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Rock Study
Vastly Extends
Earth's Age
Geologist Turns Back Clock
Seven Hundred Million
Years
Washington.- :•vast aeon—known
to geologists as Lipalian time-150,-
000,000
ime-150;000,000 years—appears to have, drop-
ped completely out of history, aecor1-
Deg to Professor Charles Schuchert of
Yale University in a report issued by
tie National :Research Council.
Search the world over has failed
to reveal the slightest clue to the er-
rant millenniums during which some
of the most momentous events in the
history of life on earth occurred. The
pages of rock on which the long story
of life was written before man began
to record events seems to have been
torn out and thrown away for this
period.
The record of time, Prof. Schuchert
explains, runs back in fairly go•,d
order through the period known as
Cambrian time, about _500,000,000
years ago. Then there was abundant
life in the great oceans. Many of the
creatures had hard shells. They died,
sank to the bottom and were buried in
the mud. Through the millenniums
the seas disappeared, the bottom mud
became rock and was raised up into
mountains.
MOLLUSC DAYS.
The fossils of the sea creatures were
embedded in the rock, so that geolo-
gists today know what they looked like
and what families they belongd to.
Some of them were relativelyy enor-
mous creatures, mestsuzing from f ix to.
eight incises. They represent practi-
cally 1#10the division's of the animal
kingdom now found in the seas except
those with backbones such as fish,
mammals* and reptiles. "
Seen iii a museum exhibit today
these lords of' creation a half billion
years ago look like very primitive
creatures. But they are probaoly
closer to the highest developed forms
of life today than to the most complex
forms which preceded them and of
which there is record. Just behind
them Iie the lost millenniums during
which animal life was beginning to
take on the evolutionary processes
which re tilted in the mammals of
many millions of years later,
In the next oldest •..known rocks,
Prof. Schuchert says; there have been
found traces of some primitive
sponges,some tiny protozoa -like crea-
tures known as foraminifers, trails of
wormlike creatures and of some un-
known invertebrate animal. There
are also limestone deposits of peculiar
formation laid down by tiny plants,
the blue-green algae, who are still
busy in American rivers after almost
a billion years. There also are traces
of bacteria. Even some of these were .
already high in the scale of life, espe-
•cially the worm -like creatures known
as annelids.
SKELETON GROWTH MYSTERY.
But, Prof. Schuchert says, "not one
of the known animals had yet learned
to use lime for skeleton structures,
either external or internal, and this
when there mst have been present a
highly diversified mass of inverte-
brates. We know that the pre -Cam-
brian seas must have been replete with
lime salts in solution. If any of the
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animals had used lime they certainly
would have been recovered by this
time. This absence of skeletons is all
the more astonishing since it would
seem that thereemust have been an
abundance of animals feeding on other
animals and on plants."
Now, he points out, it must have
taken a very long time for animals
to have learned to make skeletons—
either shell or bones. Consequently
the Cambrian creatures and the crawl-
ing worms of the next oldest rocks
cannot have touched each other in
time.
Sce he says, "Lipalian time stands
for the unrecovered interval durin
which the marine animals evolve
mostly from very small floating an
swimming forms without exterio
skeletons into the much larger an
highly diversified life of the Cambrian
How long Lipalian time lasted can
only be guesse i, since we have no
guidance at all from radio -active min-
erals or from rates f organic evolu-
tion.
"There was no more fundamental
evolution during the whole of the
paleozoic period (the tithe of the be-
ginning of life) than is indicated by
this interval, and we have guessed its
duration to be of the order of 300,-
000,000
00;000,000 years. To be on the safe side
in our table we have allowed only half
as much time and the future alone can
tell how near our guess is to the
truth." •
The evolution of living creatures,
Prof. Schuchert points out in his re-
port on the possibility of determining
the age of the earth Isom fossils and
from the thickness of rocks laid down
by sedimentation, appears to have.
gone on at such a variable_ gate
thrpghout history that it is a verty
unreliable guide to elapsed time.
Thus certain sea shells now living
can be traced back practically with-
out change for 400,000,000 years and
the race shows no signs of degenerate
ing through old age. On the othef•
hand snailshells in an artificial lime
created in Wisconsin evolved into a
recognizably different species in sixty
years.
On the basis of deposits sedi-
mentary rock, Prof. Schuchert made
up a calendar of the earth's age back
to the beginning of the Archeozoic
area—about 700,000,000 years.
A Happy Normandy Village
"For a good apple year the year has
not been too good, but for a b.ad apple
year the year has not been too bad."
That is the .classical phrase attributed
to Norman apple -growers. It is heard
in a. thousand variants; You can never',
get nearer the facts, Things might
have . been better, but then they might
have been worse. On the positive side
the Norman philosophy is lacking.:,
There are no. enthusiasms, Superia- ,
tives are eschewed Everything is
comparative.
In my Norman village I constantly
heard the non -committal reply. The
workmen were putting up an elaborate
kitchen with incredible complication
of pipes to carry hot water from room
to room; and were painting and car-
pentering and generally making' my
old mill inhabitable in order to Ariake
it habitable,
Would they have finished in a week?
Surely they were -approaching the
end? They had already been a month
and a half longer than they had led nee
to believe. Could I rely on them to
complete their task by Wednesday?
"Why, as to that," said the enrepre-
neur, blowing up his forge, "as to that,
it will certainly be well advanced."
"What do you mean by well ad-
vanced? Do you mean it will be fin-
ished or not?"
"I cannot say it will be finished, and
I cannot say it won't be finished, It
will be well advanced."
"But you have told me that for.
more than a month. What am I to
think?"
"It will be well advanced"
Wordsworth could; not induce the
child to alter her simple reckoning:
"We are seven." I could not induce
the entrepreneur to abandon his
phrase: "It will be well advanced."
"Well,' said the Mayor of the tiny
comrnuae, "rim advice would be—stay
on the epot if you would have the
house made ready. They have so
much work to do that they rush from,
one place to another. They do the
most urgent jobs, They will never be-
lieve"that your job is urgent if you do
not take up your abode. Then when
they:see you camping in confusion
they will take pity on you."
I thanked him for his counsel.
"Yours must be a happy village If
there is more than enough. work for
everybody!"
He shook his head. "For a village
where there is plenty of work there
is not too much cause for complaint,"
he said,
The sun shone on the red roofs, ir-
regular, old, rain -soaked and sunburnt.
The hills on the other side of the river
were green enamelled. Their mead-
ows were rich and shining. Here and
there a cloud, white in the sky, cast
deep shadows on the grass. The trees
that crowned the slopes showed every
hue from pale gold to black. The or-
chards on the right were heavy with
fruit: For a village where nature was
both generous and charming, where
there was employment for all," there
was little room for grumbling.—From
"Between the River and the Hills," by
Sisley Huddleston.
g The West Through
d Eastern Eyes
Here we have an interesting and
informative article. written by Eimpei
Sheba, city editor of the Japan "Times
and Mail," wherein we view customs
and habits of the Occident as seen by
the Orient.
Snow Scenes
Stepping into the wonderland of white,
Our lanes in snow, I am so heaped
with bliss
I wonder which bewildering wealth
to miss
That I may hold just bearable delight:
Tree -corals or lamp -shadows, moon cut
bright,
Roofs deep in ermine, tarry barns
gone hoar
As fabulous rocs that slumber ever-
more
In a valley of diamonds and forget-
ten flight.
No, there's a port -hole opening on ro-
mance
Wider than any Sinbad knew; the
hold
Burns richer than most ancient Span-
ish gold;
My breath, my thought hang in a
frozen trance
Before a ship unanchoring from the
stead—
The window of a child just gone to
bed.
Geoffrey Johnson.
Speeding Up the Trees
The English Lake District Is now
undergoing a .process of transforma-
tion, large areas, formerly bare, hav-
ing been planted with trees, which are
gradually changing the appearance of
the mountain -sides.
This is part of the systematic plant-
ing of trees fox' timber which is now
in process in Great Britain. Side by
side with this, experiments are going
on with a view tel producing the Per-
fect tree for timber purposes,
The object of these experiment:`: is
to produce trees which will come more
quickly to maturity, and yet which
will yield sound timber, Some of the l
trees which grow fastest aro, unfor-
tunately, unsatisfactory in other ways.'
But it is hoped that, as a result of
selection and cross -breeding, for in-
stance, poplars which will be ready
for felling after twenty years. �.
KNOWLEDGE
True knowledge is to know how
little can be known— $ore
Just as our Japanese days appear
unaccountable to you, so your Occi-
dental ways are equally unaccountable
to us. Suppose I set- down a few of
the customs, observed during a brief
stay in the United States, which seam
strange to a Japanese:"
It is early morning in a typical
American home. • You are resting on
soft pillows and spring beds. We are
different even while we sleep, since
in Japan people lie on hard beds and
rest their heads on firm pillows, those
reed by the women encased in wooden
sheaths. Presently you awake. You
sit up and stretch yourselves, facing
the foot of the bed. As we in Japan
rise, we make a turn so that. when we
stretch ourselves, we have our faces
turned in the pposite direction, lo -
ward ma pif o''v.— to orua,r,.,,s y..�,
teeth you devote as little time as pea.
:sibie to the undertaking. Our .-oun-
trymen take as long as possible. In
fact it is not uncommon for a Japan-
ese of the lower classes to be seen out
on a morning's work in the neighbor-
hood of his home, brushing his teeth.
After washing your faces, you use a
dry towel. We wipe our faces with
a moist towel.
As the typical American fa nily is
about to sit down to brealct'ast, the
mistress of the house may call to her.
husband, "Harry, won't you run up-
stairs and bring me something to put
over my shoulders?" And Harry runs
up In a Japanese family, Mr. Sato
would be sitting at the breakfast table
while his wife was still busy in the
kitchen As she came into the dining
room. Mr. Sato might call out: "Run
up, will you, and fetch my glasses,,"
Mrs. Sato would obediently 'fasten
upstairs.
Yes, it seems we do things in exa.t-
ly the opposite way—even tie saying
grace. In American homes, if grace
is said, it is before food that is eaten
by the living. In Japan prayers are
recited only before food that is prof-
fered to the dead. And, when we say
grace, we have our faces turned up,
while you pray with your faces turned
down. American and European wo-
men in mourning wear black dresses.
whereas ein Japan -women wear only
white during this sad period. On the
other hand. black is the conventional
costume worn at weddings in Japan.
Your people develop love before
marriage, and it very frequently hap-
pens that this love grows less intense
as the months lass after the ..ere
mony. Our people frequently develop
love only after the marriage ceremony
is over; for in the majority of cases
the man and woman : re not sufficient-
ly well -acquainted even to hold hands
during the period of their engagement.
A Japanese carpenter pulls his saw,
while an American pushes his. In
using a pair of scissors your womee-
tolk operate the handle end, while we
push together the tips. You stand
your umbrellas with the handle end'
up; we stand ours with the handle
down. In carrying a closed umbrella
you hold the handle, but we dangle
curs from a string attached to the op-
posite end. In entering a house you
first of all take off your headgeer.
The first thing we do is to remove our
footgear. If you have brought a guts:
home with you and he has a gift, he
presents it immediately, Our custom
is to leave the gift on parting. In
presenting the gift, you inform your
host that it is someth ng very nice and
you hope he will like it. In Japan x o
assure our friend that anything we
may choose to present as a gift is
really Of no Value and we know he will
have little use for it. You open a gift
in the presence of the person who
gives it to you. In Japan this is never
done. Our "after dinner" speeches
are made before dinner. in Japan
people will wait hours, drinking tea.
before commencing to eat but will
leave as soon as the meal is over. In
western countries people object to
waiting for their meals but will stay
for hours after their meals, drinking
coffee. In the Occident people are
supposed to eat all that is on their
plates. This is bad taste in Nippon.
You stand as a sign of respect, but in
Japan it is disrespectful to stand -one
must always sit on the floor in greet-
ing a guest. Again, in America it is
regarded as undignified to have no
furniture in a room. In Japan it is
undignified to have furniture in a
MOM,
We differ not only in our actiots
but in the way in which we look at
things. For instance, a European
visitor to Nippon finds a litter of un-
wanted puppies left in the bushes. He
cannot, .help protesting against such
cruelty. %=. On, the other hand, when a
Japanese hears that in western co'.m-
tries unwanted pups are killed, he will
ask, "How does, any one know that the
to>:,;,.w.v.y.1,itr'S Y1to•...•...,, �.,7',9Y> r�nirt,
that it is Metter for the puppies to be
painlessly put to death than to be left
in the bushes where their chance of
keeing alive is very small indeed, he
is certain' to ask: "Why then are, not
famine -stricken people in China killed.
painlessly?"
Take the case of aged people. Elder-
ly folk in America generally do not
live with their grown-up children. In
Japan the children. out of considera-
tion for their parents, prefer" suffering
a Iittle discomfort—often it is a great
deal of discomfora—to having their
parents live apart from them.
Another matter in which the Jap-
anese differ is in smiling when thy
are. reprimanded. This has caused a
great deal of misunderstanding be-
tween foreign employers and Japan-
ese employes—almost as much mis-
understanding as the Japanese custom
of actually saying no when yes is
meant, and vice versa.
Visitors to Japan frequently Mai it
di ficult to keep from laughing out-
right en observing some of the ridicu-
lous things we do in an effort to affect
western ways. This is especially true
in the case of English signboards.
"Ladies have fits inside," you may
read over a dressmaker's shop; or
"Have your head cut here," over a
barber shop.
When the first train was run be-
tween Tokyo and Yokohama, the late
Meiji Emperor attended the memor-
able ceremony. To be in keeping with
the wave of westernization that than
swept the eountz'y, the Emperor plan-
ned to ride to the station in a horse-
drawn .carriage rather than in the
court palati iuin. The only difficulty in
using a carriage was to find a suitable
livery for the driver. After a search
in the official wardrobe, a foreign gar-
ment was discovered which seemed to
answer very well. It was dignified,
had buttons and decorative stripes and
was said to have been bought at a
foreign auction in Yokohama. So His
Majesty rode in his new carriage, and
all seemed wen to Japanese eyes. But
0 KEEP YOURSELF
HEALTHY
The lot of most people Is much
indoor work and .little real est.
milk. That's why it's sensible,
every se often,to give the systeoa
a.gentle, thorough cleatutme
with lir. Carter's Little Liver
P All vegetable. 60 years
25e & 75c red packages
,Ask your druggist for
MRS =PILLS
ISSUE No. 37- 1,
Oh. JkliVt&44.1A
wo.„ ►� :; A - .
D OSEGOOX40
2,CVMACE. SLIMS '1RP lialrel .?4 OraqiiikIctoe
A was difficult for foreigners among
the spectators to keep from laughing.
and naturally so. The driver was in
pajamas!
But there are things in America
which seem just as ridiculous to Jap
anese eyes. For instance, in New
York recently, when I happened to be
walking on Fifth Avenue, I beheld a
sight which almost caused me to hold
my sides lest I burst from laughter.
For what should I behold in midday
and in the very heart of the greatest
city in the world but an American
woman pridefully walking along,
wearing a dark blue Japanese coat, or
"bappi," on the bails of which, in flar-
ing red Japanese characters six inches
in height, were the -words "Fire Ex-
tinguisher." It was a coat patterned
after those issued by the Tokyo fire
c:epartment.
So, hereafter, to the American visi-
tor in Japan who exclaims, "Gosh,
you're a strange people!" permit me
to reply—in a spirit of friendship, of
course—"The same to you."
The Bible
It Iays a pillow for the weary head,
It puts a staff within the pilgrim's
hand,
It meets us at each bend of life's rough
road,
It evermore anticipates our range,
It is a guide to life's last boundary
line,
It opens wells no drought of Time can
fill,
It satisfies the most artistic sense,
It is a gallery of matchless charm,
It is an honest critic of the soul,
It Is a cheque-book we too seldom use,.
It kindles hones beyond our fondest
dreams,
It has a balm for every wounded heart,
It speaks a language that all under-
stand,
It ends in an apocalypse of gold.
—Alexander Louis Fraser.
Done to a Turn
A new system of memory training
was lilting taught in a village school,
end thm. tQa'Cht y ;ae:..s :4w .,i,
ttnusiaet ,<,
"Porei'instance,' he said, "supposing
you want to remember the name of a
poet—Bobby Burns. Fix in your
mind's eye a picture of a policeman
in flames. See—Bobby Burns?"
"Yes, I see," said a bright pupil.
"but how is one to know it does not
represent Robert Browning?"
PLEASURE
To give pleasure to a single heart
by a single kind act is better than a
thousand head-bowings in prayer,—
Saadi.
Such lather!
Such refreshing
fragrance, such skin
softening and cleansing! -
d
s
individual (clfians
9-31
Classified Advertising
4N OFFER TO EVER'*f INVENTOR.
List of wanted inventions and full
information sent free. Tile Bampay Com-
pany, World Patent Attorneys, 273 Bank
Street, Ottawa, Canada.
WANTED TO 72VECl$ASE
ei OLD SCRAP BOUGHT FOR CASH.
N.i' Send gold teeth and bridges. Crown
,Specialty Company, P.Q. Box 35i, Station"
H, Montreal.
DEEDS
This is the law of a good deed be-
tween two; the one ought at once to
forget that it was conferred, the other
never to forget that it was received.
B 1ACK IIEAO
Don't suffer any reatger from these
unsightly blemishes. Overcome them at
home. Get 2 oz. Peroxine Powder front
you. druggist. Sprinkle a little on the
face cloth, apply with a circular motion
and the blackheads will be all WASHED
AWAY. Satisfaction• or money refunded.
SCIATICA
Wash the painful part well '
with warm water; then rub in
plenty of Minard's and
33 you'll feel beffer f
itiFFIRED
EVERY T
.. ,wax;e�r.l wX � •, :'S : '- ••••'•• ,
WT3EX.( was twelve years
old my mother wanted me
to take Lydia B. Pinkham's Veg-
etable Compound, but I wouldn't:
If I had I night have been a well
girl now.1 have suffered terribly
every month.
"The girls where 1 work used
the Vegetable Compound and
urged me to try it. It helped my
nerves: 1. intend to keep on
until I am welt and strong." Miss
Rose Lama, 6 Brighton Avenue,;
Toronto, Ontario.
Q1. V Gsti4t Giem
VEGETABLE COMPOUNL
SHE FAINTED AFTER FOLD
Over -acidity and
Nurse's Acute Suffering
- Corrected by Kruschen
" A nurse's life does not leave much
time to spare, but having derived much
benefit from taking Kruschen, it's
only fair to you and others to pass the
facts on.
" I was suffering from over -acidity and
flatulence to such an extent that I was
completely ill. I couldn't take food.
The very thought of it nauseated me.
When I actually forced myself to,take
something, I would be wretchedly
and faint afterwards. 1 really. began
to feel life was not worth while.
"I have now taken Kruschen for 12
months, and I have no doubt that it has
righted my digestive system. I am
now quite fit and able to work with
vigor again. I recommend the same
treatment to those of my patients who
are likely to benefit by it,"—Nurse E. S.
Indigestion is caused by a failure in
the flow of the gastric os' digestive
juices. As a result, your food, instead
of being assimilated by your system,
simply collects and ferments inside you,
producing harmful acid poisons. Start
the digestive juices flowing normally,
and you'll not have to suffer duly more.
And that is just how 1Cvusrhen :;alts
brings .swift and lasting relief from
Flatulence
indigestion. 'The immediate effect of
the six mineral salts in Kruschen is to
promote the healthy flow of the vital
juices of the body. And that means a
blessed end to Indigestion and a re -
flowed and whole -hearted enjoyment
of your food without the slightest fear .''
of having to pay the old palatal -
penalty. Atid more 1 You will soon
experience the tonic influence of
ICruschen upon your bloodstream.
You will begin to feel a new being—.
happier, heartier, and hungrier than
you ever felt in your life.
itrusehen Salts is obtainable at all
Drug Stores at 45c. axed 75c, per bottle.