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HomeMy WebLinkAboutZurich Citizens News, 1973-08-23, Page 36PAGE 12 CITIZENS NEWS SOUVENIR EDITION dry days is higher during the first 10 days in September than the remainder of the month. At Ridgetown (area A) the chances of good weather for harvest are similar for the entire month of September. Therefore, in area A, the planting date may be delayed to June 25 for harvest in mid-September with early varieties, As a general rule, a later -maturing variety such as Sanilac performs best when planted the earliest, while the early -maturing varieties such as Seaway and Seafarer, give similar yields whether planted early or late. SEED TREATMENT Seed treatments are used to protect field beans from seed mayots, wireworms, and seed -decay organisms. Diazinon is used to kill seed maggots. Lindane controls wireworms, Captan or thiram is added to protect the seed against decay -causing organisms. If your dealer does not treat the seed for control of soil pests, you should use a drill -box formulation containing an insecticide -fungicide mixture. Always follow instructions on the label when applying pesticides. If wireworms are likely to be a prob- lem, be sure the seed treatment contains lindane: if not, apply 50% lindane wettable powder at 1 oz per bushel. The application of the insecticides alone may result in reduced germination. SEEDS SHOULD NOT BE TREATED WITH INSECTICIDES MORE THAN THREE MONTHS BEFORE PLANTING. SEEDING RATE AND ROW SPACING A seeding rate of 35 to 40 lbs per acre, or 5 to 7 seeds per foot of 28 -inch row, is recommended. Seeding rates higher than 40 lbs per acre have shown no yield advantage but do increase the chances of white mold occurring. A row width of 24 to 28 inches has become standard because of the nature of equipment used. Row widths wider than 28 inches have consistently resulted in lower yields, Row widths of less than 24 inches have shown a slight yield advantage, but cannot be pulled with conven- tional equipment and must be direct -combined. As a result, some cutter bar loss is inevitable, since the pods of the bean plants are close to the ground. These losses may be appreciably higher than the yield advantage from narrower rows. Advantages of 24- to 28 -inch rows include easier harvest, feasibility of mechanical weed control, and reduction of the risk of white mold. WEEDS Research has shown that weeds in the row may reduce yields by 3 to 4 cwt per acre even though cultivation is practiced. Heavy infestations of annual grasses have re- duced yields as much as 50% in Ridgetown trials. Pulling and harvesting become difficult with heavy weed infesta- tions. Delayed maturity, less optimum drying conditions, and more wear on machinery are additional drawbacks to weedy fields. MECHANICAL WEED CONTROL Beans can be kept clean quite easily by mechanical means up to time of Last cultivation, Working of the seed- bed prior to seeding helps to reduce the weed problem. After the crop is seeded, the use of a rotary hoe at speeds of 8 to 15 mph can eliminate 70 to 80% of the weed seedlings, provided the weed seedlings are just emerging and the soil is not too wet or too dry. A good alternative to a rotary hoe is a finger weeder used at speeds of 5 to 6 mph, or a light harrow at 3 to 4 mph. The stand of beans may be reduced, but usually a 10% loss can be tolerated at this time. Caution — Do not use these implements when the beans are emerging or when the plants are wet. This method of weed control may be practiced several times before the beans are 4 to 6 inches high. Cultivation can be effective after this time. CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL Since weeds in the row may still present a problem, herbicides can be of great benefit either as a band treatment or as an overall application. Proper spraying techniques and familiarity with the characteristics of the various herbicides are essential in obtaining effective weed control. (See Ontario Department of Agriculture and Food Publication 75, Guide to Chemical Weed Control.) IN THE FOLLOWING RECOMMENDATIONS THE COMMONLY USED TRADE NAMES APPEAR IN BRACKETS. Annual Broadleaf Weed Control Metobromuron (Patoran), at 1 to 11/2 lbs active per acre applied preemergently in 15 to 30 gallons water, will control annual broadleaf weeds. Annual grasses may be partially controlled but are the first to escape. The lower rate should be used on light -textured or sandy soils, but this chemical should not be used on soils with less than 2% organic matter, Beans should be seeded at least 11/2 inches deep, Some degree of black nightshade control has been obtained with the 11/2 -lb rate of metobromuron. Annual Grass and Nut Sedge Control EPTC (Eptam), at 2 to 3 lbs active per acre, applied to a dry soil surface before planting and incorporated within 10 minutes with a double disk and harrow in tandem set at a depth of approximately 4 inches, will usually give excellent control of annual grasses and nut sedge. A second working should follow at right angles to the first. A rate of 2 to 3 lbs should be used on sandy or sandy loam soils, and 3 lbs on clay or clay loam soils, particularly if nut sedge is a problem. If dry weather has preceded the application of Eptam, seeding should be de- layed 7 to 10 days after application. Application to a moist soil surface has been ineffective. Common annual broadleaf weeds, particularly black nightshade, may escape this treatment. Annual Grass Control Trifluralin (Treflan), at 1/2 to . 1 lb active per acre, applied before planting and incorporated immediately with a double disk and harrow in tandem, will usually give ex- cellent control of annual grasses. Disking should be to a depth of 4 inches in two directions at right angles to one another. Tractor speed should be 4 to 6 mph. Use the higher rate on clay or clay loam soils and the lower rate on sandy to sandy loam soils. -Black nightshade and rag- weed amweed are not controlled and mustard and smartweed may escape. Annual Broadleaf Weed and Grass Control Chloramben (Amiben), at 2 to 3 lbs active per acre, should be applied preemergently in 15 to 30 gallons of water. Use the 2 -lb rate for sandy or sandy loam soils, and the 3 -Ib rate for clay or clay loam soils. Most annual broadleaf weeds, except mustard, and most annual grasses will be controlled for at least eight weeks after application. Delayed maturity of the crop may occur if heavy rains follow application of the chemical before the crop emerges. Combinations of some of the single. chemicals de- scribed above will provide broad spectrum control of many annual weeds. Recommended combinations are: Trifluralin (Treflan), at 1/2 to 1 Ib active per acre (preplant incorporated), followed by metobromuron (Patoran), at 3A to 1 lb active per acre (preemergence)*. EPTC (Eptam), at 2 to 3 lbs active per acre (pre - plant incorporated), followed by metobromuron (Patoran), at 3A to 1 lb active per acre (preemergence)*. *Individual chemicals in these recommendations are registered for use alone but are not registered when used as a combination. Patoran will usually control weeds that may escape Eptam or Treflan without crop injury. HARVESTING Beans are ready for harvest when the pods are dry and brittle and the beans are hard. When the beans "rattle" win most of the pods on the plant, the crop is (continued on page 13) Record payment for bears Ontario's white bean producers will receive a record $9..50 per 100 -pound bag for their 1970 crop when the final payment is made November 1, Charles Broadwell, manager of the Ontario Bean Producers Market- ing Board, said Thursday. The final payment will be $1.49 per bag. Bean producers operate under an agency -type marketing system in which they receive an initial payment at time of delivery in the fall, an interim paylrent in the spring and the final payment in the fall of the following year. Last fall, the interim payment amounted to $5.76 per bag and the interim payment this spring was $2.25. The bean board handles all beans and makes the final pay- ment when the entire crop is marketed. Mr. Broadwell said the 1970 crop amounted to just under 1.2 million bags with a record gross return to growers of $11.4 million, The 1970 crop also showed a record in exports with more than '700, 000 bags leaving the country. Mr. Broadwell said 19'71 crop estimates call for a yield of about 1.25 million bags on 94, OOC acres. He said the board has already made advance sales of 690, 000 bags, split equally in domestic and export sales. This is the most the board has ever sold in advance of the harvest. m He said he expected export sales from the 1971 crop will be larger than 1970's record. Referring to Britain's entry into the European Common Market, Mr. Broadwell said bean exports should not be af- fected for three or four years. He said the four per cent prefer- ential tariff they now enjoy in U.K. markets would likely be phased out gradually. He said after it is eliminated, then Ontario producers would have to compete in the U.K. with United States beans on about an equal basis except for fluctu- ations that may occur in money rates. 0 HAWAIIAN BEANS 1 3/4 cup canned beans 2 slices canned pineapple cut in pieces 2 T light brown sugar Dash ground cloves Heat oven to 350 deg. Combine all ingredients in 1 qt. casserole. Bake 25 minutes or till hot. 3 to 4 servings. For double amount use 1/8 teaspoon cloves and double other ingredients. HELPFUL MEASUREMENTS 1 cup dry beans makes 2 or 3 cups after cooking. 1 pound dry beans, which meas- ures a little over 2 cups, makes 9 servings of baked beans of 6 oz. each... and will be enough for 12 servings of hearty bean soup. BEANS AND MUSHROOMS 2 cups sliced mushrooms 2 T. minced onion 3 T butter or bacon drippings 1 3/4 cup canned beans in tom- ato sauce 2 T chili sauce 1 Tap. Worchestershire sauce Dash marjoram 1/4 tsp salt chopped parsely Saute mushrooms and onion in butter in skillet till lightly brown- ed. Add beans and next 4 ingred- ients; heat thoroughly. Garnish with chopped parsely. 3 to 4 serv- ings. •