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Zurich Herald, 1922-05-18, Page 6• Address communications to Agronomist, 73 Adelaide St, West, Toronto Controlling Insect Enemies of a eolution of bluestone, each gallon Potatoes, containing one pound in seli1tion. There are, roughly, four control- Add the proper quantity of lime and lable factors governing the yield of test with litmus •in making Bordeaux Potatoes, namely, fertilizer, cultiva- tion, .seed and .spraying, Many grow- ers obtain the best seed available and fertilize end cultivatein the best pos- sible manner, and yet neglect the spraying, which is most important of ads. Experiments demonstrate beyond a doubt that $12 spent in spraying is worth twice as much es a ton of 4-8-10 fertilizer in increasing the yield of potatoes. According to experiments held last year at the Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, Station, around one hundred bushels per acre increase was obtain- ed from the use of $40 worth of fertli- „izer, or the increased crop resulting from the use of fertilizer cost forty cents per bushel. The increase in crop due to spraying ran over two hundred bushels per acre and cost less than $14, or an increased crop due to spray- ing cost around seven cents per onacre plots. bush el the . The unsprayed field gave 2 ..21 bush- els per -acre and the sprayed 398. A difference due to spraying of 177 bushels, •or the increased crop was ob- tained at a cost of less than nine cents per bushel. Although there are some in : the• •modem farm . ranks who .de cry the value of fertilizer in boosting gust as though no poison were in the bluestone solution., All growers who use enough solution, seventy to one hundred gallons per acre per applica- tion of white 'arsenic Bordeaux, cone trol the potato beetles. Apply at least eighty gallons of poi- soned Bordeaux in the etrengtlh rnen- bioned per acre, and apply the spray at intervals of from teat days to two weeks from the time the plants are six inches high until they die of old age or the frost kills them. If the weather is damp and rainy, spray of- tener; if dry, make the intervals two weeks. If your sprayer will only apply sixty gallons per aore per application, use it at intervals of from seven to ten days apart. If you have a hand'' - sprayer that only applies forty gallons per arse, go over the field twice at each application. When using poison, apply the poi- soned Bordeaux when the bugs are just beginning to appears It takes a lot less arsenic to .kill a small ' bug than a half-grown one Aboveall, use common sense and judgment in spraying. Don't think that_ applying forty gallons per acre once or twice through the 'season will grow .a large crop of: -potatoes: Such• spraying often eases a man's conscience and enables potatoes along, . we do not need to him to say that he has sprayed with- take that position exactly, but rather out breaking any of the eernnrand- to appreciate the fact that the spray ments, but in order to control insects is more valuable than the fertilizer, and blights successfully there must the latter being, however, useful in its be a certain amount of eo'pper and. a place, certain amount of arsenic applied to We may believe in the use of plenty each acre, and it must be renewed of of high: grade fertilizer, . but let us ten enough so that a continuous pla- net fail to emphasize the value , of tection is afforded to the plant. spraying, which costs Iess than one- Potato aphids hibernate for the fifth as much peracre as fertilizer and most part on the -rose plant, both wild gives twice as great returns or is ten and cui'tiviated. Root out all of the times as valuable, considering the wild rose bushes in the neighborhood amount of money invested by the of potato fields' and spray cultivated grower. The results mentioned were roses in the spring, about the time achievedin the Maritime, where late the first potatoes are coming up, with ,blight is prevalent, and the difference black leaf 40 at the rate of a table- would not be so marked an sections spoonful to a bucket of water. where this dlsease is not found, The potato aphis is one 'of the ill though the proportions would still fa- sects, in the central of which steps vor spraying. must be taken before the outbreak cc - Bordeaux mixture is, of course, the curs. In other words, controlling po- spray for the potato. During the past tato aphides is bike h4irance—you few years many growers have found it buy your protection not knowing advisable to increase the strength of whether you will need it or not. the mixture as the season advances. To control aphids use one pint of Starting with 4-4-40, the second spray black leaf 40 to each one hundred should be 5-5-40 and the third and + gallons of Bordeaux and apply at a later sprays, .6-6-40. The spraying high pressure and with an up -spray. should start when the plants are six The spray must hit the insect in inches high in order to control the girder to kill. Apply black leaf 40 with potato beetles and blight, the first two or three applications of White arsenic and hydrate lime; , Bordeaux. It is particularly advisable equal parts, is the cheadest of all ar- for growers of seed potatoes to spray senicals. The value of such a mixture thoroughly for potato aphids. In no has been thoroughly demonstrated on other way can they hope to keep down several farms. The directions for mosaic in years of aphids outbreaks. snaking this new mixture must • be fol- Few realize the immense amount of lowed closely, for there is danger in damage that is caused by the small; wring poison straight or not in con- black flea beetles that are found hop junction with Bordeaux, or in any ping about the potato for the first few manner but exactly as recommended. weeks after it pines °throwgh the The great saving, however, that re- ground, in districts where this pest is sults from its use ,makes it worth while for all potato, growers to learn how, to use it. The cost is about one- iifth that of other poisons or, to put it another way, one can make a white arsenic Bordeaux and the total cost of the white arsenic, bluestone and prevalent. This insect tends to stunt the potato's early growth, and when prevalent, will reduce the- acreage yield by one hundred bushels. In one cases, where the beetles were control- led beside a plot on which they were allowed to run wild, the increased lime, will be approximately that of yield was nearly one hundred and Faris green or lead arsenate. In ad- forty bushels, from flea beetle control riltion, one has a better sticker than alone. • Paris green, a more rapid killer than The best treatment is to apply a re - lase! arsenate, and the fungicidal value pellant, and for this Bordeaipc is the of Bordeaux as well. best yet known. No poison is required Thomethod of procedure is as fol- in flea beetle control as they absolute - lows: To each ten gallons of water ly refuse to eat' a plant that is coated intended' for bluestone stock solution, with straight Bordeaux. add two pounds of the mixture (equal , If flea beetles are plentiful on pota- parts of white arsenic and hydrated toes when they first appear, apply a lune) poison,' stir this in and then good Coat of 4-4-40 Bordeaux. Con - into this 'dissolve ten pounds of blue- time this every week up until the atone. This will make a green pre- middle of July. It pays as well to oipitate. Always stir before using. protect the young plant from injury. Use this green mixture as if it were as it does the halfgrown plant. We have Set' abort' 630 eggs but only 300 hatched. The eggs are fertile, but the shell cracks off and leaves the skin on that should cone off with it, and the skin dries and seems so tough that the chick can not break through; Could you tell ns what the trouble bT-b. C. When the mentbiiane beneath the shell dries down to the chick cannot emerge it usually means that the mois- ture conditions have not been right If you . are hatching with hens try placing a moist sod in the bottom; of each neet box. It will usually furnish enough moisture to enable the chicks to hatch. When hatching with ince- , batons we soak woollen cloths in very hot vector and apply them to the eggs on the eighteenth night, They are rentoved eever,+al hours later, Then the cloths will be found dry and . the moisture will 'seem to ;have entered the shells and the egg chamher. Then allose the incubator and do not open again until the hatching is entirely over. Sometimes chi h dire in the shell due to a weakness of the germ, A few might die in, the shell even if the re- -0.-- rainder of the eggs produced a satis- When he was a fernier lnespake as factory .number of chief's, Overheating a fanner he understood ere a f'tenner, the i• • s for might ht onus tree- . 8 .. , but r a cause the o 1r t asax^m 1n the ructl g" t u he t oilg�na er after he e }g .air n1. Tit be too dry -ectad; e • in 01,.. 1.11e �, in the was eI lt, p away lana-farner- r r ti e the ruts ,hike is operated. "nthings,, ✓ .>r.- Elie crated sh c p Butterfat production help' to pay grocery bilis but it is poor policy to rob the young calf in order to pay these bills. The .butterfat prod:uct;iion of the future depends upon the ,growth and development of the present day dairy calf. The ealf ought to have warm, sweet. whole milk until two or three weeks old; from four to six quarts per day, depending upon her size. From then on "skim -milk may be be added' in. gradunalIy increasing quantities until, at the age of five weeks, the calf is .drinking skin -milk entirely at the rate of seven to nine quarts daily. Warm sweet milk' is far superior to any other. It is a iii7stake to attempt to make up In quantity what sicim- Milk lacks in butterfat. Whole oats or shelled Corn are eaten readily when the calf is quite young. A liberal supply Al these grains should be used to supplement the :skim -milk ration which should be continued un- til the ealf is five or six months olds Only a wollfed.eelc' builds a health' heavy -milk -yield cow. y' Beginning Bee -Keeping The best time of the year to begin bee -keeping is in the spring. If Pas - stele the - begi neer before starting should low a visit to other bee -keepers and -:steady the methods to pursue. In his bulletin on "Bees and How to Keep 'Them;" the late F. W. Sladen, Dominion Apiarist, advisesstarting on a 'small•scale, as nothing is so dis- liearrening to the too venturesome as to lose his bees owing to a lack of, e'cperienee. A couple of colonies are sufficient at first, With the gaining of knowledge and'>underrstanding,: ad- ditions can be made. The first outlay need not exceed $25 or $30 if iudg- rent is used: It is well to make the bees, pay their way after, the first outlay. Colonies, complete in their hives, may be obtained " in May, or swerms may be obtained in June or early in July, The former should each give a fair amount of surplus honey or a swarm or two the same season, but a swarm is not likely to produce much honey the first year, unless it is a very early one. The colony or swarm should be fairly populous, and should have a young fertile queen: Be sure that the apiary from which it cames is free from disease, If possible procure the bees in the neighborhood, as death is frequent from unskilful packing' if the bees es are brought from a long dis- tance. Another reason for nearby buy- ing is the less risk of disease from contact, Theseller, will usually assist i in the movingof the bees. If the colonyIs procured in April or; May, there' will be leis risk of loss' than if transported later. A. method of buying bees that has come into. favor is by weight, without "combs, in; boxes. specially constructed for the purpose. Packed with care the bees - will survive a journey' of some iength, lasting several days in fact, and will not be likely to earry brood disease after so long a separation from their combs if the food supplied is free from infection and they are compelled to build new combs. Col- onies should. be moved in autumn ea early spring if the distance is less; than two miles in order to,avoid the return of many of the bees to the old location. Always bear in mind that the successful bee -keeper is the one who has learnt how the bees will ant under various conditions and how these conditions and the actions of the bees. can be controlled. improvement in this respect is shown in the second year compared with the I first. Certifivates are issued for all qualf- fled birds laying no fewer than 150 eggs in 52 eonseeutive weeks, with ad vanced e rtifieates for birds that lay lover 225 eggs in the same period, pro- viding the quality of +he eggs is not lower than the grade "specials in the , Canadian standard for eggs and that they average at least two ounces in weight. British Columbia again shows to advantage in the advance qualifica- tions, wish Ontario and Quebec fol- lowing, with new Brunswick fourth, and Saskatrchiewan and Pkince Ed ward Island tying. In British Coi- umbit, 96 Single Comb White Leg- horns granted advanced certificates, averaged 238.32 eggs per bird in the 52 weeks.; 42 Wyandottes, 242.17 per bird, and 25 Barred Plymouth Rocks, 241.17 per bird, In Ontario 44 ad- vanced Leghorns laid an average of 245 eggs per bird, .in the 52 weelca, 27 Plymouth Rocks 234.16 Per. bird, and 18 Wyandottes 233.13 per bird. In Quebec 10 advanced Plymouth Reeks averaged 235:2 eggs per bird, -and 6 Rhode Island Reds 235.3 per bird. Grading of Hogs. The maintenance of Canada's ex- port lacca trade will dept.ntt to a great extent on an adequate supply of hogs of the right type for conver- tion into first quality r t bacon. As an inducement to farmers to breed and feed that type a .premium will be paid for hogs that grade a "select." The grading of hogs. is - expected to com- ;menee at an early date in accordance with the standardt:reeommended at the recent conference of producers, packers and Dominion and Provincial departmental officials, held in Ottawa under the auspices of the Dominion Department of Agriculture. Official. graders will be stationed at stock- yards, abattoirs, and other points where necessary, and a minimum premium of 10 per cent. •will be paid by the packers for hags suitable for the production of select bacon. The difference in price between the grades I'of live hogs, other than "Select Bacon" and "Thick Smooth" hogs, will be de- termined by supply and demand. The "Select Bacon" and "Thick Smooth" standards adopted were as follows: Select bacon hogs—Jowl and shoul- der light and smooth; back from neck to tail evenly fleshed; side long, med- ium depth, dropping straight from back, ham full, good• •general finish, no excess fat; weight 160 to 210 lbs. ` Thick smooth hogs --Not conform- ing to Wiltshire standard; but of smooth fleshing and finish; weight460 to. 210 lbs. The grading will be carried on under the direction of. the Live Stack ofen-Ith of the. Department by com 1,wtent officers appointed for the‘pur- pose: Poultry Performance Record. That the Record of Performance in egg -laying, established by the Poultry Division of the Dominion Live Stock Branch, is appreciated is indicated by the increase both of breeders and en- tries for 1920-21 compared : with the number entered in 1919-20. - - In- the latter year the entries were 67 breed- ers and 4,436 birds and in the fee -,trier :1 breeders and 7,511 birds. Quebec shows, according to the second report just issued, the largest increase in the number of breeders, and Ontario and British Colunnbla show the greatest increase in birds entered. The re- port indicates that the breeds most favored by British Columbia are Leg- horns and Wyandottes, and by Ontario Leghorns, Plymouth Rocks and Wyan- dotte.. Quebec's fancy is for Ply- mouth Rocks and Rhode Island. Reds. New Brunswick, Prince Edward Is- land and Saskatchewan also favor Plymouth Rocks. British Columbia stands well ahead in the number of birds qualified for the record, On- tario coming second, Quebec third, and Saskatchewan fourth. Considerable -- rJ A Durable Exterior White- wash. To make a durable whitewash for outside 'surfaces combine fifty pounds of + hydrated dimeor thirty-eight pounds of quicklime, with three pounds of sodium phosphate, or the same amount of soda ash may be used, and five pounds of casein with nine and: 'a half gallons of water. This whitewash is easiest prepared by dis- solving the casein in the sodium phos- phatesolution and then adding this to the milk of lime after the latter .has become -cold. Jim Crow -And How to Treat Him A Simple Way to Get Rid of a Big Nuisance Like most outlerees, the notorious Jim Crow has some points that are commended among law-abiding citi- zens, but when he is a bad bird he is a hard-boiled egg. His springtime ravages on the cornfield 'are' very largely responsible for his unsavory reputation, but he has added to it by occasional raids on the poultry yard, depredations on wild birds, and at- tacks on crops other than corn. At certain seasons and in certain locali- ties he becomes such a nuisance and a detriment to fanning that he must be warned by making .an example of some members ,of his gang. Jim is only about half bad, and be- cause of his better half, which does not mean his wife, who is just as black as he is, it is not advisable to treat him too harshly. Nearly one- fifth of his food is made up of insects, and he includes ;on his menu some of the farmer's worst enemies—grass- hoppers, caterpillars, and white -grubs and their parents, the May beetles. Probably we could not get along so well without Jim Crow as with him. Killing off the whole family, if that were possible, would, be a shortsight- ed policy. So while we recommend the poisoning of crows, this measure should be looked' upon merely as a warning to Jiro and his family that, they have been going too far and tlhat they can't get away with every- thing. They are wary enough not to need many repetitions of the lesson, at least not in one season. Every spring farmers revive their old feud with the Jitn Crow family, carrying on a desultory battle by means of soareerows, epithets, and the more effective deterrents of coal tar 'and poison, Coal tar, which may be secured eit gas plants •arid sonic paint shops is not a poison, but it ire parts a disagr•ewable gassy odor to the seed grain that is distasteful to rrowi and other pests, It has the advantage, not possessed by sorer othee deterrents on the market, of not affecting the germination of the corn when used in limited' quantities. A tablespoonful is used to a half bushel of seed. The grain is first heated by an applica- tion of warm water, and then drained. The coal tar is added immediately and ia : thorough 'stirring will give each kernel an even coating. The seed is schen spread out to dry or is dried by the .addition ' of sifted ashes, land. plaster, or powdered earth. The best deterrent, however, is strychine, which may be applied to corn in a paste made up in the propor- tion of one ounce of powdered strych- nine, two tablespoons of starch, and. one and . one-half pints of water to twenty quarts of corn. The starch and strychnine are put into the water, which is heated to boiling, and stirred well when the starch begins to thick- en. This paste 1s poured on the corn and stirred into it until thoroughly distributed. The corn is spread to dry and is then ready to use, This method is better than the old one of -steeping the earn in a strong strychnine„ solution. Because of their wariness it will not be possible to kil1 many of the crows, but a little of this poisoned corn scattered over the field of sprouting corn will get a few of them and the rest will take the warn- ing and leave, 'Using whole corn for bait lessens the danger of poisoning smaller seed -eating birds Caro should be•taken'pot to distribute the poisoned grain neat the farmbuilding's where domestic : animals might pick it ul. The crows usually do their corn. pull- ing some distance frem the lsrriltl•- ings. Before going ahead with poieoning operatione winch involve the rlirr',en. i ct p isen it is always ativiyteirle to' Lek r.: r1 news a1tr9 local rntltll.nttorirs rr•,, g r°rny the distribution of Is! on.. 1,n: it c ndiitiota may ie edify pxactlet?,e este;;' deal, (eye iail,7 in thickly I::17L.l,:eel /061(.Iid, TheTolacc�of Quality 1. 2 LB.TINS and in packages Baby's First Year Diet More and more, the departments of public health are offering to the peo- ple, free of 'all trouble and expense, practical health suggestions founded on the "safe and sane" conclusions of aceredited specialists.' We reproduce herewith a bulletin which gives the diet for the first year of a baby's life. The best food for`th•e baby is breast milk. The best substitute for breast m• ilk is modified cow's milk. If the baby cannot have breast milk, consult a doctor and follow his direc- tions. Be regular .in feeding the baby. Do not feed the baby between rneaIs Give the baby cool' not cold boiled water between meals, Time Table for Feeding Normal Infants. Day Night Age feedings feedings 2nd to 7th day, Every 2 hours, 2 2nd to 3rd week, Every 3 hours, 2 4th to 6th week, Every 3 hours, 2 7th wk to: 3 mths, Every 3 hours 2 3rd to 6th mths, Every '3 hours, 1 5th to 7th mths, Every l hours, 1 7th to 12th mths, Every 4 hours, 1 Foods Other Than Milk For. Baby, Six Mont'hs—In addition to breast' milk or modified cow's milk give the baby 1 to 3 teaspoonfuls of strained fruit juice between the morning feeds ings. ; Fruit juices allowed: orange, prune and cooked apple juice. Eight Months—Gruel or strained cereal (well cooked), 2 to, 3 table- spoonfuls, maybe given with morn- ing feeding. Nine Months—Increase strained fruit juice to 2 to 3 tablespoonfuls. Give -)between morning feedings. Fruit juices allowed: orange, prunes and cooked apple juice. Ten to Twelve Months—Broth made from chicken, lamb or beef, beef juice, 1 tablespoonful at first, gradually in- creasing` to 8 tablespoonfuls; yolk of soft -cooked egg, and, if teeth have ap- peared,, a small piece of crisp dry bread, or toast or rusk may be added tothe diet Give at second morning feeding. Broth and egg should.' be given on enervate days. Average weight for child at twelee months, 20 to 21 pounds. Note: -3 teaspoonfuls = 1 table spoonful. 2 tailespoobfuls = 1 ounce. 16 tablespoonfuls = 1 cup. 1 cup 8 ounces. All measurements should be_ •level. Thinks It Better to Keep Up Grain. Dairymen differ in opinion as to the practicability of continuing the grain ration after the cows. are turned out to pasture. It has been our ex- perience that it pays to keep the grain up, and especially with heavy - milking cows. There are cows in every herd that are beginning to decline in milk flow as .they are turned out -to pasture These cows I do not con- sider profitable to grain, but as a rule cows do much better and hold up longer on their milk flow if given a liberal grain ration even on good pas- ture. Early spring pasture is highly eueculent and for a short time will produce an increased milk flow, but as the season wanes the supply gradu- ally becomes insufficient "to insure maximum milk production. Heavy m.ilch cows, to produce a profitable , flow of rniik during the pasture months, amould receive some 'concen- trated feed to balance up the pasture. --L. R. Whim is no .guide to food needs, especially for children. Youngsters can -be taught to like the foods good for them. Parents. as Educators Nature for Children—By Edith M. Patch. Mystery and Surprise. A tied pack- age or a locked room or a smut drawer has an attraction for a child ;because it contains something unknown and stimulating to his curiosity. ' Any mye. story faseinates him, and most at all the mysteries of life itself. 'Fortunate- ly he is surrounded by miracles ,that he can watch, for life is everywhere abundant. The mystery of a plant, with roots and leaves and blossoms sealed within a tidy box called a seed or folded in a tightly wrapped brown parcel called a bulb; or the secret that the cocoon holds, from the remarkable. creature that spun itself inside to the same creaturewonderfully trans formed, that will make its way out; or the egg under the patient breast of old biddy, from which the new .biddy breaks. its way into a'larger world than the locked shell, are natters such as the questioning mind can pry into. with no harm to its own healthy .,grow- th. To .see n life developing is an ex- perience stimulating to knowledge and imagination .alike, and one which iq easlly within reach of any child.' Per a country ,Chills can rather sends from the fields and sow thein, or trans. - plant bulbs to a wild -flower garden of hie own; while a city Child can dis- eever the curious Ihabfts of a tprout "inti" bean er find out what beautiful green euerribee of the lily faintly is hidden within. an: onion bulb, .joy' to be bed with aitrdon fie bigger than g' a, handful of dirt in vegetable can.. ,a. , The I rtes e1ts and Cytrrripainisrnzrltill. faithful mere of a pets, whe-lilwz' it be r a inlarr,i<'Glnrzt warn oncrw as' seed, zti eater - phlox that will rine day be a butterfly, er a chicken that loses its fluffy down and sprouts funny feathers that look like tiny paint -brushes, will awaken an interest in the thing watched and tended,' which will grow into a sense of companionship in its presence. Many an otherwise lonely hour is eased in some such simple way- If we grown-ups are prone to overlook the importance of such a possession, the child's own estimation of its value conies home to us with starting il- lumination, now and then, as was il- lustrated by the Ismail boy who took his treasures to a dearly loved neigh- bor whose husband had recently died. "Aunty," he said earnestly, "I've (brought you my tadpoles 'cause I thought „you'd be lonesome." Responsibility, •The interest in one life, intimately watched, naturally reaches out to other live things not so near, The bird in the butsh, the whistling way' of some wing in the air, the boppy tracks of a rabbit in the snow, the friendly squirrel in the park --become matters for sympathetic gattention,—a feeling that, if rightly guided, develops into a proper sense of responsibility for decent treatment' of .bird and beast and blossom doomed to dwell with us on this' earth and in need of protection against the tithe less hand of man. . Free Instruction. in this sch edi, en. g p richin the pleasure of the child and making hien a. broader -minded denizen of the world, tuiti n is free to all for. the teacher, Mother Nature, charges no •fees ane, her 1essons may be read 4 1 v any rhild can or old who patch . y ry g r yr , es well.