fences were
gone, and the stock had disap-
peared, driven before the thrust
of the great bushfire. The land
itself stood valued at about' 24
cents an acre.
* a *
As Rita Yeomans has told in
the foreword to her husband's
widely acclaimed book, "The
Keyline Plan," which has cap-
tured the interest of thousands
of Australian farmers, Mr. Yeo-
mans was a man who had made
a long and intensive study of,
land problems from a profes-
sional engineering background.
* * *
"Nevallan," t he run-down,
burnt-out farm, was really a
sideline to a busy life filled with
larger professional and business
interests. But the "sideline"
turned into "Keyline" and sky-
rocketed this Australian engi-
neer to the forefront among re-
search scientists in agricultural
and soil management techniques.
It is doubtful whether the
Yeomans realized that in their
decision to rebuild "Nevallan,"
they would evolve one of the
turning points in, Australian
agriculture and perhaps, as time
may yet show, in world agricul-
ture. •
* * *
As Mrs. Yeomans tells it, her
husband began marshaling his
ideas, tramping across Nevallan
in the middle of the night dur-
ing heavy rain, observing the ef-
fect of the rain on the soil, ex-
perimenting here, experimenting
there, oblivious to all else, visu-
alizing long -terns effects and
making notes on short-term ones
eebserved..
• . * * , -
It cost Money and took much
time but he persisted ,in. face of
pessimistic opinions, firm in his
(own 'view that this• type °of °poor,
steep country was a worthwhile
proposition and that a payable
solution to its problems was
ON TOUR - Burma's anti-Com-
munist Prime Minister U Nu is
on a world tour which when
finished, will have taken him to
Israel, Yugoslavia, Great Bri-
tain, Japan and the United
much more important than
others realized,
* **
The wide acceptance of Key -
line farming is its own proof
that what Percival Yeomans
found was not only to his own
profit, but also a system that all
farmers everywhere could un-
derstand and use. Moreover, this
plan proved to be cheap and
simple to operate, and could be
brought to production in a com-
paratively short time, yielding
results in a season or two.
* * *
Soil fertility and water distri-
bution are the basis for Keyline
farming. Many types of fertile
soil are more naturally resistant
than worn, leached soils to ero-
sion. Fertile soils tend to stay
put except in extreme topogra-
phical conditions. It is only
when their level of fertility has
been drastically reduced that
they begin to move.
• * *
Keyline farming greatly ac-
celerates those processes which
occur naturally in the building
of fertile soils. It is therefore
essentially a soil building tech-
nique which aims broadly to
do two things: (1) conserve
rainfall right where it falls; (2)
release the vast store of fertility
building materials which exist
below the top three inches or
so of soil on which farmers gen-
erally depend for results.
*
On this vital aspect, Mr. Yeo-
mans has said: "There is little
'evidence anywhere iri nature to
support the 'take and put' theory
of farming *here farmers are
taught to 'put back into the soil
each year what they 'take out'
in crops,
"So much of what is taken out
is composed of materials that
are available in unlimited sup-
ply from the sun, sir; and moi-
sture- moisture alone requiring.
conservation - that if farmers
cease to 'inline' the top inches
of soil and farm the land, little
if anything else need be put
back.
* * *
"Fertilizers should be used
when they are necessary, but
they are rarely the `first' need.
This is true of most. of our farm-
ing and grazing lands.
"Corrective cultivation is a
means of progressively improv-
ing soil structure and,soil fertili-
ty, .thereby developing a greater
depth of fertile soil. Better crop
production is incidental to the
process."
* * *
In Keyline farming, Mr. Yeo -
mons discovered the basic im-
portance to the entire farm of
finding and working from the
Keyline, which practically every
farm possesses.
This Keyline is the line drawn
through. the farm, sometimes by
the planting of . a belt of trees,
,which marks the division where
the higher land begins to give
way to the lower as, for ex-
ample, across a valley.
. F,< * *
Tillage is parallel to this Key -
line in fairly tight rows below
it until the boundary is reached.
It is also parallel above it but
not so loosely spaced because of
the progressively steeper nature
of the land.
When rain falls on a valley, it
naturally concentrates in the
floor throughout the entire
length to form a stream. Key -
line cultivation puts a barrier
across this line of concentration.
It drifts the water away from
its center of gravity on the val-
CROSSWORD
/ lN �+aw
PUZZLE
Across
1 1 Bright
Yellow bird
7 Had mercy
13, Sound of rain
'Y4. Thin
55 Cour
16. Wilcl asses
19 About
19 Insect's egg
21 Apart
22. rretan
mountain
23 (it•andson
of Adam
2 , Conma*s
Point
28. War gnd
27 Restrain=
20 Most
sensitive
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t earn
38 Recover the
inside
89 gad
40. Netherlands
commune
42. Scrutinise
42. P eing
44. Tmpertine"ca
40. Hold a
session
47. And (tat.)
•49. Parts of
grain
'50. French
article
61. Withdrawn
63. Stave shirt
65, Severe critic
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river
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navians
6. Pee,
9, Siamese
coins
18. Concerning
11, Wears away
12. Ruler
17. Cotton-
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machine
20. Walks
unsteadily
22 Branch of
theology
24 Answer the
purpose
20. Seed
coveritqss
22. Cereal gruss
10 Poems
33. Turkish
titles
34. Door Frame
41. 2Tot so far
34. Intermission
37 Fastened
securely
38. Comes in
41..Ask payment
44, Withered
45. Feminine
name
41, Set of tools
40. Salt
12. Symbol -for
tantalum
54. Old Dominion
state (ab.)
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Aliswer elsewher
n this 15atge,
Fashion His
THE PRESIDENT OF THE ASSOCIATION OF CANADIAN COU-
TURIERS, has sculptured', this stunning bridal own out of shim-
mering snow-white acetate satin. The molded bodice features
a decollete edged with pleated crystelette. The full length sleeves
finish over the hands in a split -petal effect. Bands of the
crystelette are woven through the voluminous skirt which
which sweeps into a train.
W
La
av
Is yo.ur hair naturally curly?
If so, then you are the envy of
many women. On the other
hand, perhaps you are one of the
millions' who derive their hair
curl by artificial means.
Wfiatever your lot, most wo-
men seem to believe that curled
or waved hair is more becom-•
ing, even though nature might -
have deemed otherwise. And, of
course, hair which has some curl
in it offers so much more scope
for ringing the changes with re-
gard to styles.
Women nowadays are 'perhaps
hair -conscious as never Uefoi e.!;n
Doubtless this is influnced by
the fact that waves and curls
can be induced into hair by arti-
ficial means; and cheaply, too,
since in its latest machineless
form, a permanent wave can be
applied at the cost of only a few
shillings.
These days "permed" hair need
not look dry, frizzy and artificial ,
for the first month or so. Thanks
to the. cold or machineless
"perm" it is possible to get a
very natural and lasting effect
which follows today's trend for
waved rather than tightly curled
hair.
For this admirable aid to gla-
mour. women have to thank the
sheep. Not many people realize
that research on the structure of
wool fibres led to the invention
of cold permanent waving. This,
by the way, came accidentally
after some thirty years of scien-
tific study on various aspects of
wool.
This discovery is not so aston-
ishing when one is aware that
sheep's wool and human hair
are chemically almost alike. Fpr
that reason, the results of chem-
ical research on wool can often
be applied to human hair. The
sheep, therefore, is an obvious
ally of the hair -dresser, for far
more money and time are devot-
et to research on wool than on
human hair, .
But how does the cold "perm"
work? Both hair and wool have
a complex structure. Although
there still remains mucj1 to xe-
plore, the basic principles of the
fundamental build-up are now
established. These fibres are
composed of minute particles or
molecules, each of which consists
of long chains of atoms of a
spring-like structure, linked 10-
gether lengthwise by means of -
bridges or bonds at intervals.
ley floor, out along the sides,
thus ensuring an even distribu-
tion, easily absorbed by the soil
and minus any capacity to erode.
* ,:, *
No special and costly drain-
age systems are needed in this
distribution pattern. All that is
needed is a controlled deep til-
lage, parallel to the Keyline,
using a chisel plow outfit, which
will merge the subsoil horizons,
Overcome compaction, and al-
low air and moisture to pene-
trate and release the fertility
building materials in the lower
depths.
That Keyline farming pays
off, at least under some condi-
tions, is attested by the amazing-
ly lush and fertile condition of
l evallan's once worthless and
burnt-out acres.
$ to sir
In wool this is an asset, for it
means that articles of wool cloth-
ing will retain their shape and
the pile of wool carpeting will
spring back after being crushed
by feet or furniture. Yet when
it comes to curling hair, it is a
disadvantage.
It is quite easy to twist a
strand of hair round your ringer
because of the chair -like struc-
ture of the fibres. But when you
release it, the fibre springs back
to its original position. This is
due to the resilience of the inter-
linked chains: In short, when
the hair fibre • is curled, the
"springs" bend ' and stretch to
accommodate to the new posi-
tion. At the same time, strains
are set up within the fibre and
the chains try to slip past each
other, The bridges, however,
stop the chains from sliding.
To enable wool or hair to be-
come permanently curled, there-
fore, it is necessary to break
down the bridge structures and
allow the chains of atoms to slip
past each other; this permits the
molecules to rearrange them-
selves with the fibre in its new
curled form.
Working on wool, scientists
found that by certain chemical
action they could modify or re-
move these bridges. This was
done not for the sake of perma-
nent waving but to explain the
basic properties of wool fibre or
to try and produce wool with
modified properties for special
purposes; also because wool is
"set" in the finishing of cloth,
just as hair is set by the coif-
feuse.
Scientists proved that a fibre
with some of its inter -chain
bridges broken could be bent
and stretched much more easily
than an untreated fibre. While
this process yielded advantage-
ous results in wool if applied to
human hair it would permit it
to curl more easily, but unless
the bridges were rebuilt the
curled effect would not be last-
ing because the hair would be
too limp.
What the scientists next had
to discover was some means of
breaking down the bridges fol-
lowed by a second treatment to
join the chains together again
while the hair is still curled.
This is exactly what happens
during the course of permanent-
ly waving hair. The hair is soak-
ed in .a solution technically call-
ed ammonium thioglycollatei
which oreaks one .type of inter-
chain bridge known as the di-
sulphide bend. Incidentally, • thi-
oglycollic acid is one of the sub-
stances used in research work
on the chemical modification of
wool,
After the bond -breaking solu-
tion has had time to act, and the
chains have settled down in
their new place, it is necessary
to re -unite the chains. A second
solution achieves this by slowing
down the process of the first
solution and rebuilding new
bridges, thus forcing the hair to
remain in its curled position. The
solution is known as a "neutral-
izer" and is usually of potassium
bromate.
More recently, a cold wave
prowess has been developed .using
only one solution. The first ef-
fect of the solution is to break
the bridges as before, but it con-
�rSCn001
jJSSON
R, Barclay
Warren, BA., B.D.
Signs of National Decay
Jeremiah 22:1-9, 24-25
Memory Selections: Woe unto
him that buildeth his house by
vnrighteoc.sness, and his chamb-
ers by wrong; that useth his
neighbour's service without
wages, and giveth him not for
his work. Jeremiah 22:13.
Israel, the northern kingdom
had been taken captive by the
Assyhians. Judah, 'the southern
kingdom showed signs of moral
decay. Jeremiah, often called
the 'weeping prophets' tried to
forestall Judah's destruction. He
exhorted the king, "Execute ye
judgment and righteousness, and
deliver the spoiled out of the
hand of the oppressor: and do no
work, do no violence to the
stranger, the fatherless, nor the
widow, neither shed innocent
blood in this place." But Jehoia-
kim paid no heed. He planned
to build himself a wide house
in the most luxurious style and
compel men to work without
wages in carrying his project
through.
Jeremiah didn't give up. • He
dictated his message of warning
to Baruch, the scribe, who wrote
it upon a scroll. Baruch read
it in the temple and then to the
princess on their request. They
were filled with fear and told
the king. He ordered one of his
scribes to read it before him.
from God in . utter contempt.
With his penkife he cut off the
pieces as they were read and
cast them into the fireplace.
But this did not stop God's mes-
sage. Jeremiah promptly dictat-
ed a second version of it in
which he repeated all he had
said before and in addition
"many like words."
The welfare of a nation is not
• indicated by its national in-
come but by its attitude toward
God's revelation through the
Bible. There are still leaders -
and some of them are in the
church, who are cutting out
those portions of Scripture which
olrend their taste. Eternal puni-
shment and many of the records
of miracle. are relegated to the
fire. But that does not change
the truth.
We are in danger as a nation
of disdaining God's Word. Sun-
day if fast becoming a holiday
rather than a holy day. Church
membership is substituted for
membership in the body of
Christ by way of the new birth.
It may be said that we are
"lovers of pleasure rather than
lovers of God."
tains a second chemical which,
in co-operation with the oxygen
of the air, re -unites the chains
after the first action has been
completed. Thus, whether you
use a one -solution or a two -solu-
tion technique, your hair is fin-
ally restored to its original
chemical state, except that it
now has a permanent wave.
It is of interest that the action
of heat and moisture in the or-
dinary permanent waving pro-
cess is thought to be similar to
the action of the chemicals in
the cold wave process. In the
older type of permanent wave,
the hair is moistened and heat
is applied. The steam thus gene-
rated has a breaking and re -seal-
ing action on some of the inter -
chair bridges rather like the cold
wave. Incidentally, there is a
similarity between these steam
treatmens atnd ones used in blow -
Hints For
Swirn' . ers
The swimming season is OW
in full swing and thus the itn-
portant point of water safety
arises. Here is a list of ruled
which will help you avoid dang-
erous accidents in , and around
the water, writes LlOyd Perci-
val, famous Canadian sports
coach and authority.
The best way to avoid water
accidents is to avoid the things
that cause these accidents.
1. Never let your pals kid or
dare you into trying to swim
farther or dive from a greater
height than you are used to,
* * *
2. Always make sure you swine
where people can see or hear
you. Then, if you do get into
trouble, there will be someone
around to help you out.
* * *
3. No matter how strong to
swimmer you are, you should
never go for a long swim, unless
you are accompanied by some-
one in a boat who is capable off
pulling you to safety, if you get
into trouble.
* * *
4. Never dive into water that
you don't know all about. Go in
without diving and sink feet
first to make your investigation
* * *
5, Take a tip and swim along
the shore. Don't go out into deep
water and then turn to coma
back. It's just as much fun and
it's a hundred per cent safer.
* 6• *
6. Never laugh and avoid
chewing gum when in deep
water- you may swallow water
accidentally and start to choke.
7. If you like boating, learn
to swim first. Never go out alone
in a small boat if you can'{.
swim. If children are in the boat
or non -swimmers make sure you
take along life preservers.
* * *
8. When using water wings OA
inner tubes, etc., if you can't
swim, don't play in water out
of your depth.
* * *
9. Make sure you go into the
water slowly, taking a complete
ducking or two before you de
any swimming.
* * 1
10. If you want to change seats
in a boat pull in to shore and
change there.
Ing and decatizing wool cloth -a
process which allows steams
through wool fabrics to take the
curliness from the yarn.
In addition to helping to feed
and clothe us, and providing
lanolin, the basis of many cos-
metics, the sheep is the basis
means by which scientists have
developed a method of giving
every woman curly hair -if she
wants it. Caption
One of the latest creations oil
Vasco of London, this attractiv(a
hairstyle is very suitable for haiir
permanently waved by the cold
or machineless method.
Upsidedown to Prevent Peeking
COOL IDEAS FOR SAM' - Comfort spells "fashion". for the
nursery crowd, Little lady at left models o combed chambray
sunsuit in aqua with white stripes. Billowing bloomers and
solid -color top fit without slipping. At right, the man of the
house sports a collar -rind -tie effect on his dacron shirt; blue-
striped pants fasten with grippers, are plastic limed,