HomeMy WebLinkAboutZurich Herald, 1921-08-18, Page 7•
IN ROT WA
EA`1.iIriElt YOUR :'.1'Itt.�'S NEED WATCHING.
There are many hot weather ail -
:Monts to which the automobile is. sae-
ceptiblee Certain forms of tire
trouble sometimes come in the good
old summertime which might not oc-
cur !in eooler weather, If the tires are
inflated to too high h .a pressure the car
rides as 'though equipped with solid
rubber, rather th,eti pneumatic tires'.
In addition to the discoanfoet to pas-
sengers, there is excessive rattling
,of a:l parts of the -oar, the heavy vi-
bration loosening nuts- and bolts and
tending to shale tha entireear to
pieces. When rounding a curve, if the
'read is somewhat rough,, the car has
a strong tet dency toward going side-
-Mee, like. a ,crab, and there is eddi-
•bi•oma1 danger of skidding en .smooth,
wet pavements.
A lot of this sort of trouble can be
:avoided by not keeping the tire prey-
sure quite as high in hot weather as
in cold. Oon.siderable heat is gen-
•e•ated by .rolling a tire over the
ground. This heat expands the air
in the tire olid increases the pressure.
In the winter -tune this heat is ab-
•soibed to :a large extent by the: eold
atmosphere and the. cold, .wet pave-
ments; therefore the pressure does
neat vary so much. In the summer the
roads are very hot, the atmospheric
temperature is high and the heat, gen-
erated by friction, ie not carried off
to any appreciable extent.
` On a recent grip I'nobiced the car.
Teas riding harder thanusual. I test-
ed the tires and found they were above
normal in pressure. Afber duetting out
some of the air the car rode easier.
Difference of Twelve Pounds.
To find out just what the difference
underinfiation than by overinflation,
because the former breaks down the
side walls- of the tire thro,agh rutting
flat, yvhile overinflation usually causes
a blow-out only when the tiro is weak
at some point. This feet Must be
taken 'into cowls cleration,` and fear this
reason 'ease must be exercised in
whatever ,allowance ie matte in tire.
preesure on account of the summer
heat. It weeld.'be a. gaod practice,
however,in hot 'weather to leave the
garage with the tire pressure about
ten pounds less than that usu'ally
specified as being normally correct.
Try It Out for Yourself.
It would also be a good practice for
the driver to teeset out his tires after
running ' at a good clip on a hot day
to find out for himself just how his
particular tires react to the heat. A
little of such experimenting will soon
indicate to 'him just about what allow-
ance he should make for hot 'weather
in the inflation of his own tins.
The question of tire inflation may
be a question of siaerificing a little on
the life of a tire in order to secure a
greater' amount of comfort in riding.
Frantically every owner of a scar
would be unwilling to use a substitute
for gasoline, even though the substi-
tut@ were cheaper or even though it
gave a greater number of miles per
gallon, if the result -were going to be
Lack of smoothness in the running of
the engine. And while it cannot be.
taken for granted that a little less
air in the tires. makes them wear out
much faster, if at all, even if this
result were sure to obtain,' the added
,comfort secured would doubtless be
worth more to the owner of the car
than whatever :little extra cost there
might be involved.
` For all-around comfort it is logical
' to conclude that a slight decrease in
pressure in hot weather as desirable.
Certainly this procedure cannot dam_
age to tires to any considerable ex-
, because after a few miles. of
drivnig in warm weather the pressure
will equal that recommended by the
most exacting manufacturer 'of tires,
and any overheating due to this cause
would be a matter of very short dura -
don.:
Use Compton Sense.
In fact, Iehayse known of some tire
salesmen whoeare quite insistent upon
a eeatain preesuxe being maintained,
in the tires alley sell, and yet who
make it their in'variabl'e practice to
deflate their tires about^ten pounds in
hot , weather. These salesmen cel•
e l - want the greate.t possible tr2•e
3s oto "safe foflow`"`thei-r
, ;,ttiilea;ge. �t conception' •of a. combination of mile-
age; safety ...and. comfort. This as
amply using .common . siense 'm'etho'ds
in regard to tires in the: good old
summertime.
in pressure would be, I tools the pres--
sure of each tire the next morning be-
fore leaving the garage. After rolling
about forty miles at' .an average speed
of twenty-five miles an hour I took
the pressure again. It 'had increased
about tw'el've po�und,s in each tire.
Manufacturers of fabric tires insist
bleat their tires he kept inflated in ac-
cordance with 'their specifications. If
this he done, however, in 'hot weather
especially, the tires have very little
resileeney; and dissoer:fort and +some -
tunes• even danger,. to the tenden-
cy of the ear to walk off the road, is
the result. This, no doubt, in �a large
measure, accounts for the popularity
of the cord tire+, in which ,coausider-
ably leas pressure naay :be maintained
•it"hot t damage teethe tire.,
Of course it is generally known that
More fabric tires are damaged le.
How It Worked Out.
Mrs. Brown was tired of the borrow-
ing propensities of her neighebor,: Mrs.
Smith First, it was some household
utensil she wanted, then some. small
article•' of grocery. The other day a
knock came to Mrs. Brown's door. It
was Mrs, Smith's little girl. "Please
mothers wants• to know," she said, "if
you will lend her some pepper and the
big flat iron? Mrs. Brown was de-
termined to stop her neighbor's- bor-
rowing. `Tell your mother I've got
other fish to fry,',. she snapped, and
the little girl went away. It was not
long before, she came back. "Please,
mother wants to know if you'll lend
her some cf the fried flsehi."
In•Kind.
In many of the rural districts where
money does not circulate witch' great
rapidity, services, are pair for "in
kind." Farmers; for example, will give
potatoes, eggs, etc., in payment for
debts. A young surgeon; who had oc-
casion to operate in one of these dis-
tricts, hopefully approached the hus-
band of the patient and asked for his
fee, which amounted to $100. "Dec,"
said tale old pian, "I haven't much
ready cash on hand. Suppose you let
me pay yon in kind." "Well, I guess
that will be all right," replied the
young doctor, cheerfully. "What do
you deal in?" "Horse -radish, doc," an-
swered the old man.
World's Most Wondrous Canal
When the Panama Canal was open-
edabout seven years, ago, there seem=
ed. little likelihood that it would ever
be inadequate for the world's com-
merce, but experts are agreed now
that it will have: to be widened or sup-
plemented by another canal,
• The weight of opinion is in favor of
cutting another waterway, not at Pa
name, but along the Nicaraguan route
—from Greytown, in the Atlantic, to
San Juan del Sur, in the Pacific, via
Lake Nicaragua. The total length of
the new ,canal would be .one hundred.
and eighty;three miles.
Begun in 1882, and opened in 1914,
the Panama Canal consists. of about
twelve utiles of sea level and thirty-
one miles. of locks and canals. In the
sea -level sections the width is 500 ft.,
and in the other portions it ranges at
' bottom from 300 ft. to 1,000 it,
To cut through from ocean to ocean
necessitated the removal of 262,133,000
cubic yards of soil, and the continuous
working of one hundred and cue.
steam navvies, each of which could.
lift ten tons of material at a tithe.
Huge locks• had to be constructed.:
In all, there are twelve, arranged in
pairs, with forty-six gates, containing
60,000 tons: •of steel, The concrete
used in the locks 'totalled 4,500,000
cubic yards,
One of the most difficult parts of the
work was the Culebra Cut, a great
gasta, • about twelve miles. in length,
through the Culebra hills, When the
cutting w•a:s made at the ordinary
slope, there were such enormous land -
elides that the Fretich engineers
abandoned the job in despair.
The Americans, on taking it up, out
a deeper aird wider channel, but the
slides continued, and fleets of extor-
tions dredges„ each capable of remo'v
laig 10,000 tons of material a day, could
not keep pace with them. Indeed,
when the shovels removed more soil
than had slipped down, maters were
no ,better, because material began to
rise from the bottom of the cutting
just as if it -were being pushed up by
hydraulic. power.
In the end the difficulty was over -
acme, but only temporarily. Since the
canal has been opened the cut has filled
up freciuently, the soil on one aceasion
rising to a height of sixteen feet above
the water level,
'l he greatest single work in ilta cats -
al is the Gatun Dana, which is an mama
MOUS barrier one and a half miles in
length, half a mile wide at the bottom,
and one, hundred feet wide at the top,
with gates in the middle capable of
discharging the overflow at the rate
of 187,572 cubic feet per second. This
structure contains 23,000,000 cubic
yarda of, material. •
The human side of making the Pa-
nama Canal is a romance in itself. At
one time forty thousand persons were
ozwammsgaand the Worst is yet to Cis e
Abentures Itoe Unho
Courting Death in Search of Nature's Secrets,
The spirit of adventure is abroad an altitude the rarefaction of the alt
again.
Instincts which had to remain dor-
mant during the war are reviving. The
causes insomnia, loss of appetite, an4
rapid acceleration of the heart's beats:
Movement becomes difficult, and yet
Vast Unknown is calling. Its earliest the last four thousand fest of the
maaaieestation was the recent tremen- mountain will probably eall for the
dous development of spiritualism. ' hardest labor.
What is there in 'the Great Beyond? ! A Two Years' Task.
What becomes of us when we reach I Every preparation that science can
it? devise has been made for this new ex -
Now men are turning thele attention editionBut it Is possible for erten
to .the more material side, What sec- p
rets `does Nature yet withhold from us to overco,me the limits set by Nature?
on landon sea; anti ill the air? Great Experts: differ as to whether success
uneliarted, waters, mountains so High .will be achieved or not. At all events,
thhg ver nit cannot be accomplished in less than
ed
at thenom, islandsumanbeinfoundhas and elest againciiib, +'two years, Already one of the party,
submerged continents, mysteries of Dr. ICellas•, has died on the journey::
animal and bird existence—here In third baud of British explorers
abundance is scone for the bold ad- has gone to investigate the wonders
venturer who counts everything, even of Nature in Spitsbergen, a group of
his own life, well lost if he can add islands lylug in the Arctic Acean be-
tween Franz Josef Land and Green
land. What were once thought to he
vaiuelese• waters in Western Spitzber-
to the store of human knowledge.
The Men That Britain Breeds.
Such men have never been wanting gen are now, owing to British enter
in Great Britain. Cook, Bruce, Liv prise, yielding large quantities of coal;
flagstone, Scott—our history is full of This tune attention has been turned
the names of brave Britons who, with to the eastern section of the islands,
the Call of Romance •in their ears, and scientists from. Oxford University
leave faced risks of the utmost peril. i are examining the habits of almost un
Without them the British Empire— known Arctic birds and certain forms
even the world itself --would not have
been what it is to -day.
Ever since the Phoenicians, nine
Jy.
u� w: centuries before Christ, navigated the
��� i Mediterranean, passed through the
Straits of Gibraltar, and founded col-
oniestit in Asia Minor and Africa, the
C(Itft9iOr•- ! work of 'exploration. has continued
—y' Exploration has removed to some ex
HIGH STANDARD OF
FARM PRODUCTION
CANADA WINS PREMIER.
AWARDS FOR WHEAT.
Survey Proves Dominion Pro-
duces the Finest Crops of f
Cereals in the World.
Frequent articles in the public press
have dealt with Canada's international.
victories in carrying off the premieir
awards for the production of qualit
wheat on the American continent con-
sistently for the past ten years, as well
as the greater 7aurnber of the honors
for oats and barley. The oisitention
in these collated facts is that' Canada
produces cereals which areeSeconele to
none the world over, and in the face • of
the evidence there isno'gainsaying
this.
Whs r
il•'tCo
"'lada comes' into even cane`
.•
petition with the world in the quality
of her agricultural produceof all
kinds, and can grow on her fertile
farms crops of the 'highest grade, she
is unable as yet to enter into compari-
son in the matter of total production..
A vast portion of her rich agricultural
land, amounting to many millions of
acres, and forming potentially one of
the world's great farming areas, is
undeveloped and awaits settlement
and the plough before producing to
capacity in the manner that has made
the quality of Dominion crops famous.
Canada can, however, come into ac-
tive competition with other countries -
largely agricultural, the United
States', for example, with respect to the
fertility of her land, its growing quali-
ties and those -of the Canadian climate
and farming season. Compared as to
average production, she makes a very
fine showing. A comparison between
Canadian and United States produc-
tion for the •past three years shows
that Canada has maintained a high
standard in all the crops she culti-
vates, and has in the majority of cases'
exceeded the average achieved by the
older producing country.
The Centre of Wheat Production.
It is not so long ago since agricul-
turalists scoffed at the idea that it
would be possible to grow wheat pro-
fitably in Canada. Canadian farmers
answered this by taking most of the
premier honors for this crop at inter-
national exhibitions. Not only that,
but it is apparent that the Dominion
preserves a higher average production
throughout the country in both spring
and winter carieties than the United
States, taken as a whole. In the year
1920, when the production of spring
and winter wheat in the United States
was 10.8 and 15.3 bushels per acre re-
spectively, Canada secured an average
of 14 and 24 bushels. In the previous
year, 1919, with a United States prop
duction of 8.8 and 14.9 bushels, Cana-
da's average yields per acre were 9.50
and 23,75. To go back another year,
they compared 16.2 and 15,2 as against
10.75 and 19..00 the United• States ob.
engaged uppn it—enough, if lined up tattling a greater average yield of
and touching hands, to form a living
link between the Atlantic and the Pa-
cific -and among the workers was, dis-
tributed a large proportion of the cost.
of construction, which amounted to,
about $500,000,000.
One can •realize that the new canalfallen slightly behind the United
will be a ,stupendous undertaking, and States in overage production per acre.
one which will call for brilliant en -1 Whereas in 1920 her average procluc-
gineeaing skill as well as an enormous' tion was 33,50 bushels per acre, that
expenditure of time and money. of the United States was 35 bushels.
But that it will be a commercial sue., In the previous year, when she pro-
cess cannot be doubted. Tho distance ducecl 26.25 .bushels, farmers across
1
spring wheat in Haat season.
A comparison of the respective
yields of tho,. past -three years in oats
indicates that Canada, although site
secured most of the iaaternati�onal hon
ore for the quality of her product, has
Irons the ends of the Nicaraguan Can , the line managed to achieve 29. vo 4) usr• 1
al to San Francisco and New York will ; els. Iia the year 1918 the yields stood
he five. hundred miles aborter than '. ;t 34.7 and 28.75 with the United
from the ends of. the Panama, Canal, States in the ascendency: The same
and in connection with the facilitation' slight differences recorded in barley,
of transport it is good business to the average yields being 25,6 and men workers in proportion to the
spend millions fol the sake of saving 24.75; 22.4 and 21..75; 26.3 and 24.50. population than any other country fie the Duke' of the Abruzzi, Everest
iiitnute3, 1 But when we pass ora to other agri the W rl'd. towers 20,000 ft, in height, sit such
cultural production, the comparisons
read differently, and, with few excep-
tioes, Canadian farms are found to
out -yield these of the United States.
In rye for instance, when the average
yields per acre over the United States
during the years 1920, 1919 and 1918
were .respectively 13.7, 12.5 and 14.2,
Canada obtained harvests which
brought her averages up to 17.50,
13.50 and 15.25.
Buckwheat, Flax, Hay, etc.
Buckwheat is not raised extensively
in Canada outside of the'Maritime pro-
vinces. Nevertheless, judging by the
tent in cycles: First, there was the
fascinating task of finding what seas
and lands the world contained. When
that had been accomplished broadly,
men began the task in detail, and we
had such discoveries as that of the
north-west passage to India. Then
came the quest for the North and
South Poles, veritable magnets of
death—until Man triumphed at last,
In most of these enterprises Britons
have played a leading part. The un -
comparable ,spirit.which spurred them
on is as strong and virile as ever. Its
new phase is a desire for scientific
knowledge of unknown forms of life in
of marine life. A special study will be
made of the beautiful birds called the
grey pharalope and the purple sand-
piper. The males of these species
build the nests, sit on the eggs, tend
the young—in fact, except that they
do not lay the eggs, they are the
"mothers' 'of the family.
This visit by leading scientific mea
has all kinds of romantic possibilities.
The eastern islands have never beer,
explored thoroughly. Who knows but
that they may contain some precious
mineral which will transfer them in.tc
a new El Dorado?
Woman Among Cannibals.
Unaccompanied, and in search of
unusual' material for her next. travel
book, Mrs. Charlotte Cameron, F.R.-
G.S., has left Sydney for the islands
of New Guinea. This intrepid author-
ess proposes to extend her stay for
some months in a region where can-
nibals acre not unknown, and is hope -
last three years' respective praduc- lands already discovered. ful of discovering an uncharted island
tions, Canada can grow this crop more At the present time four greatin the South Seas. Then, it was only
profitably than farmers across the iu-1 schemes. of exploration are in British
hands. The most important of these
is that undertaking by Sir Ernest
Shackleton. y
No one will be able to read the de
tails of the wonderful journey to be few weeks ago news was received that
begun shortly by this famous explorer the expedition under the leadership of
without Peeling the blood course more Mr. John L. Cope had landed in. Ant
quickly through lois veins. *mance,
erotica, and begun its five years' pil-
adventure, danger; the solving of sec grimage amidst the coldest winds that
rets never yet probed—the mere con- blow.
atien 9t it.allei intoxicating.; Surely, it may. b . thought, when'ea. •
ml Y, y. e g
Lost Island.of the Pacific. these missions of adventure ha -se been
-
Lost
boundary. In 1920 Cana-
dian farms secured an average produc-
tion. per acre of 23.75 bushels, whilst
United States farmers reached a yield
of only 18.9 bushels. In 1919 Canada's
average ° yield was 23.50 bushels
against that of 20.6 across the line.
Again, in 19181 a comparison is found
to 'be in Canada's favor with 20.75
bushels against -1:.5 bushels.
;In the production of flaxseed in 1920,
the United Stafes grew an average of
6-2 bushels to the acre as against
Canada's 5.60, but in the .year 1919
Canada had the slight advantage of
recently that Mrs. Rosita Forbes, the
Englishwoman who, disguised as a na-
tive, penetrated into the secret oasis
of the Sahara desert, returned from
her perilous adventure. And, but a
hi aptly named:the Quest—up
thewerld' will have given
In a shipup all its secrets! Nothing of the
a vesel small enough to be swallowed kind. There are parts of Canada yet
5:00 against 4.9. There would appear u pin one of the finials of the Acqui
to be no doubt left as to the greater tania—Sir Ernest and his band of
suitability of Canadian land to potato scientists will embark on a voyage of
production after a servey of the son- thirty thousand aisles in the Atlantic,
parative figures• of production. Against pacific, and Polar seas.
the . United States average of 109.6 He will explore a- petrified forest in
South Trinidad; visit Gough Island,
in the Atlantic, where an effort will be
made to ascertain whether there is a
submerged connection between Africa
and America: and sail in Antarctic
waters south of South Africa through
which no ship has passed for ninety
bushels, to the acre last. year, Canada
produced 170.50. Her yield in 1919
was 153.50 against the 90 bushels
reached across the line. When the
United States produced 95.9 bushels in
1918, Canada achieved 142 bushels.
Slight divergencies only are ob-
served in the bay yields of the two 3 ears.
countries, both in the tame and wild This last named adventure will pro -
varieties. Taking the average of all vide him with nearly four thousand
the hay produced, the United States (miles. of unexplored seas. He will ciis-
secured a slightly higher production int cover new islands and gulfs, perhaps
1920. when the yield per acre was 1.34' volcanoes; and, perchance, animals
ton against Canada's 1.30 ton. The ad- never yet seen by man. Making his Secrets of the Sea.
way to the Weddell Sea, he will look `e Then there are the illimitable noon's
for new whaling stations in the South of our oceans. Man knows nothing of
Sandwich Islands and South Georgia. these. He can go no deeper in his
Turning east, he will land on the submarines than 300 ft, below the stir -
Bouvet and Heard Islands, and it is
possible that he will find traces of the
southern fur seal, now almost extinct.
Next, Sir Ernest—whose second in
command, Commander Ward, Is a des-
cendant of Captain Cook on his math-
er's side—will go to New Zealand, and
from there to the Pacific, where it is
intended to seek a lost island—Tunaki.
A search will be made for Dougherty
Island, and, if possible, a landing will
be made upon it to ascertain whether
it could be used to assist wireless com-
munication between New Zealand and
South America. The return home af-
ter this extraordinary voyage will be
made by way of Cape Horn and the
Atlantic.
The Quest is to carry with it a sea-
plane, which will be the eyes of the
expedition. When the ship is in the
ice -packs, the seaplane will ascend and
glean valuable information as to what
is ahead. It will be able to save weeks
of time by ascertaining the curves of
the coast. Thus scientific discovery
leads us forward "irresistibly. Our
conquest of the air is to assist us to
make fresh conquests in the Unknown.
At the Present moment another band
of intrepid Englishmen is attempting
a feat hardly, if at all, less bold. The
object is the climbing of that monarch
of the Himalayas, Mount Everest, the
highest rnouuteln in the world. So
resentful have the natives in the its concenftatioai; prove even more
vicinity been against former attempts satisfactory.
to climb Mount Everest, which they The new drug la,,, nclvantag es, t er
believe to be full of evil spirits, that being ti 9t i a
no white man has been within fifty
quinine, :stimulant Hula nt• rata a than
a depressor, having; no bitter tial.fe and
being suitable for children of invalids.
comparatively unknown. Stefansson
a Norwegian explorer, is at work ie
these parts now,
`There remain to he climbed in the
Himalayas seventy mountains of over
24,000 ft., and over a thousand of 20,-
000 ft. In the Arctic there is, north
of the Behring Sea, an area larger
than Greenland waiting to be explored.
Nobody knows whether it consists cf
land or water.
Parts of Africa are still almost un-
known. The Upper Amazon is almost
'a closed hook, and the sante may be
said of parts of Central Asia. In Jap-
an, again, two new tribes were eii;-
covered in the mountains only lest
year.
vantage is substantially Canada's in
the two previous years, however, with
averages of 1.55 and 1.40 against 1.36
and 1.15.
This comparative survey should be
broad enough and cover a sufficiently
extensive period to for man accurate
estimate' of Canada's merits as an ag-
riculturally producing country. Cana-
da has not only producd the finest
crops of cereals in the world as ad-
duced in the open competitions with
the first farmers of the continent, but
maintains, for the greater part, a
superiority in the average yield of the
crops she produces. Only wanting is
the further growth of settlement upon
her fertile tracts, bringing other mil-
lions of acres to the same fruitful
standard, to give the Dominion the
lead of the world in aggregate produc-
tion.
Tenement Amenities.
Mrs. Clancy was returning from
shopping, and, with the crush and the
high prices, she was in no pleasant
humor. As she approached the door
she saw Mrs. Murphy, who accupied
the street floor, sitting at her window.
"I say, Mrs. Murphy," she called otit
in deep sarcasm, "why don't ye take
your• ugly mug out of the windy an'
put ' your pet monkey in its place?
That'd give the neighbors a chance
they'd like."
Mrs. Murphy was ready for her,
"Well, now, Mrs, Clancy," rhe' re.
tooted, "it was only this months' that
I did .that very thitig, an' the police -
Man came along an' whin he saw the
monkey he bowed and s emited an'
salol, 'Why, Mrs. Clancy, whin did ye
move downstairs?"
The moon us "running away" from
its :calculated:plaice in the sky for
some enimown reason, say the
astronomers.
The United Kingdom has more we -
face of the sea, yet the average depth
of the ocean is 12,000 ft. There are
"pits" in; the sea eveo deeper than
that, and one (in the Pacific) as which
Mount Everest itself mull be swallow-
ed upeasily.
It is seasonable to assume that even
at these enormous depths there is life
—life that could net exist nearer the
surface. What weird foam does it
take? Mian has conquered the air. One
deer he will descend thousands of feet
into the sea and discover the wonder-
ful secrets that are waiting to be re.
vealed. For the Cali of Adventure is
etern al.
New Cure for Malaria Found.
Discovery has been made of an ef•
flcient substitute for quinine in the
treatment of malaria.
A malignant malaria is the curse of
parts of Bengal, in India, and it was
recently learned that the native tribes
use as, medicine for it a tea. merle
from the leaves of a forest trek known
to botanists as Vitex pedi mcularis,
A British anew surgeon, eeperiment.-
ing with it, found that the Malarial
parasite disappeared from the blood
when doses of. the leaf -infusion were
administered. It is hoped that the ac-:
Live principle, when extracted from
the leaves (as quinine is extracted
from cinchona bark) will, because of
miles of the mountain.
What the party will have to endure
no one knows precisely but blinding
snow -storms, deep precipices, and huge
avalanches will be met is certain.
In addition, there is the fact that no
human being has yet climbed higher
than 24,571 ft., which is the record of
100 Per Cent.
jimmy -- "Pa tbor, yesterday et
school 1 minae 100 eta nay studies."
Father- "That was flee; what study
did you make it in?"
,3imnay--';1"fifty ou spelling and 60
on aritluuetio,
•e