HomeMy WebLinkAboutZurich Herald, 1925-09-10, Page 2Antoin.ob. le
STUDY Q)' ENGINE HE LIS IN DRIVING CAR,
There is no factor in motoring more cylinder,some have one in the top of
important than that piece of median- the cylinder and one in the side, some
ism directly under the hood and known have both varves in the top and a few
as the engine, If the engine ine does not have
ae eeth the
et valve on the other.e side and
g The ax-
go the car is quite useless. Copse- h h
quently, it is important to select, in 1'angem'ent of the vaves has consid-
buying a car, a vehicle that is equip- erabfe to do with the efficiency of thb
ped' with an efficient motor. engine, that is, the, amount of power
While it is no deep secret that there which is extracted from the gasoline
are various types of engines used to used.
create power, Yit is safe to guess that' HOW HEAT IS ABSORBED.
just what these different types are Much of the heat generated by
is usually a rather hazy idea in the burning the gasoline is necessarily
minds o£ most motorists. Yet it is absorbed through the water jacket
well for automobilists to have some which surrounds the cylinders. The
definite information which will lead to I engines with the valves in the head
an understanding of this matter.
To begin with, it should be known
that engine types divide themselves
have a regular shaped combustion
chamber which reduces the water
jacketed surface to a„mini wni. En-.
- a_ong the following lines, arrange- gines with valves on the side of the
ment and number of cy:inders, a:r cylinders have pockets that are offset
rangeznent of valves and method of from the cylinder proper,,which must
cooling. Most owners of cars will be water jacketed.
recognize where their own automobile
engines 'come in for classification.
FUEL TYPES DESCRIBED.
Considerably over 90 per cent. of
automobiles are propelled by the gas-
oline engine. There are a few that
carry storage batteries and use elec-
tric motors for motive powers. There
is a still smaller number that use a
steam engine, the steam being gener-
ated in a boiler which is heated by
burning gasoline or kerosene.
The gasoline engine is made in a
number of forms, ranging from the
engine with four cylinders in a line
to the twelve -cylinder, which is the
V-shaped arrangement with six cyl-
inders on each side of the "V." Be-
tween these two extremes there is the
engine with six cylinders in a line,
the eight -cylinder with blocks of four
paced in the V-shaped and eight types to select from to suit the indi
cylinders in a straight line. vidual's needs and tastes. The pros -
As to the arrangement of the valves pective automobile owner will find all
of an engine, some types have both types of engines well developed and
valves arranged on one side of the' effective in operation.
The great majority of the engines
use valves of the "poppet" type, that
is, valves that are shaped like niueh-
rooins, are pushed open by a cam and
are returned to their seat by a spring.
A large percentage of automobile
motors are cooled by water, the cylin-
ders being surrounded by a jacket of
water which absorbs the excess heat.
The hot water is pumped to a radiator
placed on the front of a car, which
provides for the heat being carried
off by the air:,
In the air-cooled motor provision .is
made for bringing sufficient quanti-
ties of air directly into contact with
the outside of the cylinders. In this
way the excess heat is carried off
directly by the air.
Every year finds a tendency toward
standardization in automobile design.
Still there is enough of a variety of
Dangerous Carbon Monoxide.
The gasoline engine is a useful in-
vention, which has, through its service-
ableness to the automobile, gone far to
revolutionize our habits and modes of
life: But it has one drawback, In the
course of combustion ---especially when
the combustion is not complete—the
exploding gasoline produces a gas
which, under certain conditions, is dan-
gerous to health and even to life. That
gas is carbon monoxide; it is one of
the most deadly of gases, and it is dis-
charged from the exhaust of every car
whose engine is running, whether the'. Greek word adamant, meaning untam-
car Ls. moving or not. We have several able or refractory. The Greeks called
times 'spoken of the danger 'of starting the diamond adamant because of its
an automobile engine in a closed gar-; excessive hardness.
d thouh thei i t crane is /called a derrick from the
Peculiar Facts and Figures.
The amount of pressure applied by
a pianist to the keys in one minute is
often anything upto a ton and a half.
In that some minute the eye has to
read about one thousand five hundred
signs and the fingers make about two
'thousand movements.
At the top of Shooter's Hill, Black-
heath, England, there stands a mile-
stone inside the church railings. On
one hide it marks "8 miles to'London."
On the other, "130 miles, to Ypres."
Diamond is a corruption of the
age, an , g warn ng ago ns A ` i
this practice has been widely spread name of Derrick, the Tyburn hangman,
by newspapers and hgalth lecturers 'I who made gibbets in the seventeenth Natural Resources Bulletin
there area great many deaths caused century..
An artificial wool made from pine
CROSS -WARD • PUZZLE
( rjt INTEANATlONA1 BYNc, cATt,
SUGGESTIONS FOR SOLVING CROSS -WORD PUZZLES
Start out by filling in the words of which you feel reasonably
sure. These will give you a'. clue to other words crossing them,
and they in turn to still others. A letter belongs in each white
space, words starting at the numbered squares and running either
horizontally or vertically or both,
HORIZONTAL VERTICAL •
2 -Specimen
3—Poem
4—Allowance In weight (p1)
5—Utters low murmuring sounds
6—Inspector 4abbr.)
7 --Divided
8—Floating structures
10—Shelf
11—To make more profound
12—A duct
14 --Basis
16—To cook in liquid
18 -Carried as bodily covering
23—Ousted
25—Old-time dance (pl.)
27—Ventures
29-Phlllppine natives
31—Protected side _
33 -Night bird
37—A flsh
38-111 temper
39 -Something abnormal
40—Religlous period
41—To make beloved
43—Relative x1
45—Dried grape +,
46—Anclent Peruvian ruler 1
47—Looks slyly
49 --Sudden, sharp noise (p1.)
50—African cattle -pen
56 -To place
67 -Alkaline solution
1—A necktie
6—To nip
9—An obstruction
11—To demand payment
13—To fortify
15—Obliterating Implements.
17—To be under obligation
19—A dandy ,
20 -Penetrate
21 An oath
R2—informed
24—Measures
25—Simple
26—Horse
28—Female sheep
29—Underground worker
30—To make insipid
32—Midday
84—Minute organism .
35 -Twisted
36—To filter through
38 -Bitter plum
39—Runs away
42—One length of a course
44—Long, narrow piece
48—To tear
49—To drive oakum Into seams
61—Mentally sound
52—Finish
53 -Big steamship,
54—To refrigera!
5i3—Eroded
56—Like milk
58—To. weaken t,
'59, --Toe imitate
60—Negative
61 -.-.Quarrels
6Z --Inclined
by it every winter,
Carbon monoxide is the poisonous trees has been developed in Germany.
constituent of illuminating gas, es -1 Only one variety of bird is known
pecially water gas, and it is also pro- ; to "shingle" its own feathers. This is
dined in• large quantities by burning ' a native of Scuth America, which nib -
coal, The air of stove -heated and fur- bles away each side of the tail -feather
mace -heated houses is often contamin• I to produce a curious -looking racket el-
ated to a dangerous extent with this feet.
gas, which escapes when the draft is Fifty oxen, 70 lambs, 200 sheep, and
poor. It may even pass through the sometimes as much as 10,000 head of
wall of the stove if the iron gets red game, 70,000 eggs, 300 barrels of flour,
" hot, and poison the air of the room suf-' and 15,000lb. of fish are some of the
ficiently to give the occupants head- I items' in the sttores!'of a Cunard liner.
ache, nausea, loss of appetite, vertigo 1 It takes a healthy man four months
and a constantly irritable condition of to eat his own weight in food.
the mucous membranes of the air pass Sabi:ion, pike, and goldfish are said
ages. When the gas escapes continu- I to be the only fish that never sleep.
ously, it seriously affects the general! About twice as much power is re -
health, 'for it lowers the powers of re- quired to stop an express train as to
sistance and causes susceptibility to start one.
colds, grip, and pneumonia. 1 An explorer, travelling in the Malay
The gases from automobiles contain Peninsula, has discovered some pe -
from four to eight per cent. of carbon cruor creatures. There are fish that
monoxide; but as little as one per cent.' climb trees, monkeys that brush their
is enough to produce serious, if not teeth after meals, andibirds that sleep
fatal, consequences. Of course this upside down.
is still further diluted by the atmos- r Lions and tigers are too weak in
phere in the street, but if there are lung power to run more than half a
thirty or forty cars crowded into a mile.
small area the dilution is not enough! The Bank of England was founded
to make it harmless. Those who must by a Scotsman who died in poverty.
continually breathe the air in the
midst of automobile traffic that is Dover's historic bus:ding, liaison
muclf concentrated are likely to find 'Dieu Hall, dates back over seven cen-
themselves vulnerable to the attacks turies.' It -was built in 1203 as a rest -
of common disease germs which they house for pilgrims on their way to
could easily resist If the air they took Canterbury from the Continent.
IColors have different effects upon
The site of. the Mansion House, Lon us. Red and orange are stimulating
don's official residence for, its Lord. yellow is cheering, green neutral
Mayor, was fermeriy a fruit and vege- Purple subduing, and vmo.et depress
into their lungs, were pure. �y
table garden,
in
"1M
'1111 PIECE E PAPER!
it Was Once
It is a big jump fz'ont-a piece of wood
to a sheet of paper, but'thls Page Prop,'
ably started its journey paperward's as
the trunk of a tree in eome ndrthern
forest,
You see, to -day, the forests of Nor-
way,.Swedon, Canada, and the United
States furnish thebul,c_of the world's
paper-niakng material.
A sheet of paper is a sheet of ve
table fibres matted together, dyed, and
surfaced according to' requirements.
And it is from wood that the fibrous
part of the paper is obtained.
The wood -pulp, as it is called, is
made in this manner. The trees are
cut into lo.as, about two. feet long, split
and.rthe bark and knots carefully re
moved.
The logs are ground up by revolving
stone wheels, water being supplied to
keep them cool, and to inix with the
wood to form the pulp.
This 'pulp contains all, the impurities
after the first grinding, so it is strained
through a wire sieve, which allows the
liner pulp to pass.
4' • * *
The good,pulp, still, containing im-
purities, Is now subjected to a refining
process in a machine resembling two
huge grindstones placed one on top of
the other.
The top stone revolves, and the pulp
is fed through a hole in this, being fine-
ly ground between -the two stones.
•
Our "tree" is now ready to take on
its first appearance in the form of a
"sheet."
The refined pulp is passed over a
wire gauze cylinder on to a felt con-
veyor which passes it to a pair of steel
rollers, the top one taking up the end
of the web of pulp and gradually wind-
ing it.upon itself.
When the necessary thickness has
been attained, the pulp Is taken off the
roller, opened out'and dried. In this
state it is termed "half stuff boards."
Part of a Tree.
But paper made solely from this me•'
chanical wood-pulp—to `wee ` its trade
naive -would be too coarse and lm
pure, and would quickly discolor and
turn brittle.. It is therefore invariably
mixed with a finer grade of pulp which
has been chemically prepared. '
The better quality, instead of being
ground, is cat into small' pieces, and,
belled in a solution of sulphite of soda,
•in..huge vats.
The boiling -process' extracts the im-
purities of the wood, and breake it un
into pulp which is then drained off,
washed and made into "half stuff
boards" as already described.
* *
To produce an even surfabe the cor-
sect proportions of the "half stuff
boards" are loaded with china clay and
so du; and to ensure a white color a,
solution of blue is introduced. into the
machine,' Sizing material is also lidd-
ed. Tills prevents the oil in the print-.
ing ink running when the paper is
printed on.
We are well.on our way now to the
finished sheet of paper.
The pulp is strained carefully and
conveyed to the paper -making ma-
chine, running on to an endless belt of
wire mesh, about forty feet long by
eight feet wide.
This belt, now coated with a wet
sheet of pulp, is supported by brass ,
rollers, moisture being extracted from
the pulp by suction. The pulp 'sheet
next passes under a rolled' which ren-
ders the surface smooth. At this point
the wire belt makes its return journey
under the rollers and further moisture
still is extracted from•the damp sheet
of pulp as it passes over some steam -
heated cylinders.
As the paper comes from the last
drying cylinder it is wound upon reels,
which contain in` some cases, miles and
miles of paper.
In this reeled condition It is cut to a
required width=ready for use.
Business Changes.
Never has there been a time when it
was so necessary for the indi;strial
executive to exercise vision. We have
come to a day when a business .can be
mad or ruined over night.
The aunouncement in the morning
paper of the discovery of a new ma-
terial or the unexpected development
of an ingenious device niay change the
ntire outlook not only for a few cor-
porations, but' for an entire industry.
In ten years from now,our•per capita
consumption of certain articles willsbe
double what it is to -day, while the
of other corn -modifies ties will. be
no nope than half of what it at pre-
sent. •
Something Going On.
There is a febrile temperament, not
unfamiliar in . domestic life and. the
iociai circle, -which demands that
there shall always be something going
on. There is no rest or peace with
such a spirit.. If the talk 'slackens
or seems to approach a lull, the res-
tive one feels that it must be replen-
ished as fuel is thrown to a wood fire
oiz a winter night. If.a guest is en-
tertained, it 'is thought that his every
moment must have an occupation
found for it.
Whatever the place, whenever the
time, the' tongue, •the mind, the feet
land hanea must never be still. The
beauty and'the"blessedness of, quiet—
In this present era, the foundation of aye and the vital necessity; too—are
(success is chiefly judgment and vision. :eco plied° and conceded Life
Labor does not crate; nor does capital. 'e
be f rover a rush .and a
n large surplus for' export, while the iIt is mind that creates. The real fret and a fever. In contact with
greater portion of the product of her ,wealth of oum country does not lie in such a disturbing incendiary spirit,
factories find` a market outside Can- our laboring class, but in our thinking one longs for a presence whose coin-
neverg
The Natural Resources Intelligence
Service of the Dept. of the Interior
at Ottawa says: •
Canada has many admirers outside
of her borders, largely due to the effi-
cient work of her energetic trade com-
missioners. They are putting; Canada i
in the forefront as a 'commercial)
world power. Even in far-off Straits!
Settlements, A. B. Muddiman is work-
ing in the interests of Canada, and ;no
doubt as the result of his efforts the
Singapore Free Press has the follow-
ing to say of this country:
"At present Canada's industrial
future has hardly begun. Great
towns do exist and some big indus-
tries, but for the present and for
many years to come her energies will
be absorbed by the conquest of the
land and the bringing of it into culti-
vation. Looking at the spirit of her -
people and the past history of the
United States, there can be no hesi-
tation in recognizing in Canada one
of the greatest world powers of the.
future, an achievement in coloniza-
tion of which the British people can
be immeasurably proud"
G. G. Van der Kop, editor of the
, "Interocean," the only magazine pub-
s lished in the "Middle East," and who
I once visited this country, has had
many times a good word to say'" for
Canada.
Canada is a land of vast grain
oda:' . The quality M' her products is class. "
interesting world consumers, and it is I The worth -while executive is the fel-
but natural that the thoughts of these i low who can ask brass -tack questions,
foreign consumers should turn to a each one of which leads to darkened Bower of words to convey.
growing areas and a' wide diversity
, of other vegetab:e resources. Canada'
is rich in minera:s, her animal iridus-
- tries are a leading. source of national
wealth, her forests products p-tivi'de
ing is tray, quiiity, whore tacit syr-.
pathy is a benison, ;who can afford to
'trust to si'ences more than is in the
country that is capable of such pro-
duction.
Do we as Canadians fully appreci-
corners where the unassembled facts Nature did not intend that we
are hidden. should forever be on the go°' Sleep,
It is not a question of brains, for the solitude and relaxation are of her.
ate what . we have, and are we doing average person has more than he ordainment as certainly as vigilance;
our part in making'them known? knows what to do with. associative toil and strenuous effort.'
Not one person in a hundred uses They who know how to rest and when
Nasty, Nasty Man, the brains he has to as much as half '
'to .'?e still. are 'the ones, whose accom-
Wi blears on her baby cheeks little capacity. •1 plishment excels the frantic gyration
Winnie ran up to the policeman. We need research. We also need' to , of those who hustle without a plan,
"Please, sir," she sobbed, "will you keep an eye to the future. lame to keep on hustling. Those - who
come and lock a nasty man up?"
The airplane will be discarded as I make a great show of business with-
"What's he been doing?" asked the soon as a practical helicop'ter devel- 'make
getting much done are impatient
man in blue kindly. oped; gas has suppianted•.coal in many I with those who take time to think and
"Oh," wailed the child, "he's broken industries because It is . cleaner and who believe in circumspection before
up my hoop with his nasty bicycle. `does better work. they leap. "°
'.Has 'he?" said the constable, pre- We must look to the future, or we 'The .hasty pluck, at the sleeves` of
p'aring•to go to the scene of the crime. are liable to find our business a ''has the deliberate and want to know when
"Well, where is he?" . . been" a decade or so from now. they may expect to see results. They'" -
"Olt, you'll easily catch him!" ex -
pretend to put a premium on .quick
pained Winnie triumphantly. They've decision; but as a' matter of fact,
Just carried him into that drug store," ' Answer to:..ast week's puzzle: ' '
His Error.
"Clarence," said his wife, "the. maid
has. given notice because of the rude.
way you spoke to her over the phone
yesterday."
"My dear, I'm so sorry. I thought I
was speaking to you." .
The :water buffalo of the Orieht can
draw a load weighing more than 'a
ton,
The prisons of: England and Wales
now iiiimber only about forty in all
More than twenty prisons have been
closed since 1914.
FILY
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long rashness. It is right that, those
who get things done should be extolled
when the achievements areworth
while, but it does net mean much to
setin motion any process of produc-
tion without prefiguringthe cost and
trying to ascertain the outcome.
The gregariousness of awn 13 their"
most; contemptible , and discouraging
aspect. Soe how' they follow eater,
other like sheep, not i,nowing wny
--Thoreau. -
Little 'Ley Gol 'berg Shows,Off for Jeff's Benefit.
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