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HomeMy WebLinkAboutZurich Herald, 1917-08-03, Page 3DOMESTIC SCIENCE AT HOME. Fourth Lesson—Incombustibies. The mission of food le the body is to repair, build new tissue and to furnish heat and energy to the body for the daily labor. The mysterious processes of diges- tion separate the food, so that we find portions of it are incombustible, that do not furnish material for repairing, building new tissues, heat or energy to the body. Upon close study we find that digestion starts in the mouth and stomach and finishes in the intestines. The stomach and intestines are so constructed that they depend upon their contraction and expansion, as it Fifth Lesson.— Proteins are necessary for building and repairing of tissues: Carbohyd- rates, which consist of starches and sugar, are needed for heat and energy. Fats are needed for energy, and lubri- cation. Mineral salts are necessary for regulating the body processes. Water is necessary for the blood stream and the elimination of the waste. The necessity for each of these food elements in our daily diet will readily be seen when it is understood that if a person eats a large amount of the: food containing an overabundance of protein the excess will not be retained in the body, but only the amount that is needed and actually necessary for the body. The excess is eliminated, and frequently overtaxes the liver and kidneys, whereas if too little protein is provided the body will lose weight and the person will become anemic. Carbohydrates, which are starches and sugars, come chiefly from vege- tables, and if they are supplied to the body in larger amount than the body requires for its daily use they are "stored in the form of fat. Fats, while they furnish heat, en- • ergy and lubrication, should be eaten very sparingly during the hot weather. Mineral salts are necessary for the teeth and bone structure. For this rea- son they are provided for in the pro- per amounts in a ,well-balanced diet. The necessary foe water can best be understood by the statement that it comprises nearly three-fifths of the N't;ht of the ; ,bod,, were, for the performance of their duties, which consist of absorbing the nutriment of the food, discarding all that has yielded its goodness and eliminating all waste products from the body. In order that these organs be lcept in their usual working order, ': is neces- sary that foods containing consider- able bulk be eaten daily. Vegetables, salads, whole grains contain valuable incombustibi3s in the form of cellulose, which are necessary for active elimination of waste and undigested foods from the body Combustibles. participant in the blood stream and also regulates the temperature of the body. Age, condition and occupation play a very important part in the amount of food that must be supplied for com- bustion. The young and growing child will need the largest amount of food, Persons at:heavy outdoor oc- cupations will need a greater amount of food than those people whose duties entail less physical exertion. The middle-aged and elderly person re- quires e-quir..s less food than the people of the above-mentioned type. $` The average adult will require daily from 2500 to 3000 calories or heat units of food. A calorie is a term used in food chemistry to designate the amount of heat necessary to raise one pound of water four degrees Fahrenheit. One-tenth of the total amount of food required by the human body for daily con's`umption should be protein. Food required by the body is burn- ed; i, e., united with oxygen. That this may be accomplished, the food, by the process of digestion, is render- ed entirely soluble. It is then, in this soluble form, absorbed by the intes- tines. The blood also carries oxygen, which we breathe from the air; this is car- ried by the blood to allits of the body. That the processes She body may be satisfactorily accomplished, it is necessary that the adult drink three pints of six ;glasses of water each day. It is by'this cani�iistioin• Axid assimila-. a,li °k • How To Can Corn. Select young, tender ears of corn, husk -and remove the silk from the ear by ,brushing with a wisp broom. Plunge into boiling water and cook for six minutes. Now dip into cold water at once.With a sharp knife cut the corn from the ceb. Using the back of the knife, press the milk from the cob'. Pack at once into sterilized jars, have a fork to assist with the filling. Fill only to the neck of the jar, with the corn. Care must be used so that the corn is not packed tightly in the .•jar. Now fill it to overflowing with boil- ing salt water. Place the rubber and lid in position and partly tighten; process in hot-water bath for three and a half hours after the boiling starts. Remember that peas, beans, corn and asparagus are vegetables that must be worked up very carefully, ow- ing to the fact that the proteins of these foods will turn sour and start fermei ing under certain conditions. This causes the flat, sour taste that occurs frequently and is called lactic acid ferment. Se, to have success with canning; corn, the work must be done in a quick and thorough way. The kitchen should be kept as cool as possible. The corn should be stored in a place where it will not become heated while waiting fsr the canning process. When starting to blanch, place the corn in a piece of clean muslin or WAR AIRPLANES. Anti -Aircraft Guns Make Aviation Daily More Perilous. The tendency in airplanes has been to run to two extremes for fighting, as small and fast as possible, and for bombing, as large and powerful as possible. In a three -seater one pas- senger sits out in front mounted in a machine-gun turret. The pilot comes next, 'immediately behind the motor, while the second passenger sits behind iiim mounted in another machine-gun turrett, This airplane is capable of carrying* many hundred pounds of ex- �ilosives, and, being very fast and heavily armed, generally accomplishes its mission. The German "Albatross" is capable .f• a horizontal speed of 300 kilome- ters (about 187 miles) air hour, It is �single-seater and carries thi?ee -ma- p eine a-ceine guns which, being controlled by the motor, shoot automatically and eimultaneouely through the propeller, The .sight of :hese weapons converges ,cheesecloth and plunge into. boiling water. Cook for six minutes after the boiling starts and then remove and plunge into cold water. Cut the corn from the cob at once. Pack into jars as soon as a sufficient amount of corn is cut. Finish each jar separate- ly, placing it at once into the prepared water bath. Pint jars are best for corn, peas and beans. Usually four ears will fill a pint jar if they are a good size, so that when blanching if this amount of corn is placed in the cloth at one time, there need be no delay in filling the jars. After processing, remove them at once from the bath and fasten the lid securely. Invert to test for leaks. Remove the jars to a cool room, free from draughts, to let them cool Label and date them, then store them in a cool, dry place. When canning vegetables, success depends on speed and thoroughness. Keep the temperature of the room in which the preparing of the vegetables is clone below 85 degrees Fahrenheit, and then promptly remove the jars from the water bath when the time limit expires. Do not use any pre- servatives as they are dangerous. Foods containing thein cannot be sold. Do not stretch the jar rubbers. This will ruin them. When ready to use the rubbers, pour over them plenty of boiling water to sterilize them. This also permits the rubber to slip over the jar without stretching. at approximately fifty yards in front of the airplane, making the chance of hitting the opponent three times as sure. • The pitfalls and dangers which an aviator must avoid at the front are be- coming more numerous every day. Anti-aircraft guns, mounted on fast motorcars, chase around the country behind the lines and prevent the enemy airplanes and Zeppelins from remaining over our territory. This type of battery !vas responsible f. e the Zeppelins brought down at Compiegne in April, 1917, and Revigny, in April, 1916. In fact, this invention was one of the immediate causes of the Ger- mans giving up their "strafeing" with Zeppelins. The record for distance and height in hitting an airplane with this type of cannon is 15,000 feet in the air at 9000 yards distance across country A very large crew is requir- ed to man one of these cannon. Be- side the cannon"a telephonist gets the report of the position over which the German machine is flying. Our Cornrnander-in-Chief and F -nc€lister of War �TTJW and exclusive photograph of General Sir , oglas Haig, (left) com. minder of the British forces in France, and M. Painleve, new French Minister of War. This photograph, which has just arrived in this country, was made at the British headquarters on the French front. The Honest Woodman. From the Fable of La Fontaine. There was a poor woodman who worked very hard in aforest. One day'thia woodman i down i' ^ g nopl Choi Chop!" rang out his ax, as he, brought; it against the tall tree trunk; when suddenly, as he swung his ax up high over his shoulder, the top of his ax flew off and went splash into the wa- ter. As it was made of steel of course it was very heavy and it sank down to the bottom of the river. The poor woodman looked sad and said: "What can I do ? How can I earn my daily bread without my good ax to help ,me ?" As he sat there grieving, he saw a ripple of light upon the water. He rubbed his eyes. "Am 1 dreaming?" he said. But, as he looked again, he saw a wonderful fairy. She was dressed all in a shim- mering gown which seemed to be every color of the rainbow, and on her long golden hair she wore a crown of seaweed. She came toward the wood- man and spoke in a soft voice, that sounded like a . ippling river: "My good man, why do you look so sad?" "I have lost my ax—my strong, steel ax head," he answered. "It fell into the river and I know not what to do, for I can no longer chop down the trees to earn my daily bread." "Do not grieve, good woodman," said the fairy, "for I will try to find your ax head," and she went down into the water and soon she came up and held out her hands toward him, and in one hand he saw an ax head of solid gold. "My good man, is this your ax?" she asked. Ile looked at the gold and answered: "No, that is very beautiful, but it is not my old ax. Mine was a strong steel ax head." "Very well," answered the fairy. "I will look again." Se she put the gold ax head down on the bank and disappeared in the g in, and all the woodman of li �hle a rip t on the Fiver. pP g Soon sh came up, holding in her hand an ax head of shining silver. "Ie this�,your ax head, ery good man?" she asked. "No, no, that is very beaut,jful, but it is not my old ax. Mine is made of strong steel," "Very well," answered the fairy. "I'll put this silvez ax head down on the bank and look again for your ax head." Then she went out across the water once more and sank from his sight, and all the woodman saw was a rip- ple of light on the river. This time, when she came back to the woodman, she held in her hand his old steel ax head. "Is this your ax?" she asked. "Yes, yes, that is my very own ax head!" he answered. "Thank you so much for finding it for me!" Then the fairy took the gold and silver axes and said: "Did you not know,that these other ax heads are far more valuable than your old steel one?" "Yes," said the woodman; "but the gold ax was not mine, nor was the silver one. I am sure they are worth a great deal of money; but how can I claim them wjnen they are not my own?" "Well done, honest woodman," said the fairy; "truth is far more precious than silver or gold, and because you have told me the truth I should like to make you a present of these two ax heads, for they belong to me." Than the fairy placed the gold ax and the silver ax in the hands of the astonished woodman, and she was gone 'across the water. And all he saw was., the ripple of light. LEARN TO SWIM An Accomplishment Which May En- able You to Save Human Life. By all means learn to swim. More important and more fun than almost any other sport, it has also a utility side above that of exercise—the ability to swim easily and well may some time be the sole means of saving your life and the lives of others. Besides that, there is a sense of comfort about venturing upon the water that cannot be felt by the person who does not know how to swim. There is no risk and very little brav- ery required in learning how to swim, if you go at it in the right way. Select a spot where the water for several yards in every way is not deeper than your breast. Then rely upon the cer- tain knowledge that you cannot drown, that you cannot sink if your lungs are partly inflated, that when almost en- tirely submerged you weigh only a pound or two and only a minimum effort in paddling with the broad of your hand is required to keep you up and to send you along, added to which the foot movement will complete the art. At' first you will be clumsy about learning to swim, as in everything else; the doggy stroke will be used at the start, after which you can learn to float on your back with inflated lungs, Practice of strokes of various kinds, both graceful and effective, will do the rest, You do not need water wings, corks or floats; just throw yourself on your face in the water, strike out, and you will forever be glad of it. Pray for whom thou lovest; thou wilt never have any comfort of his friendship for whom thou dost not pray SOME FAMOUS PENS. Treasured in Museums and Valued Highly by Owners. The treaty of Paris was signed by the plenipotentiaries with a pen now owned by the Empress Eugenie. It was made from a golden eagle's quill and studded with gold and diamonds. Two peas used by Charles Dickens were sold at auction for one hundred and two hundred dollars respectively; one used by Sir Walter Scott at Ab- bttsfor•d brought about forty-five dol- lars. In Berlin museum is the pen with which Queen Louise of Prussia signed her will, and beside it is the one with which the grandfather of the present Kaiser wrote his famous letter to Queen Augusta telling about the vic- tory at Sedan. Ten years ago the marriage regis- ter of Mr. Ward, son of Lord Bangor, was signed with the pen that the dip- lomats used in signing the treaty of Vienna. This pen, which has been used several times in the Ward family, for the signing of marriage registers, was obtained by a former Lord Bangor, when as Lord Castiereagh's secretary, he was present at the important con- ference. Persons who are especially interest- ed in a bill passed by the United States Congress often receive from the President, as a ^souvenir, the pen with which he signed the document. The pen with which President Wilson signed the declaration of war on April 6 will undoubtedly be treasured as an object of great value, and will prob- ably be gazed upon with awe by fu- ture generations. One of the best-known pens in the United States is owned by Mr. Isaac B. Reed of New York, who at one time refused to sell it for seven hundred and fifty dollars. Its value arises from the fact that, aside from having been used by both Lincoln and Grant, it was made from a carved box in which the young George Washington kept parts of his surveying instruments. The box itself was made from the lid of a desk that belonged to the captain of the Mayflower. As the value of a pen increases in proportion with the importance of the document on which it is used, the one with which the treaty of peace that concludes the present war is signed should bring a price that would help, somewhat at least, in alleviating the suffering that the war has caused. pOWNING STREET. Britannia s Headquarters is a Most ., Unpretentious Alley in London. Downing street—A blind alley about 100 yards long which is the headquar- ters of the British Empire. Ten Downing street A brown brick gable roofed old house, just across the blind alley from the Foreign Office, which for 250 years has been the of- ficial residence of the First Lord of the Treasury, who is commonly the Premier of Great Britain. There is practically no garden about the place. The old house, as gloomy and uninviting as could possibly be imagined, looks as if it might have been dropped by accident under the lee of the huge Foreign Office build- ing just across 1'owning street. But none the less Downing street is the headquarters of the British Em- pire, and 10 is the residence of the Premier, says a writer in the New York Sun. I wonder how many Amer- icens, or for that matter Britishers, know that Downing street was named after an American. It was. Whether Sir George Downing was actually born at Salem,. Mass., it not quite certain. The records in Massa- chusetts and the histories in England have been searched with great care without making the matter quite cer- tain. But it is pretty well established that he was born in Old Salem, and there is no doubt he was the son of Emmanuel Downing of Salem and his wife, Lucy, who was a sister of Gov, Winthrop of Massachusetts. Appar- ently Downing was not highly esteem- ed, at least by some of his contempor- aries. The editor of the Calendar of Treasury Books (1660-1667) charact- erizes him as a "double perjured trait- or," but admits he was "a most cap- able official." This enterprising New Englander, who managed to occupy an important post in the Cromwellian army and afterward to make liis peace with Charles II. and to serve the State with something of distinction and a good deal of profit to himself under the Restoration, may or may not have deserved the reputation he enjoys among some English historians. Peo- ple who have read Pepys's Dairy will perhaps not recognize the Downing to whom frequent references are made therein as the Sir George Downing who succeeded in giving his name to the headquarters of iiritannia. A cup inverted in ...the centre of a meat pie will keep the juice from running over. Water vases and hanging baskets thoroughly every day, preferably late in the afternoon. The Foundation of Good Health. Good health is a quadruped.. It had four legs—diet, water, exercise and fresh air. The diet should be varied, well -cooked, well -masticated and well- balanced—but not overattraetive. Most persons eat.too much. If they cut their food down one-half they would be much better oft. It is not the amount we eat, but what we do with what we eat that is of consequence.. Variety should be attained by changes from one meal to another, rather than by a multitude of dishes at each meal,. A wilderness of attraetions is likely to lead the average mortal to a line of ac- tion that is ruinous.- Spices and other stimulating -acces- sories also tend to lure one into the same deadly snare. An appetite that has to be incited to action by stim- ulants or an array of fine dishes needs a vacation, needs rest; needs a course of treatment, in which starvation is the chief factor. It is a foolish notion many persons have that they ought to eat at con- ventional intervals whether they de- sire to or not. Food is poison to a system that loathes it or is indifferent to it. An appetite is not natural un- less plain whole -meal bread and butter or plain bread without butter tastes delicious. Starvation is one of the very best remedies for a large class of human ailments. It enables the eliminative organs to catch up, rest the overworked stomach and refreshes the whole system. Absolute starve - don is not necessary. A diet consist- ing of fruits, bran, lettuce, celery and eimilar coarse things, avoiding fats and protein, taking chiefly uncooked fruits, will change the intestinal flora and eliminate the mischievous germs. Two meals a day are better than three for those not engager! in hard labor. Water, is the great solvent and puri- fier of the body. A cold bath followed by a vigorous rub is the best of tonics, and a hot bath is the most marvelous of all poultices for the relief of inter- nal congestion. Such exercise as walking, running, rowing, wheeling, chopping, playing, mountain -climbing, skating, garden- ing, punching the bag—anything that stimulates the lungs and heart to vig- oroies action—issof benefit. Exercise should be earnest and ' egad- ^craathin that will set the machinery spinning ,and leave the body vigorous and dynamie. ,Outdoor exercises are by far the best. But. indood exercises are immensely super- ior to none at all. It is not neces- sary to have a lot of apparatus, It is not necessary to have a real pig- skin in order to punch the bag nor a race -course in order to run. If you are really in earnest about it, you can punch` metaphorically) a spot on the wall—punch at it—and run while re- maining in the sane place. No person can be permanently well without fresh air. Even the poor birds and monkeys die of consumption after a little while when they are shut up in the devitalized atmosphere of our homes and menageries. A plenti- ful supply of fresh air is a normal necessity of every animal. Open the windows and let it in, day and night. Stop a minute between exercise num- bers and walk around a little, drinking in great deep lungfuls of luscious oxy- gen. How luxurious, simply to breathe, when the air is fresh and pure and cool and goes far into the utter- most cells of the lungs! POWER FROM IRISH RIVERS. A Plan to Harness the Shannon and Erne and Strangford Lough. Ireland, driven to act by war prices for coal, is figuring on cheaper power by developing the rivers of the island. One plan proposed is to utilize the flow of the Rivers Shannon and Erne. A second is to harness the tidal move- ments of Strangford Lough. The rivers would each, it is believed, furnish 50,000 horse power for eight months of the year and 20,000 to 40,- 000 horse power for four months, and it would be a simple engineering mat- ter to transmit the power from the Shannon to Dublin and Limerick, or from Erne to Belfast and Derry. The tidal scheme for Strangford Lough is a different matter. The lough is an east coast arm of the sea with an area of about twenty square miles and a narrow inlet, varying from one- fourth to one-half mile in width for four miles. This channel is swept by tides of from eleven and one-half to fourteen and one-half feet rise, run- ning about six hours each way. With a storage system for slack hours 82,- 000 horse power could be developed. The scheme calls for an expenditure of $6,000,000. Close to It. Little Girl—Did you ever dream of being in heaven? Little Boy—No, not exactly, but 1 dreamed once that I was right in the middle of a big apple dumpling.