Zurich Herald, 1925-10-08, Page 7'HA " HAPPENS TQ THEA OIC: IN YOuR: CAR?
Two Things Are Continually Occurring When It is in Use.
BY V. C.
PARKER.
Lubricating oil is the lifeblood at
your engine. Stop the oil circulate
but a moment :and your motor is gon
autopsy at the :nearest garage ma
disclose complications such as score
cylinders, burned bearings .and tl
like, but'the lack of oil willbe s
evident.
So well reeoghized is this clangs
that most cars are now provided wit
a visible oil gauge as a sort of m
chanieal pulse for the ' engine, b
means of which you can assure you
self, from time to time, that oil el.eulation is normal. Few engines fai
these days, from a lack of oil...
But suppose the blood stream b
comes poisoned and instead of circu
lating a • life-giving, wear -saving fie
of clean elle. it carries a thin dirt
stream laden with particles of abra
sive grit. The oil gauge will continu
to show normal circulation . and ther
will probably be no sudden and spec
iacular breakdown of the engine bu
littlo by little, the working parts be
ome infected and an insidious des
intigration, heralded by sundry knock
and rattles creeps upon it, until a
the 'end of a few thousand miles
major Qperation, known in automobil
circles as a "coznplete overhauling" i
necessary to make it again delive
quiet and satisfactory service.
If: you would avoid such a situatio
as I have described, you must see tha
•your engine has not only plenty of of
but that it is clean oil that is been
circulated when your motor runs.
Two things are continually happen
ing to the oil in your engine whe
you use your car. It is constant,
thinning out or losing its lubricatebody, and it is constantly accumulat
ing abrasive particles of dirt. En
gineers apply the terms "Dilution'
:and "Contamination" to these condi
tions.
Dilution is due to the presence in
the lubricating oil of 'considerab'-
•qualities of gasoline. It accumulate
faster in winter than in summer
more rapidly in cold weather than in
warm. It is at, its worst in cars
driven by physicians or salesmen, who
make frequent stops and starts, al
Iowing the engine to cool down in be
tween. It frequently becomes so pro
nouneed 'that' the engine apparently
uses no oil at all :and the crankcase
seems to be full even after several
hundred miles, but an eeafnination
will show that the oil is thin and
black and has entirely lost its slippery
feeling. It has no lubricating "body."
The fact that an engine is apparently
using less than a normal amount of
lubricating oil is generally an indica-
tion of severe dilution.„, CAUSE IS A MYSTERY„
How does the gasoline get into the
oil to thin it out? To many people
who are familiar with the results of
dilution, the cause is still a mystery.
When you started your car this
morning, particularly if it had stood
all night in a cold garage, you pulled
out the "choker” before you started
to crank it, and very likely you drove
several blocks before you considered
the engine warm enough to run with-
out usingthe choker to some extent.
The "choker" simply gives your en-
gine an additional amount of gasoline,
probably from three to ten times as
much as is necessary to form an ex-
plosive
x
plosive mixture. You tree a "rich"
Mixture on a cold day because the air
does not contain heat enough to read-
ily vaporize the gasoline and you must
have a vapor to get started. •
But what' happens to the remaining
gasoline that enters the engine cylin-
ders in liquid form? it condenses on
the cold cylinder walls and dissolves
the lubricating oil off of the piston
rings: Qn the down stroke of the pis-
ton, some of it is carried down into
the crank CuSo to mix with the Dill
oa
o,
Y
d
Be
greater wear produces more gritty
partieles of metal to bepicked out
by the oil. Contamination is frequent-
ly aggravated by quantities . of road
duet and 'fine particles of carbon
which also work past the piston rings
and get into the oil.
Some engineers .claim that the thin-
ning out of the oil by dilution --would
have but little effect on the engine if
contamination could be prevented and
the oil kept clean. Other engineers
are just as positive that the fine par-
icles of dirt which constitute contam-
ination would be, harmless if the work-
ing parts were separated by a film of
thick undiluted oil.
Engineer's may take their choice of
these theories, but the repair man re-
quires no higher mathematics to de-
monstrate the results of operating an
engine on thin, dirty oil. lie sees too
many motors which show evidence of
excessive wear after a few thousand
or, in sone cases, only hundreds of
miles.
Now that we know the clangers of
running our engines on diluted and
contaminated oil, what can we do
about it?
WHAT IS THE REMEDY?
This question has been the subject
of extensive scientific investigations
on the part of experts for the past
three or four years, and these learned
gentlemen, after much experimenting,
are now able to draw some definite
conclusions which can be used by the
average car owner to prevent these
troubles to some extent.
Briefly, these engineers have found
that the causes of dilution, in the
order of their importance are as fol-
lows:
1–Operating engine at too low a
temperature.
2. Excessive use of the choker.
3. Use of an over -rich mixture.
4. Use of poor gasoline which does
not vaporize readily.
To make practical application of
this information and avoid additional
repair bilis as far as we can, let us
resolve for the good of our engines to:
First: Keep the engine warm by.
covering the radiator in cold weather,
or even by throwii:g a robe over the
radiator until the water gets hot after
starting up on a cold morning,
Second: Use the choker only when
necessary and never drive with it on.
A motor in good .mechanical condition
should not require excessive choking
to start. •
Third Use the cleanest mixture at
all times and if possible overcome the
temptation to "give her more gas"
every time the motor spits on a cold
morning. .
Fourth: Buy gasoline from a deM1
pendab:e refining organization which
maintains a uniform product.
Finally, we must recognize the fact
that we will always have a certain
amount of dilution and containination
of our lubricating oil under even the
best operating conditions, and that
!eventually the oil in the crank case
!will become too thin and dirty to pro-
vide proper lubrication and prevent
I wear. When this time arrives there
' is nothing to do but drain out the
dirty oil, throw it away, and refill the
crank case with clean, fresh oil of the
proper grade. In winter, this should
be done every five hundred miles to
be safe, and even more often for cars
which are started and stopped a great
deal in cold weather.
Oil is cheaper than bearings and in
this case it certainly pays to follow
the manufacturer's instructions. •
0 ---
When Manure Starves a Crop,.
Manure applied- fresh from the
stable usually works a temporary in-
jury to a new -planted summer crop.
Manure, like cheese, reaches perfec-
tion through a ripening process. The
there. ripening of manure is brought about
Now we depend on the oil aroundj through the work of countless bac
the piston rings to form a seal and 'feria.
make our cylinders gas tight, as well When manure is applied to land
as to lubricate the moving parts, and when in a green or new state bacteria
if this oil seal is dissolved by gaso-
line, we no longer have a tight cy'.in-
. der. More ga olive and even the pro -
duets of eombestion can then work
their way part the .piston rings arid
sets to wprk iipening it right in the
soil. In 'the main these bacteria are
working at the job of breaking down
the straw or other cellulose material
hi the manure. Such material is not
into the crank case. a very well-balanced ration for bac-1
Gasoline and oil are chemically very teria. They need extra nitrogen in
similar, both being• products of crude the diet, so they proceed to take this
petroleum; and is very easily dissolved nitrogeeifrom the soil, ,
in gasoline in any proportion. That When fresh manure is applied to
Is why we use it as a cleaner to take the land in the summer, when the i
grease spots out of our clothes. temperature is at a height to enema -
Any gasoline reaching the 'crank ago bacterial growth, these tiny deni-
case is immediately absorbed by the zens of the soil wi:i take up in their
oil and makes it just that itlucl thin- bodies .practically' all the -available
nen, As the oil gets thinner it loses nitrates. A plant can't get nitrogen^
its "body" find beconiee a poorer and which is tied up in the carcass of a
poorer lubricant, This thin oil does bacteria.
not give as :good lubrication as thick-
er oil, and more wear takes place be-
• tween.the moving parts of the engine.
Further, this thin oil does not make
at good e piston seal as thicker oii'
and therefore allows more gasoline to
work past the piston rings the next
time the car is started.
In other weeds, the effects of dila..
tion are cumi.nititive. The more ,gaso-
line getting past the piston rings the
greater the dilution. The,,ggeater •tho
dilution, themore gasoline will get
past, until the process becomes n
vicious cirele and tends to continue
indefinitely lie Tong es yon atop and
A young seedling put out at the
swine time as fresh' manure is there-
fore forced to go on a low nitrogen.
diet for the first month or six weeks.
Finally the bacteria =finish ripening
the manure and themselves die and
become available as plant food. 13ut
while the manure -ripening process is
going on there is really far less nitro-
gen available in the land than if no
manure had been put out.
The moral is that fresh manure
should never be applied to land just I
as a crop le planted. The manure
should either be composted before ap-
plication or else go out several maths F_
start your, car,
ceeseminatiou e arks in the some - before the crop. + '`",' 1� Ii
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x d ,:si S,yes. meg xi .1
way.. The tbineer oil, containing grit Clean` hens in clean quartets make i's, :
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The Swoon, an oddity at Boston Zoo. It is a cross between a, Canaddan
goose and an Australian swan. It is the only known, specimen hi the work,.
SPORTS FOR AUTUMN DAYS
FOX AND GEESE.
e The players choose one of their
number to be the fox and one to be
the gander. The rest are all geese
and stand in a long single file behind
the gander, each with hands on the
shoulders of the player in front, the
first one's hands on the shoulder of
the gander. The object of the game
is for the fox to tag the last goose in
the line, who then becomes fox.
But this is not an easy thing, for
the gander and the long -line of geese
all try to protect the last goose. .The
gander will dodge around in front of
the fox with his arms outspread side-
ways to bar the fox from dashing
back toward the line of geese; and pf
course whenever the gander moves,
the line has to move with him, being a
continuous chain. If the chain is
broken the fox wins.
If the fox gets past the gander,
then the end goose will try to make
the line double back to get out of his
way, or the geese in front will Ioop,
the line to bar his progress.
WHEEL FISHING. .
Did you ever fish with a water
wheel? You probably exclaim, "How
in the world can I fish with a water
wheel?" This is how you do it:
A small shaft is set up across the
stream with a paddle wheel on one
end. If the stream is rather wide,
the shaft is cut in two and a wheel
put at each end. Fish Iine"s, with
floats, hooks and sinkers, are attach-
ed to the shaft. Then as the wheels
turn the lines are slowly drawn up-
stream until they are completely
wound up.
Use a double set for wide streams.
For creeks, only one shaft need be
used, The shaft should be a light
rod of hardwood. Cut out a block of
wood two inches thick and about four
inches square for the paddle wheel
hub. Bore a hole through it for the
shaft. The shaft should fit tightly
so it will turn when the wheel does.
Each wheel has four paddles of tin.
The spokes are ofeither light rod iron
—stiff wire will do—or straight -
grained wood about half an inch in
diameter and twelve or fourteen inch-
es long. Set these in ho' -es bored in
the wheel hub.
Now drive stakes across the stream
and either bore holes through them
near the tops or notch them for the
shaft.
It will take only a few minutes to
let out the lines again after they have
been wound up. Set them about four
feet apart on the shaft, and if sev-
eral hundred feet of line are to be
used, it will be well to place tin disks
on the shaft four inches apart on each
side of the line so that it wi:I wind
up in one p' -ace Ted prevent fouling.
When the wheels stop turning or
actually revolve in the opposite direc-
tion you may rest assured that you
have a fish on a line.—D. R. 1r. H. i
Would Save Money at That.
"Sorry your salary's been tempor-
arily cut --great loss, no doubt."
"Not at all. I won't be able now to'
take tete family oie that expensive trip
north this summer."
A Pond for the Fara.
There are many farms that have
no dependable running• ditches or
other available watoring places for
the Iive stock. Then, too, a good pond
serves as a bath for the hogs, as a•
means where the horses and cows may
stand and keep the flies off of their
feet and legs. This is a .service that
cannot' be estimated in dollars and
cents. The significance of it may he
partly realized by watching the' farm
animals nn a hot day as they enjoy
•
such an experience as a pond offers, in
apparent happiness and contentment.
A great deal of time should be
spent in deciding upon the site,- as
this is the Most important element in
building a pond. Drainage is another
factor that should be looked out for
before constructing the pond. A pond
to be sanitary may have to be drain-
ed and e'.eaned. With the above fac-
tors in mind choose a place that is
loser and ono that will not receive too
much surface drainage, as there is a
possibility tha,t the mud and soil from
the adjacent hillsides will be carried
to the pond and fill it up.
Thetime to make the pond is this
fall when the ground is clry. If there
is a flowing spring that may be made
over into a pond it will be much more
serviceable.
In digging the pond be sure that it
is deep enough but that there are no
"jump-offs" or sudden deep places
whore the animals might get into
deep water and drown.
Efficiency crept into shops after
sensible book-keeping found its place
in the offices of manufacturing con-
cerns. Farming will have to pass the
same stages of evolution. It is corn-
ing, for the subject of farm accounts
is now being promoted in the country
schools. The plan is to teach this
subject in the habit-forming seventh
and eighth grades.
The muscles of a bird's wings are,
proportionately, twenty times more
powerful than those of a man's arni.•
A N,��Y ERA �pR F'AAR�I WOmFN
Egon4amt
"e, Social and Cultural Conditions on the F41111 Are
Improving.
BY a'. T. HORNER.
The discussion was about the ills
and welfare of agriculture.' Women
Were there who had spent years of
toil in rearing a family 'And doing a
woman's work on a farm. They
showed stains of weary toil and self-
sacrifice undergone, that their chil-
dren might have a better lot in this
world. Their hands gave signs of
doing tasks which are thought of as
belonging to men. Their faces shav-
ed cuts of sharp winds, the bites of
cold and the blisters of heat,
These women werethe kind that
made the conquering of the wilderness
possible, for without woman the
farmer is helpless. These women were
the kind who underwent hardships
and suffering of the hour in hope of
better things in later life. They faced
privation, loneliness, and hard toil, to
the end that a civilization be founded
and the frontier bo beaten farther.
and farther bee's.
At this meeting these women were
looking forward with hope of a better
agriculture „in the future, as their
mothers looked forward with hope in
the pioneer days. They had faith in
agriculture and. their desires were to
remain on the farm.
Regret was expressed that the farm
boy and girl were being educated away
from the farm. It was thought that
some effort should be made to educate
these growing children in such a way
that they would prefer farm to city
life.
CHANGES IN FARM WORK.
The lures of the city and •attractive
ness of city employment have two in-
fluences on rural life and rural peo-
pie. In the first place, it takes the
strong, virile young manhood and
womanhood of the rural community
and it causes a shortage of labor on
many farms.
In pioneer days much more labor
was needed on the farm than at pres-
ent. The land needed clearing. There
were fences to build, land to plow and
drain; houses and barns to build, and
many operations to perform which are
now done in the town.
The changes which have come about
in industry during the past one hun-
dred years, have caused many of the
operations once performed on the farm
to be done in the city factory. Ma-
chinery is made in the city. FIour is
made at the mill and in many in-
stances is baked into the loaf before
it gets to the Yarm. Wool is washed,
spun, woven, and made into cloth.
Feed for live stock comes from distant
sections of the country. The farmer's
meat is no longer a product of "butch-
ering day," but comes' from one, of the
large packing centres,
There are not so many people need-
ed on the farms to -day, because there
are fewer things done in the country.
Also, the general use of improved ma-
chinery snakes it possible to get along
with less help.
This trend of population frop'i the
country to the city is just a, natural
consequence of our national develop-
ment. It is not due to the use of city
text books in our country schools or
the"farm boys and girls being educat-
ed away from the farm, Economic
conditions and economic changes are
the reasons for the trend away from
the farm.
There are many attractions about
city life which appeal. The vigorous,
rapid life in the city appeals to youth
more forcibly than the quiet hard toil
oe the farm. The vim and vigor of
youth seeks the activity of city life,
longs for the new sights and is lured
by the recreational side of life within
the town. • Youth is ever eager to sea
new things and learn, The city, with
its many phases of industry, corn-
coerce, and pleasure offers wide Melds
for new experiences, Industry in the
-city also offers a greater immediate
reward for the services of the young
man or woman, so naturally the trend.
of population is cityward,
Farm folks who have toiled a life-
time to clear up and improve a farm,
dislike to see their children Ieave and
go to 'town. Every man really wants
to establish' an estate :and family
which will continue delve through the
generations. This, in his mind,should
be on the old farm where he has spent
his life of toil. The family home for.
years to come should be em the old
farm where the pioneer has given his
life labor. These old pioneer farms
have really a part of the character of
the men and women Who have wrung
them from the wilderness. The chil-
dren like the dear old farm, but it is
not a part of their lives as it is of
their parents. It does net mean the
same years of labor and hardships.
Youth looks to the future. Age looks
backward. Where the brightest pros-
pects are there goes youth, while sen-
timent perishes.
FARM VS. CITY REWARDS.
In the march of econmoic progress,
family ties, ambitions, ideals, go by
the wayside. Youth forges ahead into
those activities which seemingly offer
the most. Mothers and fathers back
on the farm niay regret the movement
from the country to the city, but it
will continue just as long as the city
offers more comforts and a fuller life.
Youth should be taught the real
conditions in the city and be able to
compare the rewards of city and farm
occupations followed for a lifetime
rather than compare the weekly
wages.
The past generation experienced the
change from a hand to a machine
agriculture, and from a self-suf: sing
to a commercial agriculture. The gen-
eration prior to that forged its way
into the wilderness' and made the de-
velopment of a civilization possible.
During both these periods the tasks of •
the farmer were hard. He lived a
strenuous life and underwent many
hardships. The signs of the times
seem to indicate that the agricultural
accomplishments of this nation dur-
ing the next generation will be a
popularization of science among rural
people and a marked improvement in
Iiving conditions, social life, and cul-.
ture on the farm..
The day of the farm woman is
about to dawn. Not much longer vela
she be expected to toil like a slave,
live in undesirable quarters, deprive
herself of wholesome social life, and
forego those dainties and cultural
things dear to every woman's heart.
The fruit of the vision of the farm
women of days gone by is on the tree.
The harvest is about to be gathered
and with it will come the rural life
which has, heretofore, existed mainly
in vision.
What He Was Doing.
"What were you doing all those .six
months you were away from home?"
"Six months,"
When knitting or crocheting, put
your ball of „yarn in a small paper
sack, tie it `loosely so the ball will
have room to turn as you work, and
the thread runs smoothly.
lturzxwiiian dancers at the
Exhi bitiot 'Their quaint costumes attract ed widespread attention.
THE TEST OF
SPORTSMANSHIP
There are few things in this world
that go as far in developing good
sportsmen as do our county fairs. It
is here that our young live stock men
get their first lessons in showing live
stock, and naturally they have much
to learn.
It takes a great deal of grit and
determination and nerve and clever-
ness and hard work to take live stock
to the fairs and prepare them to win
the "blue" in competition. There is
but one "blue" in each class and after
fighting hard for it, it is not easy to
let the other fellow take it. Hera is
the test of a good sportsman: --to
work and strive and fight for the
prize, and then, if he must accept the
red or the white or the green in the
!same spirit as the blue. ,4
r It takes courage and patience, a
! strong spirit of fairness to be a good
i lss•er. The act of doing one's best at
these fairs is where the benefit comps
in, and then' to take defeat gracefully
for ourselves and our choice animals
is the telt of the real sportsman.
First vs. Second Year Queens,
An ex,r.•e,riment ,eondueted for two , ;f
years- by the Dominion Apiarist at
Ottawa shows .that, the 'average crop
of honey obtained from ten colonies
headed by a queen less than one year
old was larger than thatobtained
from elle sante number of,;colonies .
headed by a que. n in her second year,
In .1923 the crop obtained from the
yearling queens was 243 pounds, 2
ounces greater than :that , ;obtains,
nom the queens in their second year.
In 1924 the diil~arence:•wat 379 pethecls,
12 ounces in favor. of •the.• yo,:ng
queees, • see
llthougli it has a,htigeettht ut,",thd u;
whale has 'very little sense of taste,
•