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The Seaforth News, 1933-09-07, Page 3THURSDAY, 'SEPT. 1933. n THE SEAFORTH NEWS, PAGE TH'Rneft; Services We Can Render In the time of need PROTECTION is your best !friend. Life Insurance -To •protect your LOVED ONES. Auto Insurance To protect you against LIM:il :1T to PUBLIC and their PROPERTY, Fire Insurance- To nsurance-To protect your HOME and its CONTENTS. Sickness and Accident Insurance - To protect your I•NCO'NIE Any of the above lines we can give you in strong and reliable companies. Ic interested, call' or write, E. E.C. CHAT IBERLAIN INSURANCE AGENCY Phone 334 Seaforth, Ont, FAIR DATES Arthur Sept. 26, 27 Atwood Sept. 22, 23 Bayfield Sept. 27, 28 Brussels Sept. 28, 29 Chesley ..... . , Sept. 19, 20 Drayton Sept. 21, 22 Durham Sept. 12, 13 Elmira Sept. 1 - 4 Exeter Sept. 19, 20 \Fergus Sept. 15, 16 Forest Sept. 26, 27 Goderich Sept. 19, 20 Hanover .- Sept. 14, 15 Tlarriston Sept. 28, 29 Kincardine Sept. 21, 22 Listowel .. Sept. 20, 21 Lucknow Sept. 28, 29 Mildmay . . Sept. 19, 20 Milverton . . Sept. 19, 20 Mitchell Sept: 26, 27 Mount Forest Sept. 20, 21 Neustadt Sept. 30 Owen Sound .: .. Sept. 28 - 30 Paisley . Sept. 26, 27 Palmerston .'.. Sept. 22, 23 Ripley .. Sept. 26, 27 Seaforth ....... , ,.Sept. 21, 22 Stratford . Sept. 18 - 20 Tara Oct. 3, 4 Teeswater ...... Oct. 3, 4 Tiverton Oct. 2, 3 Wingham .. Oct. 10, 11 Zurich 'Sept. 25, 26 International Plowing Match, Derby Tp. Owen Sound, Oct. 10, 11, 12 and 13. Pretty Slick ArNext time a three-year-old visitor to Kincardine slicks down his curly locks he will ,be more careful. Si'is ,first experience along that line . was almost disastrous, for instead of some nice brilliantine with a lovely/ per- fume the lad applied some china ce- ment. At first the result was the same as with the genuine 'product but when the cementdried it was vastly different. Parents thought it would be necessary to have the hair cut off but frequent and persistent shampoos were successful in saving the hair. length as well; our typed symbols will vary in the amount of ink that they have carried from the ribbon to the paper, our seeds will vary in length and shape, weight and colorand so on ad inlfinitu+m., -I: we will but hear this basic fact in mince, it becomes •evident that •two weapons produced in t'he same factory by the same machinery must necess- arily differ 'in some particulars. piow marked these differences really are, I hope to develop subsequently. And if they differ, it is but reasonable that their difference should register on :the bullets., and shel-Is fired in thein. 11 the differences are suffi'ciently pro- nouf,ced, they writ11 impart certainid- entifying characteristic& to these .bul- lets and shells • that will he marked enough to link them to the particular weapons from which they came, When a small arm is fined, thebul- let travels through the barrel, which directs it toward its tariget. Manifest- ly, if one barrel differs front another, these differences will be recorded on bbullets passing through them and, if 'sufficiently striking, will serve as a means of identifica'tio'n, Again, in the process of fitting a cartr'icfge,' the nose off the hammer, or firing pin, off the 'weapon impinges an the cap ,or pruner in the head of the shell; this contains a small quantity of a substance that explodes as a result of the blow thus received', transmitting to .the powder and of ,a standard width and depth charge ahead a tiny flame which sets for any two speaimens of -a particular it into combustion.As the powder make, model and calibre of gun, .but burns, it is converted from "a solid into will exhibit characteristic differences a gas occupying -many times its orig- in two w6alp'ons of different in'anuiac- incl' volume. The pressure of the ex- +cure. The fact that they are cut on ponding gas is great, averaging from an; angle instead of parallel Ito the axis chelesss it is not as commonly avail- neath one tube of a cotnpa'rison micro - able as in the bullet, because in most scope and the test bullet beneath the instances wherein revolvers are em- other tube. Through an arrangement pleyed the fired shells are transpor'teil of prisms, a composite image of the from the scene of the crime in the' two bullets is built up in a single 'eye - weapon involved. 'Hence, it is only in piece, which surmounts the crossar1fl those cases in which automatic or re-' joining the two 'microscopes. One half .pea'ting arms are used that we may! off -this image is 'supplied by the fatal. ordinarily expect to find shells in evi- 'bullet and the other half by the test. deuce, Such instances are beconeing''We rotate one bullet until a groove mare and more frequent, however,' and mark on its surface occupies the centre as a result the shellis assuming in- of Oe ,field, We then rotate the other creas'in'g importance in identificatione until a similar _nark on its surface is Let us revert to out bullet, which approximated with the first, Since 'whn last seen was -travelling down both bullets have been fired from the barrel ahead of an expanding cloud weapons ' of the same make, calibre of powder gases; what markings may and type, we find that the edges of we expect to find on it after it has our groove marks 'fuse evenly across conte to a stop in the body of its vi'c- the dividing centreline of the eye- tine? These will vary ,materially ac- eiece. Were they from weapons o•f 'cording to' the attendant circumstances different makes, we would find the hat in general, we --shall come upon, grooves to be of different widths, in - plainly engraved on its surface, a,. ser- dining in different directions, or, 11 in ies of what are known as rifling the same direction, at differeit angles. marks. What are these and whence 'But' the establishment of the fact do they arise? - that our fatal and test bullets both an modern praotice, all pistols aiid bear •riffling marks' characteristic of a revolvers are "riffled" This means that given make and type aff weapon from end to end of their. barrels there leaves much to be accomplished. The ;are engraved in t'he surface of the 'question now becomes: Are they from ;bore a series of grooves or gutters the same weapon? To detertnine this that are standardized for the melee, vital point, 'we must look for mark - calibre and type of weapon . invol'ved. ingsof a more ,delicate nature than .the In other words, these grooves will be •byroad grooves "impr'inrted on - the bul- off a certain number, inclined in a cer- let's surface by the lands of the bar - twin direction, sl'oping at a given angle rel. They are there, and plentifully so. Their presence is due to the fact that ;the rifling tool that scrapes out the grooves in the bore of the weapon is subject to constant wear on its cut- ting edge. As a result this edge, like that of a razor blade, is made tip of a series of minute teeth. These are con- 8,000 ftp 10,000 pounds to the s'qua're of the bore causes, them to adopt a stantly undergoing change and rear- inch in Many of our camm'only used 'sptirai foyvtn and impart a rotational pistols, and the force 'thus developed effectto proljectiles ,passing through drives the projectile ahead of it down 'the barrel.' .As a result, the bullet spins rangement as the •inachining process is carried out, with. the result that groove in: the bore shows, when the its markings from .groove to groove, it is evident that the barrel through wh'ic'h it passed must vary to the same extent, Acrd if two adjacent grooves or lands in the sante barrel are as vit- ally different as the rnarleings that ,they impart to a fired bullet indicate - in other words, if' it is not 'possible to fashion two similar areas of the same barrel exactly alike -it becomes evi- dent that it is still less possible to construct two successive barrels that will resemble each, other in every par- ticular, .and that the chances of pro- ducing two such are absolutely nil, A VI1SIT TO A GOLD- . • BEATING FACTORY Does, it seen' 'possible 'that- the gold in'fve dollar gold piece can be hammered out 'so thin that it will make a sheat 5000 square inches in size; ore that an 'ounce of gold can be beaten into 1116,000 'leaves covering a surface 105 square !feet; or that 36,- 000 leaves have ;been placed one on top Of the other to make a pile an inch high ? !The process off gold beating is a very ancient ,one and is done gy hand 'today vouch in /the same way that it w'as done in the 'days of King (Solomon. Recently the,' writer ,visited gol.d'beaiting factory and found ,it a .most .i-nteersting experience. WWhen we entered the factory a great din greeted our ears. ;Some 'twenty-five men were '' all beating away' as-h'ard as they 'could, each at his own table, using h'animers 'that weighed between sixteen and twenty pounds. It looked Bice a very :hard job ;b'u't one of the ,owners, who kindly showed us the process step by step, said that it wasn't as hard as it looked because the big hammers the barrel. At the same time it forces like a top around Its long axis 'and riffling operation is completed, a -.series bounced -up of themselves without the shell rearward against the breech flies, much farther and straighter than of parallel lines, between its two edges much effort on 'teh lbeater's part. off the weapon. Were it ,not so spun. that reflect the condition of the minute But to Start aft the (beginning of the Now it is not posls'ib•le to fashion Different arms makers have differ- teeth on the rifling cutter at the naom-1 •story: (First of all the gold arrives aft two firing phis. identically 'alike even 'ing :views as to the best type of riffling ent of its final passage through the;the -factory in the 'form of fiat 'bricks when these are made in succession on to employ. For instance, Smith and 'particular,gro'ove. Since the cut'tingla'baut.five inches long :and one inch the same machine. As a 'result, thein- Wesson, well known American neak-i edge c'han'ges so rapidly, the series ofiwide. These are melted down in a print left in the exploded cartridge. ers, cut in their barrels 'five,grooveslparallel lines in any one groove diffcrucible-and treated to .a process by cap is .going to retied' the character -I inclining to the right, while CGolt, ers materially from that in the iaext''w!hieh the gold is purified. It is then istics of the particular firing pin thatiegaally well known, employ's six groove or the next.. Poured into molds and the resulting struck it,and these will differ from 'grooves inclined to ,the left. IHere we have the basis of Uullet id- bricks rolled out by machinery into those imparted by any other firing IS'ince it so happens that no ` two entification. For when oar projectileistrips as thin as can be handled. pin. in the world. Here we have one makers of firearms employ the same .passes through a ,barrel, those portions' Each brick makes a strip about paint of identification that may prove identical rifling specifications. as al- of it that touch the bottoms of the twenty-Ifive yards long and one inch most valuable. The effect is just es ready outlined with regard to Colt grooves receive the imprints of. the 'wide. These strips are then given to though each individual firing pin and Smith and Wesson, it is apparent irregularities there. present. Two bul-,the goldbeater, and from this point on stamped its initials into every cap that a bullet fired from a weapon of lets fired from the same barrel willi he carries the .goad 'through the entire with which it came in contact, so that'a 'certain make will exhibit riflingiShow, provided we compare corresp-''process 'hims'ellf. by careful study under a comparison ,narks characteristic of that make. 'I1 onding groove marks, on their surf-' First, he measures the long, thin miscroscope' (to be described 'later) eve have at our disposal data cofvering,aces, the same series of minute, strip into inch squares, which he we are commonly able to identify, the rifling specifications for all makes; scratches present within these groove' then cute off.with long scissors. Next, the markings lett by a certain firing ofarms in current use, it is ordinarily marks, and no bullet through any,rhe places ,bhe square's in a "ketch." pin• on' one or more shells, possible by means of counting and'' other barrel, whether or not through iThe "ketch" consists of pack of ape - 'Manifestly, unless the original fir- treasuring the groove marks on.an the same make of weapon, wi11 prepared papers between whicl ing pin of a weapon has been removed unkown bullet and determining the'it this identical series of scratches. "Inithe .squares are placed exactly in the or altered since it figured' in 'same criminal affair,"'we can, if a fired shell 'from the scene of the crime is avail- able, fire a second shell of the same make' and type in the weapon under suspicion 'and compare The cap Inden- tations for points of similarity. When the head of the. shell is driven backward :against the breech of the weapon by the pressure of the ex- panding gases it acquires an entirely new set of markings. These arise from the fact that the surfaces .1 no two gun breeches are identically alike, They ex'hi'bit certain minute scratches, elevations and dep'ression•s,-.as a result SCIENCE AND , FIREARMS New methods, no matter to what ,field applied, always meet much resis- tance in the form of skepticism, Most a us find it difficult to accept novel ,''theories, and some refuse to do so even in the face of overwhelming proof. Only recently I1 met a man who described how, some thirty years ago, he was appointed to look into a new- fangled sy's'tem of human identifica- tion known as finger -printing, which at the time was incurring the amused and incredulous smiles of the world et large. So when we find among the 'popu- lace in general and- same police offi- cers in particular a web developed doubt as to the possibility of determ- ining' what particular gun fired a cer. tain bullet or shell, there is small oc- •casion for surprise, Lt does sound like e rather difficult, if not impossible achievement, and it is hard to des- crebe the method's employed to per- sons lacking a scientific training un- less by chance they happen to be -faun- iliar with the machining .of metal pro- ducts. Such persons grasp the theory at once and need but little to con- vince them of its practicability. Nev- ertheless, the whole 'matter rests on fasts so patent and so easy of deth on'stration when the opportunity of- fers that any intelligent adult wh.o has an _open mind can, if he wishes, comprehend the technique of firearm identification with but little expend- iture of effort. The p'ossibilty of identifying the weapon that fired a certain projectile proceeds from an axiomatic .truth, the oorrec'tness of which cannot be suc- cessfully . attacked. This is, that no two things are alike, and that includes all material objects with which we carte in contact in this vale of tears. of the machining and ;hand ffinislhing processes to, which they have been sub'jeoted, th'a't invariably show mat- eria1 differences when 'inspected under a hand glass or under moderate mag- nification 'beneath a microscope. When the soft copper cap or primer and the harder brass shell head thee surrounds it are thrown violently ag- ainst the Steel : breech face 'by the the force of the expanding gases aseai- ready, described, they 'take from the lather, markings that inversely repro- duce' those present on its surface. These consist ordinarily of a series of more or less parallel lines represent- ing the marks left by the hand filing of the 'breech, surface subsequent to the last machine operation on it. It" is not possible to make the same stroke twice with .a file. That is self-evident lAs a !result no two 'breech. faces will exhibit the same frying marks or will transfer to shells recoiling against them marks arranged in similar pat- terns. : leo we have ,now two •methods of identifying a shell to the weapon in which it was fired, the first by means of the firing pin imp'rint, and the 'se- cond by means of the- markings that it acquires when recoiling against the breech of t'he weapon. Other 'c'h'arac- teristic marks are left oil shell's (in automatic and repeating firearms but (It holds for two redblood cells lying not air revolvers) by the. extractor and side by side .in the field of a micro- scope, ,for two pins made in succes 1 djec'tor, which successively res lio,ve the 'dischar'ged shell out of . the .chem - cion on the same automatic nfachin- ery, for tw'o imprints struck on a sheet of paper by- the same key of a typewriter, for two seeds 'in"'the sante pod' -in short, for -any two o'bjedts that we choose to compare With each other. Of Course, the bear strong tesemlbl'ances, but when we come to 'scru'tin'ize them, carefully, our .'blo'od cells wild the found to Vary in diameter 'by a number of microns;; our pin's '0111 differ in 'weight by some thousandths of a !milligram, ands' probably in angle these 'make with its long; axis comparing the two bullets under theiceu'ter. A kutch'contains 200 gold to ascertain that these marleings are microscope, we keep one immobile, as, sfquares. characteristic of those imprinted by 'already indicated, and rotate the other IS'trips of parchment are then wrap- froma given make of weapon and different slowly, attempting to find a series of ped around it both ways to form a those produced by any other tiny scratches on its surface that box and the gold -heater is ready . to make. correspond exactly with those present begin his first hammering process. Having advanced so far, we then at that point of the nonrotating bullet, 'He never strikes two blows in :the look for a Suspect possessing a wea- which is then in focus. I+f we can dds- same place but twists and turns and pon of this type. If one such is found cover 'such a duplication of markifigs overturns his ketch with its valuable :the next move is to fire through the we may then revolve the two bullets contents over and over again with one arm under suspicion one or more test simultaneously and the duplication hand while he wields .his big hammer .bullets. These are caught in cotton will be found to exist throughout their with the other in rhythmical stroke, waste which yields them up undeform- entire circumferences. When he has beaten 'his kutch until ed, We now place our fatal bullet be- Since a bullet varies materially in the gold squares have become four her and .throw it out of the gun. )Since: no two extractors and eject- ors can 'be 'made identical in all feat- ures, it is evident that .these again will l'e'ave their individual signatures on those shells with whiCh they come in contact, and on 'th'ese alone it` is_. trot infrequen't'ly, Possible to establish am rdentiification. , While the empty Shell, is ,an impor- tant factor in firearm studies and fre- quently offers mush ..more useful in- font-nationtli6n. the fired bullet, :.never - times their original size, he sits clown. al his table and, _ carefully lifting each sheet of gold onto a leather, cushion in front of him, he cuts it both way's, making four new squares.,. about an inch in size. His cutter is:& made of, malacca cane and is called `"fil'iing-wagon.": Now lie takes the resultant 800 squares and places thane between the 'leaves of another Pack, called a slhroder. 'nar3'a.la tri•$ b1 ' uo gs.ratral 500 0. (newer. pepu•ss 5554, sac, ?tie ssano.rd ;ouaas sc .3l 'Lue'diuoo •nopuorl n Sq opens. eau pens- aie 'tees s,aateatsplo3 u' Pollen 'sl,eee3s -Tepee asateet 'teas eueeedsue.rs uig3., 2.15A a to a.re `zadvel so apeut Suiaq. so peal'snr '.1ap0a11,5 aq:1 xo saneali anee, The shroder is now wrapped up in parchment, and 'the goldbeater is off again on his hammering process,. twisting .an'd turning his shroder just as he did the 'ketch. ' Once more these squares are 'ham- rnered out to four tunes: their .original size and then cut into limb squares.' and placed in -a new 'pack of loaves= 'call'ed a "mold." Thegold squares - from every shroder are enough to t613 three molds. 'When the mold is .pre -- pared just like the ketch and s'hroder, up jumps the' hammer an:d away goes -- the beating again; The last beating,. takes ,four hours. '11 .will rbe.-s•een' from the above, that there are three distinct processes ,or "sets of beatings," The whole process from the- time- the +beater receives his strips until he returns his mold with: the .fuuished gold leaf takes a period- of about 215 'hours. The .factory was on the "ground` floor. The tables atwhich the mea• 'ha'nr;mered were made. of 'wooden., tray's, set on ,stone pillars, which inn - turn rested on 'wooden bases. which; went through the 'floor some two and':'', a -half •feet into the grouted. 'The faun -- 'dations must be very solid to veith- stand the constant .blows of the big,: hammer s. - :We were told that some 217 giris ares: employed who do their part oe the_ - work at tame. They carry home tile' molds, each filled with sheets of .fin- ished gold leaf, and transfer them with Wooden tweezers into . attractive. little books ready for market. Ift takes them, about four years to 'become ex - pe• t alt this work and the men about. t'he same time. , TO KEEP THE FLIES AWAY -- To The Farmer; !Procure a bunch' of smartwecd and bruise it to cause the juice to exude. ;Rub the animal. thoroughly with the bruised bunchy ,of - weed, especially on the legs, neck and ears, and it will not be troubled with - flies or insects for twenty-four hours.- A very convenient way of using this is to. 'make a strong solution by boil- ing a quantity of the weed • iit water - for a few moments. When cold it carr conveniently be used by applying- with pplyingwith a rag or brush. The cost and ease with which this is obtained make it worthy of consideration. legs!" -and C1What a voice!" A flair exchange brings no cpterreiv- A good ,drum- does not require hard' striking. ,When 'all' men- praised the peacock for his beautiful tail, the birds cried': out with one consent, 'Look at Isis -- anter check B . oks • We Are Selling Quality Books Books are . Well Made, Carbon is Clean and Copies Readily. All styles, Carbon Leaf and Black Back. Prices as _ Low as You Can Get Anywhere. Get our . Quotation on Your Next Osier. • he- Seaforth - Nevis= SEAFORTH, ONTARIO,