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WHAT A 'VOLCANO I:
S LIKE
7lCrtn'Y11 tiL' 'Til:•: Til'"!.,- �71Tii' f'Tt ,'� ,'t`�°
Few of us have any accurate ideas
as to What We should see wee we
£o stand at the edge of a voleti. ie:
in .'iter of line
crater. The extinct ch
leakatla in Maui of the JJawaiiito
group, for instance, ie 20 miles in
Zireumferenee, ,ii miles long, 21-2
glides wide, and more than 2,000
feet deep. The Boor is covered with
lava sand, and extends into miles .of
rolling desert country that • seems
like anotherSahara. But, this, as
Mr, William B. Castle, 3r., ex-
plains in "Hawaii, :Past and Pres-
ent," is 'by far the largest crater in
the world, unique in . its desolate,
dead magnificence.
According to .all the rulesof
school geographies, a, valeano ought
to 'be situated on top of a moun-
tain; it ought to threw out stopes
and ashes and molten lava;
crater should be in the shape of an
inverted •cone, and should emit ter-
rifying noises; periodically it should
cveew=helm a village•or two. Kilauea
on the island of Hawaii, conforms
to none of these specifications, It
has thrown out neither stones nor
ashes since it annihilated the army
that was marching against Kame-
hameha, almost a hundred and fifty
years ago. It retains its lava with-
in its own crater, which is not shap-
ed like an inverted none. The sides
are from 100 to 700 feet high, and
'7,85 miles in oarcumfereuce, and
the floor covers 2,850 acres. The
volcano seldom makes terrifying
noises—at least of the kind heardin
imagination by a schoolboy. Thous-
ands of people descend into the cra-
ter annually, and not one has ever
been njured.
The walk across the floor of the
crater, about 2/ utiles, is over a
bard lava bed, more or less up. and
down; since lava hardens quickly,
and remains as it flowed, in great
ropes and ripples.. A .few yard';
from shore. --one comes naturally to
cal: the bank "shore"—a ragged
crack is crossed by :a wooden bridge.
At the time this crack opened a
large party Was in the crater. They
:;taxed 1.nig, ,because they were de-
lighted with the unusual activity of
the . lake, and had no idea that this
c,;tivitv..extended beyond the pit' of
Lire enol at last they started to go
hack'. to the hotel." It—Wage—fight', and
a•s ,they approached the northern
bank of the crater, their lanterns
suddenly revealed a huge fissure
directly across their path. Already
molten lava woe bubbling up at the
bottom. They followed the edge
„f •rhe . ','rack, keenly conscious, un-
doebtzdly, as they turned to keep
parallel with the crat=r mall, that
They were on the inner edge. At
last they found a spot where the
lave, had split unevenly, leaving a
sneijecting ledge on which it was
possible to stand, and so to jump to
ilw other side, The whole experi-
ence, with the thought of sinking to
the fires beneath, or of being over-
whelmed by the lava slowly rising
in. the fissure, and the utter help-
lessness of their situation, was
enough to test the.mo•st fearless.
i(ilauea is really an enormous
yu.ies:eent crater with an active in-
ner pit. This cavity is, perhaps,
1,000 feet .across, and its precipit-
ous sides lead down to a lake of.
molten lava several acres in extent,
sometimes higher; sometimes lower
in the. pit. This is Halemanmau,
which is commonly translated (al-
thongh incorrectly), ''the house of
everlasting fire." It is certainly
the house of the goddess Pale.
By daylight the lake of fire is a
.greenish ,yellow, cut with ragged
tracks of red that look pale
streaks of stationary lightning
across its surface, It is restless,
breathing rapidly. bubbling up at
one point and sinking down at an-
other ; throwing up sudden fount-
ains of starlet molten lava that play
It few minutes and subside, leaving
Shimmering mounds that gradually
settle to the level surface of the
lake; turning (brown and yellow as
they sink. As darkness comes, the
colors on the Jake grow so intense
that they almost, hurt. The fire is
not only red, it is bine and purple
and orange and green. Blue
ffanies shinimer and dart 'about the
edges of the pit, backand forth
across the surface of 'the restless
mass. Sudden fountains ' pain t.
blood-i'ed the great plume of:sul-
phur smoke that rises constantly.
.Sometimes the spurts of lava, are
to violent, so exaggerated by .the
night, that one draws back terrified
lest some atom of their molten su'b-
sbanoe ,should spattee over .the edge.
.of the •,preeiptee. Sometimes. the
Whole lake is in notion. Waves of
fire toss and battle with each other,
and dash in• clouds. of btight vermil-
ion spray against the black sides of
•
the pit. 'Sometimes one of these
sides falls in with a roar that echoes
back and forth, and mighty reeks
are swallowed iii the ligru4t rase of
fire that •closes ever •them in a whirl.•
pool, like \-iter over a Sinking ship.
Again, everything; is quiet, a' thick
".Lt'CJ Y JA:OK GOWNS.".
--
Responsible for.119aehliateli ttf Jlia'itlsh
l'a+vetlitiortury ll,'oree,..
Uonridering the innumerable
number of email wars whit' I/ peace"
loving 13'r:itale indulges in, it is aaI-
sdum forms Over the surface of the t most a distinotion to be wa.0i%iu�J
lake, dead, like Ile somn ora ;the medal in the olk' Wad, it is .proaa
• 1 Then J- .••e its only
�;url~�ace of ti, lonely ,poi c..tt, pool, �1y safe •�cl soy tlia`C•, there p
it; shivers. Flashes Of fire dart from one general in the British grimy who
side to side. Tile centre bursts has nc',t seen serviee, ,a►d that gen;
epees and a huge fountain of 'lt�vn er'u•1 iri. ' .;Loelcy ;rack Oowane,'
la
24 feet -thick and 50 .feet high lti%ittlt Agliting u,su lly spells promo-
•streanas into the air, and plays for tion, the reverse shelv'ing, and yet
several minutes, waves of blinding C%owans is now Quartertxaster-Gen-
fire 'Reeving uue from it, dashing eral of the forces and, a =ere babe,
'a
ainst the sides until the .black eon si{lei'nirig the position !ire -holdis,
g as he it only fifty two years of age,
rucks are starred all over with bits )" �
of scarlet•. All sensations are sixb says London Trlatler. -
m.er g •ed in ' a sense of awe. This 11e joined the Rifle Brigade
tliit ty-three years ago, and for :tithe
vision of the earth -building :forces • iai moi;
at work is a picture so overpower- first years c f s zrei•vice, any
ithat ]r, is bu,riie {into the me rate, was a much better-know:a. fig-
ngmory for all time.ore w draining-rooins• than in
camps and what is more, mac t;re-
—e- man. A serious fit then came upon
THE sHHT IN '9'19l' Nil mendously popular at a society
hen shortly after he had been made
Rl",kiting itive7tlure with a Rua. captain. He set 'to work to studs'
away ,Convict. "his books," with: the result that he
In France, a criminal who is is now able to write the magic let-
clossed as incorrigible is sent either fere, P,C.S„ alter his name. The
to the Islands of Safety, off the Staff College naturally led to a staff
appointment. `First of all he be -
Guiana coast,—enc of which is
Devil's Leland, where Captain quarters
staff •ca,ptain ,at army head -
Dreyfus languished,—or to 'St. Lau -quarters and later D.A.Q.M.G, at
higherrent or •St. Jean, a little the War Office, and it was then that
he made his name. The South Afri-
the river Moroni.' The life of
the can War broke out; ,and he was
prisoners, who are made to work in practically responsible for the des -
the mines and jungles, and who are patch and return of 'about half a
illtreated by the officers in •charge, million men, and. the ,accuracy and
is said to be so terrible as to drive celerity of this despatch and return
them in desperation to attempt to drew forth paeans of admiration
escape. But, thanks to the care- from the whole world. Whether
lessness of the authorities, escape is to be c:ongratulatecl on having
is not very difficult. The fugitives, been specially, noted for praise by
men of the worst type, rendered the German Emperor is doubtful;
reckless by circumstances, are a but, ,at any rate, that pinch -beck
constant menace to travelers in that Napoleon characterized the .ae
country. An adventure that illus- rangements• for ±,he transport of the
trates that danger is described by troops as the finest feature of the
J. G. Jacobson in the Wide World whole 'campaign.
Magazine: Helped Out Kitchener.
In the middle of the night I was' • When K. of K. went to India it
awakened by a shot, and heard the is 'ancient history to relate that he.
singing of a bullet unpleasantly initiated many drastic changes in
close. to my ear. In asecond I was the Indian army. Appreciating the
out of myhammock. Piet was services of a. fellow organizer, he
climbing to he top of the hut, pray- sent far General Gowans. Much
ing aloud all the time. Looking to- labor and many details did the two
ward the hammock I had been of them pile an the shoulders of
sleeping in, I saw a bullet hole on groaning regimental 'offieers, .cut
p gthe result justified the groans ext -
each side orf the netting. The per tnacted for there was great
son who had shot at me had evi-
dently aimed at the .spot where he.
thought my head would be, and had
missed me by a very small margin.
T noticed that my pistols, which T
had carelessly left lying en a box,
had vanished. 1 was eonvinoedthat"
someone had sneaked up, taken the
pistols, and fired .at me with my own
weapons. I reasoned that the
would-be murderer 'would return to
shoot the boy, and knew it was best
to get out of the light,of the lan-
tern, so I hid behind a. tree close to
the •camp. Piet was still up in a
tree, praying .at the top of - his
voice. I told him to keep quiet and
not stir.
I was not mistaken in my calcula-
tions, After waiting patiently for
what seemed hours, I heard a faint
sound as of .some one slowly mak-
ing his way through the bush. In a
few moinents I 'could see ,a human
being creeping en hands and feet in
my direction with my pistol in his
hand. I waited until he was close
to me. and then jumped from be-
hind the tree, an•d, with my gun lev-
eled at his head. called to him to
hold up his hands.
Seldom have I seen a man mere
frightened. He dropped the pistol
and fell over e.'n his back ; then
straightened u.p, throwing kiss-•
hands at me and begging pardon in
French. I told him in the same len-
guage to come forward, .and noticed
that he was a runaway convict, a
mean -looking, black -bearded Arab.
I made him march to the •camp in
front of me, and called to Piet to
come down and tie his hands' be-
hind his back. Piet descended with
a broad grin an his face, and with
much bragging made the captive
helpless.
"We did that finely, sir.," he. re-
marked, when the work was done. 1
had to smile, thinking how much
help he had given toward capturing
the man. The convict admitted .he
:had crept up, .and, noticing the pis-
tols on the box, had quietly ap-
proached and fired at the place
where he thought my head was, and
then ran away. Thinking he heel
killed me, he returned to •shoot the
boy. Provided with ars and am-
munition, he had intended to make.
his way through the jungle to 'Brit-
is.h Guiana.
pie have forgotten how wonderfully
British troops were cent tea bran.
How even•though living in the heart
of Loudon, from whose great rail-
way. stations tens of Ihboneands of
soldiei\s
were. deepatoleedt not a. sin-
gle e.:
xxi really a knew w'h�e � ran of
g �11ie y
otic regiments had actually one to
the front, There was no shouting
and cheering as regiment after rove
nient departed silently in 'the dead
'of night, and it came ars a • surprise
bo us to learn that secretly and
without apparently even. the Ger-
nnans' knowledge, 120,000 troops,
complete in every detail as to guns,
'ammunition, horses, cominissariat,
and transport, had been landed in
Frame. To acoonnpliieh such a
thing is to dei even more than win
a battle,
OPTIilllgill IN THE `PR 1NCJIES.
r
Tommy Atkins Loves to Sing in the
Ch•or ue.
The New York Herald London
ctirre•spondent says that to him:
whose duty it is' to be.constantly
passing backward and forward
across the Channel, the war seems
very much closer to England than
it does bo the stay-at-home English-
man. As you know, many of the
greatest struggles have taken place
on French soil, .and, moveover, y,ou
can see the English soldiers, going
down to the steamships on shout
leave of absence, covered from top
to toe with mud from the trenches.
"What do the men now sing when
on the march `t" 1 asked a ,group of
soldiers en the boat. "Are they
still as keen en 'Tipperary 1".'
"Of course," they replied.
f' 'Tipp•erary' is the great favorite,
and looks like being so till the end
of the war, and after. But wherever
you go, you can also hear the men
shouting in chorus :
Hullo! Here we are again,
Hullo ! Hullo ! Hullo
Here we are again!
Lite For Something.
Do good, and leave behind you a
Monument, of vii tine that the storks
of time can never :destroy;,; Write
your name in kindness, love, and
mero,y on the hearts .cif thousands
you come into contact with year,af-
ter• year. Good deeds Will shine as
the stars of heaven.
IF.tI IXBIE OP TOE ZEIPPBLIN,S.
A.t Present, They Are Crude and
Ineffective.
Plaeadly regnarding the badly ,ex-
ploded reputation of the Zeppelins
as war machines, the ,Scientific
World remarks, We told you so."
Speaking through Waldemar Ka;znp-
i`ert, of the Scientific American,e
they now prate -et b that they never
expected much Of the ponderous.air
vessels. These aerial monsterserie
stolerably well as scouts, but
When it cozies to an aetu'a+l attack
on a fortified position, or even on
an exposed body of troops, they
effect little. Biere and there the
dirigibles have dons some damage,
naainly to non-combatants. They
have ruined a few buildings in Ant-
werp and killed some school chil-
dren in oountry districts, but not
much more. Except for their scout-
ing value the war would have run
its course without them just about
as it has with them.
When the British troops were
transported in unprotected vessels
to Belgium. a highly attractive mark
was offered to the Zeppelins, but
they did not take advantage of it.
The troops were moved in perfect
safety. To be sure it was done by
night, but the Zeppelins have
searchlights which would have illu-
yniinated the scene. They did not
interfere because for various rea-
sons they could not.
No doubt these air vessels contain
the promise of great things in the
future, but at present they are
crudM
e and ineffective. onstrous
and awkward in shape, they still
are at the mercy of wind and wea-
ther in flight, while they cannot be
safely anchored without enormous
separate containing sheds, .a p ate shed
for each vessel. This requirement
greatly limits their usefulness. Ap-
parently it would be next to impos-
sible to land troops from a Zeppelin
in a hostile country. The perform-
ance, even if it did not end in the
loss .of- the men, would almost cer-
tainly wreck the airship.
For all the talk about what Zep-
pelins might do, the Gout
have
put little dependence upon them.
The Kaiser's troops have done a,.
great deal of destruction in Bel-
gium, but it has been by means of
their huge guns on solid bases, not
by raining down bombs from above.
From present appearances there is
no great reason to apprehend an
invasion of England by airships.
They May, as Waldemar Kasmpfert
thinks, blow up a building here and
there, but they are not likely to
atom11a
u :rent
deal.m
are.
g P1i a,
"This will be repeated times •with-
out number, and as the tune is
easy, every one can take a share.
The men love to sing, for it makes
,the stiffest march a lighter and bet-
ter task and keeps every one in
good spirits."
Wherever you meet English sol-
diers, and in whatever conditions,
pr�ovment in efficiency generally. t' an incurable spirit of 'optimism and
Then Cowans commanded chis Fresh -i goodwill prevails. 1 came aeross a
dency brigade at Calcutta, and smart man in the flying corps at a
kept w,at,chful. eves en, T hi'bet anell French railway station, who was on
the North-East frontier. Then, he
returned 'home to look after the.
much -abused Territorial forces, of
which he betaine. director-general
now he is quartermaster -general bf
the British forees, He served under
Gen. Sir J. S. Cowans, le.C.13
two .men Who never forgive a fault
or slackness—Kitchener -and French
—and has found favor in the sight
of both, He is tall and very good-
looking, which led to his being se-
leeted +to lead the royal proeesnion
at the time of the Coronation.
He is very fond of animals. ''IL..03
said that, he owed his job with the
Territorials to this lilting for
strange beasts. When his suitabil-
ity was being discussed it is related
that a distinguished officer remark-
ed, ' `Yes, Jack Cowan is just the
man ; he would Meath a, jackass card -
'tricks, and if he ,, n'tmake the Ter-
riers wag- their tails no. one tial.''
1)el'ight± l Cmop anion. mAs ,a• eyoinnanion he is absolutely
delightful; he eau talk .exceedingly
well, ,and, •a't,arer gift still, he is e
splendid listener.. Further, he has
the knack of .raking those with hilt
tremendously pleased with thane
selves, Ble is .a great chtb :than, and
belongs to many. it'wottl4 be ne-
toni.s!hing if he • lead 'not a.:lot of
friends, .but at the Mme time it is
astonishing 'What ,a lot lis.' has.
Arnongstt the most valued he can
reckon, the Duke 'of Connaught, •
Owing to the exci,tine bpues in
which wo lure 'Iia'ing, perhaps, pec
his way, with aix..others, to a south-
ern destination.
"Our men," he ,confessed, "have
had. a hard tithe, and are exposed
to many dangers, but they are su-
perb in the way they meet extra
duty and difficulties. On Christmas
Day we had a job that took us into
the' :afternoon. On ordinary ooca-
sions we should have grumbled, es-
pecially on such a day, and particu-
larly as the order had- been given
that we might be able to have prat-
tically the whole of the Christmas
Day. But not one of them groused,
and we all pulled together and com-
pleted the •work much earlier than
at ordinary times. I believe that if
we all do our bit we shall presently
pull off 'the bigger job we have in
hand."
The cigarette habit is in a.,super-
lative degree familiar to the British
soldier in France. In all his tight
corners it seems to help him. He
gets round somehow if he ean light
a "fag." When he has to wait far
breakfast or dinner :mut comes the
packet of Woodbines. A .call to
duty at three or four o'clock on a
winter's morning without a bite or
sup to keep out the cold ca.n only
be met by a ''cig." If you go to
the 'offices at the base all the sol-
dier clerks are smoking. Next
door you will find the officers doing
the same.
Anything Else.
'•You must push. matters a little,
James," said a, chemist to his new
boy, "by calling •a, customer's .at-
tention to this article and that ar-
ticle, you often effect a sale."
Yes, sir," responded the new boy,
,tncl then be hastened to wait upon
an elderly person who wanted a
stamp. 'Anything else, noun
inquired the ambitious boy, polite -
l4 ; "hair dye, oosrnetic, face pow-
der, rheumatic drops, .belladonna,
NEWS ACROSS THE BORDER
'WHAT If GOING ON OV1l If, 1
THE
STATES.
�
THE STATES.
Latest Happenings in Big B,epublic
Coutlensed for Busy
Readers.
Boston is to build another $100,'
000 theatre, on Columbia, Road.
California pear rowers, arm going
to pack their fruit, in sawdust.
Representative Plead had a bill
restore capital punieehnnent in Aline
ne so'ta.
Fanny Nelson of Pittsburg left
$20,000 to buy Bibles for the poor.
Kansaa is making its anti -packing
house odor regulations less, detiaettic.
The bill for a new Niagara bridge
only awaits President Wilson's . sig-
n�wt,ure,
San Francisco no's has direct tel-
ephonic communication with New
York.
A New Jersey senator has exposed
a $5,936,232 State road scandal in
Trenton.
The Mayor of Seabright, , N.J.
asks residents to pray ag�atns
ocean enoro�achme•nts.
Racine, Wis., prisoners ean go to
work ,a11• day and. return. to the lock-
up at night.
Three Detroit firms are said t •
making war -shells for the Br
War Office.
Ohio cities claim bankru
faces them unless they care levy
ditional taxes.
Kansas City housewives are lend-
in
g ing thedr sewing machines to 1 n
ployed women.
Rear Admiral ' Coffman has bad
$3,000 in jewelry stolen on the 'U.S.
warship Virginia,
Kansas State asks $50,000 to pro-
tect small teems from burglary,
which is epidemic.
Chicago Germans have raised
$200,000 for sufferers from war in
Austria and Germany.
Public School children of Kansas
City have signed a petition asking
Europe to stop warring.
The juvenile police of New York's
East Side had Louis Goletein fined
$25 for running a children's lottery.
Frank La Lone, Homesteader at
Limon, Col., facing starvation. poi-
soned
oi
soned himself, his wife and four
children,
A New York magistrate says even
dogs without noses must be muzzled
in that city.
A Boston probate 'judge ref�iat
the Hogan family the right to ea
themselves Homan.
Non-resident aliens owning Unit
ed States property, are to pay a
special tax, Canadians included.
Boston libraries kick at an order
to disinfect every volume before re-
issuing from catalogues.
Mrs. C. Biddle, a Boston woman,
died of shock in the hospital•. at the
thought of an operation.
Rochester's fifteen banks held
$175.785,°254 on December list last
with loans of $117,858,25R.
WAR GOAT ('UEWEI) 'POHA('l'O.
Story of "Nanny'' and Her Sad
Fate at the Battlefront.
BISHOP GOES INTO TRENCHES.
Noble Figure Whose Courage Shells
Cannot Daunt.
The correspondent of the London
Chronicle, writing from Northeast
France, tells the following vivid
story:
One of the noblest figures in
French ecclesiastical circles at the
present moment is the Bishop of Ar-
ras, Mgr. Lobbedey, who, undaunt-
ed by German shells, has' minister-
ed to those of his flock who remain-
ed in their cellars in the ,bombard-
ed area and to the sick and wound-
ed among the French troops.
Since the tide of invasion ebbed.
Arras has stood at the apex of the
enemy's roughly drawn obtuse an-
gled triangle. Sometimes the allies
have been in possession, at other
times the. Germans, who still hold
the hecatombs of chalk to the east
of the eity--natural -entrenchments,
from which they must be starved or
smoked out.
Their hidden batteries here play
on Arras and its purlieus practical-
ly every day. Not single char•ch
remains.
But the Bishop has lived under-
ground, with a few scores of elderly
members of liis congregation, who
prefer to be buried under the ruins
of their homes rather than go not
into a new and strange world they
know not.
So far, the bishop's palace has es-
caped the enemy's fire except for a
few broken windows, and here the
prelate holds his services for the
devoted few who fear only God.
The Bishop goes into 'the trenches
to administer the last rites, and
comforts the wounded behind the
lines and in the clearing` hospitals
quite careless of his own life.
When an officer ex postu.la;'ied
-with hint for exposing himself. to the
mole destroyer -e—'-' The elderly merciless German sniper (,who re -
lady deals over the way now. spects neither soutane nor .lied.
A British soldier. in Belgium was
one morning wending his way to
Camp with a -fine rooster in his
arms. When he was stopped by his
Colonel to know . if he had been
stealing chickens, • "No, •Colonel,"
was the reply., "3 saw the old fel-
low sitting on the wall, and I or-
dered him to -view for England. and
lte wouldn't • so I just took him
prisoner.''
Cross) he replied, "'My .priesthood
signifies complete saerili•ce. For the
sake of my people 1 gladly bear any
suffering and privation."
Nurse ---Why, Bobby. you selfish
little boyo. Why didn't -von give.
your sister :a Piece' of your apple 1
Bobby ---•'T gave her the seeds. She
can plant 'em and have a whole or.
eh aril.
By no means the least interesting
thing about the war is the part that
animals are playing in it. The last -
est tale is of a goat—not one ef the
regimental ones whose presence at
the front has led to endless jokes
about "butts" for the riflemen, hut
a stray white nanny with a lung
beard that came one night right up
to the trenches in •which a Frei"'
regiment was squatting. A sold
gave it a piece of !biscuit and
animal jumped in beside him.
a while it lived with the men, x,
of whom christened the anima.
.'The Matron" because it reminded
him of a nurse he had known—'t
was so thin, se refined in manner
and so gentle,
Nanny, however, could ',scow tai
bacco like any American senintry
hotel chair -warmer. She had a
healthy appetite, too, for bread, po-
tatoes and carrots, but she more
than paid for her keep, for, every
day, she yielded a generous quan-
tity of delicious creamy milk, But
she was fond of her liberty, and one
day, as she was returning to the
trenches she fell a i'ictim to a Ger-
man bullet.
The Frenchmen were ,greatly en-
raged. and, at nigh;, witen the
"Boodles" stole out with the object
n'f .seizing "'rhe +3iati on"s" body.
they got a warm reception. 'file
Frenchmen sprang at there like
tigers. and, before they eoutd beat
a retreat, a. dozen. Gernrans'bit the
dust. Nanny was taken back to the
French trenches and •soleuhnls
tarred slime distance from the
front.
EMIT.
`'(')ly, dear, I Wish:1 was a
"What an absurd idea
"A turtle has ,a snap.,,
ureide."
1A'h) ''