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Zurich Herald, 1921-08-04, Page 6n>LI the W� ,$t is ,epi. J ti PROPER CARE OF TIRES, The most flagrant tire abuses, re- sulting in premature blow -outs in casings, are overload, under-iniiatien, overspee`ding; Misalignment of wheels, driving en car tracks and ruts, neglect- ed cuts and improper use of anti-skid devices. A brief detailed discussion of each of these major abuses follows: A11 tires have a load limit. Constant slight or occasional heavy overloads shorten tire life. To determine accur- ately the load carried on a vehicle tire, weigh separately the front and rear wheels and divide each weight by two for the tine load. To this ,can be added weight figures corresponding to the average front or rear passenger load. The maximum actual tire load should not exceed the maximum load carry- ing capacity advertised by responsible tire nranuf.aeturers. Proper inflation is as important as proper loads. Tires are not built to take the place of steel springs or of shock .absorbers. Under -inflation re- sults in en unnatural flexing on the layers of fabric which causes separa- ticn and early destruction of the tire caeeess. If easier riding is desired c _rsize tires may be used and such tiles in additian to furnishing extra rccaiency, give more traction on rear) w1: -els and supply greater mileage. However, 'aversizing tires requires ,a readjustment of the speedometer, otherwise the recorded distance will be less than that actually traveled. Keep Same Pressure. Do not change inflation pressures with changes in atmospheric tenepera- cure, since more damage results from endeavoring to compensate for an in- crease in the tire temperature than is caused 'by the increase in temperature itself. Avoid running on a flat tire. Such practice ruins the tube and breaks the casing at the bead or sidewall. If you collect automobile racing sta- tistics, you will find that the average life of a high-grade tire on a racing car is under 500 miles—which is about one twentieth of the life of a tire operated under ordinary conditions. This difference in tire service is due directly to a difference in heat de- veloped. Heat exerts a deterioratingeffect on vulcanized rubber in proportion to the intensity and length of time the rub - leer is exposed to it. 'Phe source of heat that does ;most ;damage is that pro- duced 'at ro-duced:at high running speed by the internal friction ' of the tire carcass. The heat ,developed by frictional 'Contact with the road when :traveling rapidly also bas some influence. Tires are so designed as to resist the effects of heat produced by ordinary every- day car operation. But tires cannot long remain intact when highly heat- ed by continuous or even intermittent speeding, and the results of such prac- tice are rapid loss of elasticity and flexibility which leads to complete tire carcass break down. From the stand- point of tire life, mechanical upkeep and ,gasoline economy, car speeds should be kept within prescribed limits. r -.J P. On Wheel Alignment. Among factors which have an inti- mate relation to tire mileage is wheel alignment. Tuve free rolling motion of a tire is affected by a small wheel mis- alignment and the result is excessive tread wear. When the two opposite Wheels are not parallel there is a diagonal grind at the point where the tires come in -contact with the road surface which wears off the rubber a1 - most as fast as if in contact with an emery wheel. Front wheels may be out of align- ment due to •cross rod axle, br steering knuckle becoming bent by contact with a curb or some other obstruction, or thecross road or knuckle may be im- properly adjusted. Also the tire alone or the tire and rim may be improperly mounted on the wheel. Because of the tendency of front wheels to spread during driving, •oar manufacturers set the wheels at a toe - in of from three-eighths to one-half inch and, when thus adjusted the wheels are properly aligned. The measure- ments showing these differences should. be made between the felloes of the two front wheels et points inside and on a level with the axle. Align- ment or the toe -in of the wheels should, not be confused with dish, which is setting the wheels further apart at the tour than at the bottom. Frequently ,checking wheel alignment saves tire wear. It is a factor that should not be neglected. Why the Sun is Yellow. All this summer's glorious sunlight: is composed of .different colors and waves of varying lengths. The long- est waves. are red, after which come orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. These combined give a white light, such as we see ordinary light; to be. At the sun itself, however, it is cer- tain that large numbers of light -waves arestopped before they can emerge to our sight. Many of the short -length and weak- er ones, for example, are not strong enough to get any farther from the sun's interior than some thousands of miles below the surface. There they are imprisoned, with the result that we do not see them affect the sun's color in the least. The strong violet and blue are stop- ped only when they have nearly suc- ceeded in getting out, and they, too, are therefore prevented from entering into the sun's color. Altogether,so many of the sun's light rays are unable to escape that in the end we find only the very power- ful red, orange, and green ones com- ing our way. Thus it happens that from the com- bination of these tints we get a yel- low sun. But for all that, we have a narrow escape from having a blue sun. A thumb lost through an accident has been replaced by the patient's big toe, through the skill of a French sur- geon. Built ,f concrete in the middle ^of a lake, a huge relief map of the world is used. to teach geography in a Cali- fornian school. Canada's Indu serial Centres I:evenue in Canada is derived main- ly :'om the exploitation of natural re- sce:^es with agriculture, the products of Lie farm, accounting for the largest item in Dominion income. Industrial progress is, however, a necessary corollary to any national growth, and agricultural settlement he Canada has seen manufacturing activity striding side by side with it as towns have sprung up aver the breadth of the land to meet the extensive demands of the farmer, In the older eastern provinces there are many cities and towns whore industry has come to be the main factor in development and which have an assured future of great Importance in manufacturing. In the newer western provinces, where towns are periodically springing into being with the invasion of the agricultural- ist, industries are as rapidly brought Into existence to meet their multifari- ous wants. Owing to the time taken in compil- ing. and publishing industrialstate - tics, these are at all times consider- ably out of date and the latest avail- able cover only the year 1918, .since which time, in the fever of post -War activity, there has been a consider- able expansion, a feature of which has been. • the remarkable •introduction of So many foreign 'firms into the home field. At the end o4 1918, there were 85,797 manufacturing establishments in Canada with a capitalization of $3,- 034,301,015. These gave employment to 677,787 persons who received the sum of $692,460,863 in •salaries, and wages. The cost of materials used was $1,900,252,314 and the year's pro- duction $3,458,036,075. Some idea of the rapidity of expansion 111 Canada: may be gleaned from a ecmpartsOn of these figures with "those of 1915, at Which time there were 21,306 estab- lishments; a capitalization ef $1,994e 103,272; 514,883• employees•; sa;'ariee. end wages amounting to ,$e89,704,5081 cost of materials, $302,183,862c and w preductio i of $1,407,138,240. A survey of the forty-four principal municipal cities and towns in Canada for the year 1919 shows that there were 12,796 manufacturing establish- ment with a capital investment of $2,- 070,916,944. A total of 514,747 people found employment at wages and salaries of $450,609,582. These plants used $1,291,751,860 worth of materials and had a production. of $2.,346,589,- 994, The city of Montreal leads the Dominion, followed fairly closely by Toronto, and then at some little dis- tance by Hamilton, Ontario, and Syd- ney, Nova Scotia, these cities being the only ones over the hundred million dollars in capitalization. Montreal had $468,401,480 invested' and Toronto $292,945,178. 'These four cities main- tain their respective positions also in regard to production,' Four cities of the Dominion have a capitalization in exces of fifty million dollars, Vancouver With $98,434,309; Winnipeg with, $52,709,029; Sault Ste. Marie with $69,234,987; and Niagara Falls with $51,199,485. A total of ten cities have a capitalization • between twenty and fifty millions; Lachine and Quebec, in Quebec; Weiland; Galt, Peterborough, 'Brantford, Kitchener, Landon and Ottawa, in Ontario; and Calgary in Alberta. Seven. centres,, Sherbrooke; Idut1T, Halifax, Fort Wil- of many cruel reefs', with which toe`. 1iam, Port Arthur, Oshawa and Ford, coast of Cornwall abounds. have industries In which, capital be- The, Eddystone, which is, perhaps, tween ten and twenty millions • is in- the best known of the English light vested. The remainder of the forty, houses, stands •on a rock off Plynsoutlr,:; four centres have an industrial invest- . and has a range of seyenteeii and •.7 meat between five: and ten million dol- half miles. The light on Lundy Isiahl tars. carries thirty miles. Next in point o, Both Montreal and 'Toronto have at carrying distance is the light on tai annual industrial production of more Needles, those sharp -painted rocks al then five hundred million dolilars. the Isle of Wight, This has a rang Relents* and Winnipeg have produc- tions cif aver a hundred.niillions•. Van- couver end 'Sydney .exco54 fifty nal - Hort diel are in taint?' output Seven-. teen titles exceed tWeitty millions and are under fifty millione in production. Only four of t cls 'eniai*iing cities citecd, arse under' `Glib tell!, mill'on 4'f51lar figure itt their atitittal tnditatri�x•i cnitput. 0116 Mee-lie19+on Canadian News Items. Alberta is a favorite location with emigrating Hollanders, according to indications, and mixed farming, to which the province is so adapted, at- tracts them. They have been arriving in some numbers since the spring and settling on the land, -whilst many more are due to arrive this summer: A re- cent party of arrivals numbered sixty- five, practically all being in possession of sufficient capital t'o make an inn mediate start an'farming operations. The experiment of <aseisting. indus- tries by government loans has been successful commercially, according to D. B. Martyn, Deputy Minister of In- dustries for British Columbia, who states that there has only been one failure. Two industries, made possible by government assistance, a woollen mill and a paper roofing company; he cites as outstanding proof of the "ad vantages of provincial government aid. A chain of three look -out statiens"`is to be started in. Northumberland sari,, Glouchester counties on the North" Shore of -New Brunswick, under the direction of then geometric survey of the Dominion. The New Brunswick government will also use these towers to make• observations, in order to pre- vent forest fires, In 1920 forty-seven creameries oper- ated in Saskatchewan produced seven million pounds of butter. Five new. creameries are in course of erection at Yorkton, Aseinaboia, Weyburn, Shaun-„ anon a,nd Empress There is only one HOW FRANCE PAID HUGE RANSOM HER CONTRAST W I T I -I GER- MANY'S INDEMNITY. 50 Years Ago French Nation Completed An Undertaking Unprecedented in History. Germany's payment of the first in- stalment of the indemnity by interest- ing coincidence was made at a date close to the' fiftieth anniversary of France's payment of the first part of the ransom which Germany extorted from her in the "Terrible Year"; and which Bismarck and his colleague Bieichroeder• designed, in their own phrase, to "bleed France white" and permanently cripple her economically, Between the' two indemnities there is a vast and radical difference. In the first place, it is recognized that the. whole sum which Germany isask- ed sk ed to pay is only a fraction of what might justly be demanded of her, since it is only a fraction of the actual loss which she inflicted upon the coun- tries which 'she attacked. But the sum extorted by Germany from France was, .according to Ger- many's own confession and boasting, several times larger than the entire cheese factory in the province, which , cost of the war to Germany. For it produced 28,367 pounds of cheese last was officially reported to the Reich - year. • stag that the total cost of the war to There is a well organized effort this Germany, " taking every conceivable year to revive the growing;of flax in :item into account, was only $278,000, - New Brunswick, especially in the 000. Of the billion dollars extorted northern portion of the province. from France, then, $722,000,000 was Farmers who have previously been clear.profit to Germany. content with a small patch are putting This. was in addition to• the extor in a considerable acreage this• year. tion - Of many millions from the in - Government assistance has been pro- vaded provinces during the war and of nised in the establishment of flax $40,000,000 from the city of Paris to growing in the province. the paying of the cost of maintaining Great interest is beingexhibited th a German army_of , occupation in is summer in oil investigaton and search France `until the last franc was paid, in Northern Manitoba. R. C. Wallace, and, of course, the seizure of two of Commissioner for this territory, as the richest provinces in France. Gee e - the result of preliminary investiga- ducting the $65,000,000 allowed to Ger- dons into the possibilities of oil sup -many for the railroads of Alsace -Lor - plies speaks optimistcally of prospects, raine, it is calculated that France was for development. An oiiical of the compelled to pay to Germany, all told, Dominion Geological Survey is spend fully $1,100,000,000 in gold coin, and ing all summer in that region with a it was required that it should be paid party of men. The Norton, McMillan` 'within two years'. Syndicate is taking a drill into the disw Hoped to Ruin France. trict, whilst the Pas Development and Exploration Company, with a ca ital The other point of difference was p c this,that while now the tallies have. of $2,000,000 and leases of 3,200 acres, is also to, drill there. ,� shaped'their whale policy with re- spect to• the indemnity, to the end that England's Eyes of the Sea. Without the lighthouses erected; around British coasts, and maintained by the oorparatiou `called Trinity House, shops would be in far greater danger while on the sea than they ate now. These lighthouses warn vessels of sunken rocks and jutting headlands, which are a danger to navigation at night time. The Lizard light, whildk 15 the last link between 1;ngand and vessels sail- ing in a westerly direction, is visible for twenty miles, and gives warning • The Whale - at - Wrecked :. hip . A,xx�azing veit>l�r;e With a Sea .. The Danish schooner Anna, on a voyage between Iceland and Now Brunswick, had been twenty days at sea. Several sailors lounged idly on her. deck. Suddenly the attention of the menwas attracted bye, spoilt of water that rose high in the air about three hundred feet away. "A whale!" observed a seaman. The carelessly over the bulwarks and star- carelesiy over the bulwarks and star- ing at the place.where the spout had risen, in the hope of seeing a repeti- tion of the display. "Seems pretty lively," said another man, as the whale came to the surface. "Look, the thing is 'swimming round and round,' as if it diad gone suddenly mad!, A Mad Attack strange The sailors watched the, s g gyrations of the monster with keen in- terest, The Anna was sailing at about four knots and a half an hour, quite close to the leviathan, so that her crew could distinguish every move- ment of the 'enormous creature as it waves, lashing the water with its tail, gaping rent in the ship's bows, and ousterr heard, and the dealt of the schooner' quivered as she heeled right over un' til her port bulwarks almost touched the water, Then, like a sorely -stricken animal, she righted herself. "We're stove in somewhere!" roa.r- ed the captain. "Carpenter, get clown below .and find out the extent- of the damage." When he came on deck again the carpenter's' face was grave. A huge rent had been made in the - ship's' bows, through which the water was pouring in a veritable flood. Quickly the skip- per ordered the men to the pumps. The Victor's Wounds. The whale had suffered se badly as the ship. It lay on the surface of the sea its great body rising and falling with the waves. Blood was pouring in volumes from two rod gashes, one in the head and the other in its side. The ll - water was dyed with red,. and the tell- tale stain on the surface of the sea grew larger every moment, showing that the whale was paying with its life -blood for its extraordinary act. 1Vleanwhile the water rose steadily in the well. The whole afternoon rushed hither and thither through the named in futile attempts to repair the hurling glittering masses of foam high up in the air, and playing -pranks s for all the world like a sportive kitten.' night came'on with the pumps still working steadily. "The water's still rising, sir," said, - The movements of that colossal the carpenter, gloomily. body, twisting this way and that, div- ing. and reappearing, seemed to fascin- ate the men, and they laughed at its curious antics. He laughs• best' who laughs last! As if the whale understood that all this laughter was at its expense, its move- ments became more and more erratic, until they were terrible to behold. The waves were churned into milky -white foam by the furious rushes of the great creature and the passionate lashing of its. tail. Icleanwh'ile the sailors laughed and chatted about the ecentricities of the whale, which showed not the slightest signs of exhaustion. Suddenly, how- ever,. anxiety came into their weather- beaten faces, for without warning the huge mammal, with a mighty rush, came straight for the ship, only sheer- ing .off when quite close. It repeated this disconcerting manoeuvre several times. The Terrible Charge. Presently the captain of the Anna, alarmed at the threatening attitude:of the whale, gave - an order which sent the men hurrying to.their stations, and the schooner soon began to draw away from the scene of the monster's gambols. Seeing the vessel moving off, the whale ceased its circling, and, like a warship intent on . ramming, came straight at the s�eh!ooner, throwing masses of foam to right and left of its massive head. Spurred on by their captain, the ex- cited crew tried in vain, to get the Anna out of the way of that terrible charge. In spite of every effort, how- ever, they failed. With a crash, the monster 'struck the ship, hurling the men off their feet. - A sound of rending timbers could be - such ward from Petrie, But nave came, All that night German financiers re- mained awake, at their desks, ready to respond to an apeal which would give them a mortgage on France, but they remained awake in vain. No message came. With the morning of June 28, how- ever, word came. Not a cent was The captain, by voice and example, urged his men to greater exertions, and they responded gallantly. By this time a gale was howling on all sides of them, whistling weirdly through the rigging, The night passed in a superhuman struggle to keep the vessel afloat— that grim battle hetwe•en man and the elements which is so often fought at. sea. Towards daybreak, however, the of- ficers, after a consultation, agreed that nothing more could'be done. The water was gaining fast, and the ship might founder at any moment. Sor- rowfully and reluctantly the captain gave the order for abandonment. Timely Rescue. Under the first mate's supervision the lifeboat was provisioned and swung out. It was about to be launch- ed when, through the misty light of early morning, they saw the huge bulk of a big vessel. Eagerly the men on board the sinking ship began to shout, and soon their cries were answerer. "Ahoy there! Who are you?" "Thee Anna," cried the Danish cap- tain. "We've a hole staved in our bolus by a whale, and are sinking. Can you take us aboard?". "Right," came the reply. "We're the. Quernmore; et the Johnson, Line, Liverpool." • With eager eyes' the shipwrecked men saw a lifeboat leave the side of the big liner._ At last the boat reached the side of the sinking ship, now rolling sluggish- ly, deep in the water. In an exhaust- ed state the sehconer's crew climbed over the side. As they reached the deck of the big steamer an exclamation made then! turn round in time to see their own unfortunate 'vessel disappear. Shooks for Ships. Even in stormy weather the average height of waves in'mid-ocean does not as a rule exceed thirty or forty feet. Sometimes, however, one enormous, wave makes its appearance, amidst the rest. Why this should happen no one can say. All we know is that a mighty needed from Germany or from any- , mass of water rushes suddenly to - body outside of France, for all over wards, a ship at the appalling speed of France there had been an uprising over one hundred miles, an hour. to meet the emergency. Every thrifty peasant and artisan got out: and open- ed the woolen stocking in which his savings were stored away and offered the contents to the government, if the wave is following her and rushes only it would get rid of the Germans. at her from the stern, she may fail to .Three billions had been asked for. rise, Many a good. ship has gone to The prompt subscriptions totalled 30,- her doom in this way. 000,000,000 in France alone, beside be- These vast mountains of water rise tween five and six billions more from sometimes to a height of more than other countries,. It was such a re- a hundred feet—as high, as the spire of a church. They have ,been known to extinguish the mast -head lights of sailing. ships. Remember Verdun. Sometimes on a perfectly calm day there' will be a sudden troubling of the If the ship can meet such a wave with her bows she will ride over it, though thousands of tons of v: iter may be swept over her decks. But if sponse as had never before been made to any government's request for a loan. Germany shall not be crippled or'pros-In Marcli, 1873, Germany received surface of the sea, and without the trated, but rather,shall be assisted to the unwelcome notification that the htest warning a wave 150 fent Isiah get upon her economic feet again, it fourth billion would not be delayed to slip g a. was the deliberate purpose of Ger- March, 1874, as• provided in the re- many e 'will appear. many'in 1871 to impoverish and crush vised agreement, but would be paid France beyond hope of recovery. on May 5, 1873, and that the fifth and That. former Treaty of Versailles final billion would be forthcoming, not was signdd on February' 26, 1871, and on Mardi 1 it, was ratified by the Na- tional • Assembly at - Bordeaux. Never in history had so heavy a forfeit been imposed upon a beaten power': After Waterloo, in 1815, the indemnity de• Mended from France was only $140,- 0t10,000, and the maintenance of the army of occupation and all other costs. did not bring it above $220,000,000, for pa,yinent of which the time of five years was granted. The financiers and eta'tesmien of France promptly set about devising. ways and means to pay the ransom, but it was not until June 26,1871, that defixitte action was taken. On that 'date the government authorized the ,opeining of subscrij)tions to a loan of $400,000,000, half of which! aWould be of twenty-seven miles': applied to the payment of Germane's Tlie South Fox eland light is vis'ib. claims; The subscription lists were g d '� , for twenty -live miles, and that tit) epetied the next day, June 27. Ger- Ileachy Head twenty-two niiio% Married hien are mote trustees than .single leen, in the ratio of 'C L probably because of their increiu sense of responsibility. many woo e)tpectatit of an. appeal to her, a;t least 'of an invitation to her 'bankers to subscribe to the loan, All day long Bismarck, the Chancellor, and .Baron 131oid1.iroeder, the million. irO' banker, waited eagerly :foe some "Mind Your P's and Q's." on March 1, 1875, but before the end The expression "Mind your P's and of 1872. Q's,' arose in the printing house, That final $50,000,000 was paid an where the small "p" and "q" in Raman September 5, 1872,. 'Eight days later type have always confused the print- the Germans reluctantly' eve -crated' er's apprentice on account of their Verdun, and three days afterward the similarity in appearance when the last German soldier marched across type is mixed or "pied." the frontier and France was free from For this reason, one of the first an the invader. The fact that Verdun structions, given to the apprentice who was thus the last place to be given up aspired to become a printer was to "mind his "p',s and "q's"--or, in other words, not to get them mixed so that they would be interchanged lu print- ing. rint- Ing Additional emphasis wasplaced up. on the phrase through the. custom in taverns in the Old Land of keeping account of purchases of beer and ale throughout the week by writing a "P" in the credit book for each pint of liquor sold but not paid for, and :a"Q", for each quart. On Saturday, when men had re ceived their pay, theywould be greet, ed with the cry, "Mind youe P's and Q's" ---a gentle method of informing them that no more drinks would be' eerved until theiraccounts were set: '. tled, „l by the .Germans caused that place. to be regarded with special interest of a sentimental kind in the World War. It gave the 'Germans special eagerness to reconquer and reoccupy it, and nerved the French with extraordinary resolution to defend It. "They shall not pass!" was uttered with a keen recollection of the occurrencis of 1873, A :playeeoom for the children, with slate panels <let into the walls, and colored chalks provided, is a' feature of one •of the latest Atlantic liners, Trench maps, which were printed, for military use on strong caixvas, are now being used in l ngland to mnalre inner soles for tennis shoes, ,. i, x, "•r1„ kir•• iwt iii, m w 444