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HomeMy WebLinkAboutThe Seaforth News, 1933-02-09, Page 7THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 9, 1933. D. H. McInnes ones Chiropractor Of Wingham, will be at the Commercial Hotel, Seaforth Monday, Wednesday and Friday A€ternooiis i:?taeases of all kinds success- fully treated. Electricity used. ISLAND TRANSFORMED 'INTO FIIN81AIPPLE FARM /When, :I ening tete imperialis'ti'c flurry of the Spanish War, the •far - ,off reputblie. of Hawaii asked and ;ob- tained annexlabi'on to the United Stakes there was probably no one in the world who ass'oeiated this event with pin'eap!pees. L'as't year thousands of acres once dovered with cactus and used ,only for ,grazing a particul- arly self-relia'n't breed of cattle, were covered, . up hill and down dale, with endless neat rows of ling -leaved and • fragrant +fruit. 'An entire :island, 'Lanai, has been (taken over by a pineapple company. The father of Hawaiian pineapple growing is James Drum- mond Dale. The Doles have filgured largely in Hawaiian !histo!ry; One of the original ones was a 'missionary. His son, like', so many ';other mis- sionanies' sons in the islands, went into •business • and also into . politics-- this p'olitics—this was Judge Dole. James Drum- mond Dole was his nephew and went in '99 to Hawaii with 'bhe expectation of :b'ncaning a coffee p'lan'ter. But -coffee was not suited to the soil and climate of the is'lan'ds, whereas pine- ap'ples, already .'being grown in small quantities for the domestic :market, were. Young Dole started his life work on a.six'ty-acre'hamestead twen- ty-three miles .west of Honolulu. The original capital of the Hawaiian Pine- apple Company, which he formed in 1901, was $210,000. IBut he was as much a missionary as his great-uncle had been, though his efforts were not .de- voted to inducing the native 3hwai- fans to go to church, abandon can- nibalism and wear calico wrappers. He grew "pines" himself, talked his neighbors into planting them, strug- gled through the erection of the 'first cannery and nursed the infant in- fant industry night and day through its first growing pains. From a 'pack of '1','893 .cases in 1903 the (pineapple trade grew to 200,000 cases in 1907 and 400,000 in 1908, This, -though one - thirtieth of the pack for 1930, was more 'than the American .market could absorb. 'The pineapple growers, by pooling their spare funds, raised mb:n- eywith which to begin an advertising campaign. The pineapple jointed the California oranges and the Central American 'banana among the tropical and semi -tropical fruits which were appeartn'g on almostevery dining table. As the industry expanded it be- came evident that the original planta- tions would not be adequaite to meet the .demand. Dole sent, experts' to Phill'ip:pines, to Mexico, San Domin- go, Malaya and Queensland, only in each case to meet with disappoint- Founded in 1900 A Can'ad'ian Review of Reviews This wee'kty magazine offers a re- markable •selection of articles and car- toons gathered from the latest issues the leading British and American journals and reviews. It reflects the current thought of both hemispheres on all world problems, Beside this it has a department of finance , investment and insurance, and features covering literature and the arts, the progress of science, edu- cation, the house 'beautiful, andwo- men's interests. Its every page is a window to some fresh vision Its every column is a live -wire contact with lifel WORLD WIDE is a FORUM Lts editors are Chairmen, not com- batants. Dts-aeticies are selected for their outstanding 'merit, illumination' and entertainment. To sit down in your own 'home for a quiet tete a tete with some df the world's best informed and clearest thinkers on subjects of vital interest is the great advantage, week iby week, of these who give welcome to this entertaining magazine. "A magazine of which Canadians may well be proud." "Literally, 'a feast of reason and a flow of soul.'." "Almost every article is worth fil- ing or sharing with a friend." Every one of the pages off World Wide is 100%d interesting to Canadians Issued Weekly 15 cts copY; $3.50 yearly On Trial to NEW subscribers 8 weeks only 35 cts net One Year $2.00 „ (IOn trial in Montreal and suburbs. also ini U:S, add lc for every week of service. For other .foreign countries add 0 abs) nuent. Finally, like ,the meati who found the four-leaf clover in his own back- yard after'searctng the wo�l for one, the investigators reached the conclu- sion that the little island of Lanai, just across the 'htanttel from Maui, mightbe worth -a trial. Climate, alti- tude and rainfall all seemed to .meet requirements, and Incbisland was only about ,ten (hours Steaming from H'ono- lulu, Lt was, however, as unsettled and uncul'tfvated as an island mutt well 'Inc, II bad not changed much since Ca'pt'ain ;'Cook's time. There were no roads, no harbors, rio towns,. no food and no adequate water sup- ply. Nor was there any. ,perman'en't population. Most of the good soil was covered with a dense growth o'f cac- tus. Work was, however, begun. ;High- ways were built, a harbor ,was 'blast- ed out and 20,000 ,of the island's 90,- 000 acres opened to 'the plow. This last achievement Was not easy, for the cactus was difficult to uproot by any ordinary methods. Finally an experiment was made with two heavy tracltors moving abreast and drag- ging a heavy tog -chain between 'them. That was the end of the cactus, Mow- ed 'awed down over hundreds of acres, crushed and torn, it soon died, dried and was 'burned. The water problem had still to be solved. But nature had thou'ghtfu'lly ,provided Lanai with an extinct volcano kndwn as Lana'ihale, a 3,400 -foot cone in which an abund- ance of springs existted.:A tunnel was driven into•: the lava, and from this tunnel there now come daily, a sup- ply ,sufficient for .all needs. Then came the 'building of a new town, Lanai City, a Icornmuni'ty of some 2,000 souls. There was plenty of room and the houses were planted in the midst of phots al .grass shaded With trees. The original cost of the island is said to have been albout ($1,000,000, and the program of improvements com- pleted and contemplated will run the sum up to '$'5,000;000. Besides the town. A long concrete .wharf, equip- ped with cranes for loading .the crated fruit, is lighted and busy night and dayduring g the rush season. The Lan- ai pineapple, :starting at the planta- tions far +above the sea, come's down to the water in fleets of trucks, •haul- in,gtrailere. "`Pines" picked during one working day are loaded on barges the same night and are towed into the harbor of Honolulu ten hours later. There they are put in tins before an- other day has passed. Lanai as a ,pineapple plantation goes back only to 1924. That is to say, the ,first steps toward opening It up were taken in that year. The first crop was sat harvested until :1909. Atboutt 11,800 acres will be planted each season until the full 20,000 acres avail - are under cultivation. From a paint on the norther whets one may look down on a single field of greenand brown four and a'hatlf miles long, bhe straight rows seeming to rution and on into inlfini'ty. A Hawaiian pineapple field is indeed a'atisf i ' s y ng spectacle for anyone who likes neatness. At a little distance the long rows of plants look like ribbed green patterns land carefully dawn to suit the con'to'urs of the land. In the ,distance lie rugged hills and mountains, shutting in and protecting the interior valleys. :The climate is even miGder, incidentally, than the far-famed climate of Califor- nia. When the temperature sinks to 52 degrees, as it ,frequently does on what Hawaiians consider a cold night, the inhatbiftants retire indoors and sit around .the cozy fireplaces with which which every 'house, whether :of humble workman or general manager, is pro- vided. The cleanliness of a pineapple field is often a source of wander to the vis- itor. The secret lies in the famous mulch paper process. Once bhe earth is ready .for planting, with fertilizer well mixed in, ,merle -drawn .m'achine's lay long stnips of paper across the fields in perfectly straight lines. Through (this paper the slips which are to grow into new pineapple plants are thrust, The paper blanket stran- gles the weeds Close ,to the plant, mak- ing cultivation 'between the rows an easy matter, Itt also conserves moist- ure about the roots and serves to maintain an even temperature in the soil. The device has been gnenally ad- opted in the pineapple industry. 1n the pineapple industry, as in most ,others, the machine is ttending. to dis'ptace hand labor, No one 'but an 'experienced pricker, it is true, can tell whether a fruit is ready for canning. He does this by thumping it and lis- tening to the sound, in much the same fashion that an expert in the `United States determines the state of ripeness of a watermelon. But when the 'pine- apples arrive at the factory, the mach- ine system takes them over. :First ,they are .sent through an apparatus which nips off the ends and strips the cone from the shell. Those who have tried to peel a pineapple- by hand will ap- preciate •what it .means to have a robot do the same work at the rate of 5,000 an hour. .From the stripping machine the fruit is carried on a moving belt past the trimmers, who clean off the the base, and, on to the slicer and packing THE SEAFORTH NEWS. tables, where it goes onto cans ax - 'cording to grade and collor. All work- ers here are women, dressed en ,white caps, long white aprons' 'and rubber gloves. The processes are swift. The bine from the fresh •Cruet to the trim- med 'eruvt an the can is about nlinety- one seconds. Then follow the vacuum process, in which the sweet pineapple syrup if forced into tine pores; the ex- hausting of the air, sealing and 'cook - Mg, and the lacquering of 'bhe can, 3n twentyeight'minutes from the time a pii;e'alp'p'1e eniters the cannery it es trimmed, +canned, cooker, and: ready If or the consum'er's table, IIn 1909, the expor,t's from the island amounted to the considerable sum of $108,43911103. The langest item, ;nearly twoeehirds' of it, 'has been contributed by the pineap'pl'e. All this happened since Mr. Dole made his pioneer trip to Wahiawa, the site .of leis first pine- apple plantatibn, and where, as he states, until he 'built hi'm'self a shack, he "slept 'in the 'bairn wiith• the horse." 'Thus the land wiher'e the natives once dug or gathered ,their taro, yanns, sweat ,potatoes, coconuts and ,bananas,. or where the cattle sbru'ggied through an ate'hrwise ,unutilized •desert, is now in many ,cases, almost from horizon. to 'horizon,;'wiibh. countless rows of pineapplles. Where the natives danced and fought are now t'own's, scattered houses and farms. ;Highways run in places where a few years ago there were not even trails. WATER. (Where there is nofresh water, there can be no people,e no animal's, no trees, and no crops; nothing but arid wastes, producing the merest smattering of vegetation, Seo ;that no small part of man's time has always been taken up with this question h a water supply—a subject that opens out 'in all directions. For .men have never been willing to live Only where water has happened to be; they have, gone out to get it. Water has first to be found. Rivers, lakes, gushing springs, t t nt ddy waterh,oles i'n the desert, are there for the finding; but many 'an oozing hillside or swampy meadow may mean a hidden spring, and deep in the ground are water - bearing strata that give no outward sign.- The traditional magician with his wand, the "emblem o.£ power," still survives in some farmer, famed throughout the countryside for "lo- cating" springs, whose wand is a kinked twig Of witch hazel pressed between his thumbs. He and those who employ hint are convinced that the rod will bend in his hand when he stands above water. He is des- cended from Jacques Ay'mar of 'Grote, who, in the fate seventeebh and early eighteenth century, was the "most famous of all diviners." The deep waterebearing strata, however, do not affect bhe hazel rod; they lie between impermeable l ayersofrock .A way of boring through to them was not found and used until 1950, or there• abouts, at Artois in France. It is a far call from divining rod to Artes- ian well, but the handler o'f the rod is probably not much oftener wrong in' locating the silt for a well than are the sinkers of Artesians. And both methods are as likely as not to be in use in the same village. Water, once found, must be kept from flowNin+g away. In ancient Greece, for instance, cisterns were prepared to catch the rainwater, just as in modern Bermuda bhe flat whitewashed roofs serve the same purpose. No'wad'ays in larger coun- tries local reservoirs do not hold en- ough to supply the cities Gr cultivat- ed land. Rivers have been dammed, huge areas flooded, -whole tdwnships submerged. Take the dans that are being added to the water system of New York City, at Ashokan and Gil- boa in the Catskills; the tunneling that is going on in central' Massa- chusetts, or the greet dam of earlier date at -Assuan in Egypt. 'The Nile, by its yearly, muddy inundations, has lcept its delta and a narrow strip of its valley supplied ,with soil and water for crops. Century after ,century this water hes been preserved and direct- ed in .basins and canals as best the nta tives could,tilt it was felt the Nile's natural 'benefactions left room for im- provemefit, and the scheme for a dant was turned fiver to an i'n'ternabiontal conernission-lB.rstisih, eered'ch, and et - alien. The work, intrusted to Sir Ben- jamin Baker, was begun in :1898. Since its final completion in 1912, with the help of the barrages at Assiut, at Esnelu, and in the delta, water 'for the crops is regulated the , year round. Thoughnot without sacriifitce. Above Assuan,:the river spreads out in a vast sheet, dotted here and there with wev- ing green rose'tte's -the tops of sub- mrged palmtrees, And, except in au- ttnnn, when the dam is open, the col - 1.111111.S of the temple' on the island of Philae are standing in water nearly up to their capitals. Huge as this barrier is, the :still unfinished Hoover lam across the Colorado river in Ne - nada will cost ten times' as nisch. The lay mind cannot even take in the dif- ficulties of shell constructions, Think of only one point: (vow to dispose of the wafter while the darn is building, 'Modern methods of distributing wafter have by no means done away with the old New ,England bucket from the well, the 'Eastern water jar, carried to easily on the women's heads, or the goat skin, which the ,Manocca:n waiter ,vender fills ,at the public fountain, and hoists on to his donkey, Along the Nile, an add,touch is given to the old Way of carrying mater in buckets slung from a woad: - en pole that rests across the should- ers, when at Wadi Hal'fta a man is seen coming from the river with two:. snodfern gallon oil cans swinging in place of the bsiokets. Indeed, a jour- tvey"up bhe Nile with its spectacular contrast of 'green' watered strip and yellow desert, is like a carefully stag- ed exlhibit of the history of, water dis- tribution. The sluices of the dans and barrages do not ` turn the native from his inemeneorial ways of bring ing water to his fields. Here is the oldest of well .sweeps, the s'had'oof (or shaduf), A post supports the sweep, which at one end has a large 'ball of mud to counterbalance a b'aske't or 'bucket at the -other.- A man stand'ing in the river, lifts the bucket and emp- ties it into a smtal.l reservoir . above. This process of baling is often re- peated on as many as three separate Tiers by different s'hadoo:fs, one 'feed ing the other, •before the level of the high bank and the fields .'beyond is reached. Or round a bend of 'the river is heard the squeak of the water wheel e sound bloat is said to have ,h'a'd its effect an Eastern music. This sakia is a cogged wheel, turned by cattle or buffalo that pace a leisurely circle with a small boy to prod them. Its teeth engage ;another wheel, vertical 'this time, whish pulls up an endless chain of buckets, These fill and empty, fill and empty, exactly like the well- known children's toy. THE QUEST FOR PLACER GOLD What to do with the army of un- employed' people is one of the most difficult prdblems that has ever con- fronted bhe' nations. One solution re- cently offered by an American writer is that many df these men and women could be profitably employed in the placer gold fields of California, Color- ado, and other western state's. Et is 'pointed out, that' unlike other natural products, there is oto prospect of overproduction of gold, but that every dollar added to the : world's store of the metal makes possible $10 or more 10' needed bank credit. Furth- ermore, placer 'mining recjtiires aro previous training or particular skill— only labor—and panning for gold can be done without extensive capital or machinery. 'Placer gold is washed down from. the mountain books and is more or lees, concentrated in the sand and gra- vel of stream beds. The searcher trust find such a stream bed, and then dig cut and wash the sands lying on the bedrock. This stratum of sand may be of any depth, but seldom will gold be found in paying quan'ti'ties except near the bedrock. IO.nee the goldebeariug sands have been located, the recovery of the me- tal is simple, A method frequently ,used is "panning." The iron gold pan is shaped like a shallow bowl and is about fifteen inches in diameter and four or ,five inches deep. The pan must be free cif grease or oil, and the in- side should not be touched with the hand. A good way to start is to fill bhe van about one-third full of send and :hen add an equal amount of water. The pan should now be moved from side to side, an inch or two in each iirection, until the sand 00 longer ad- heres to the pan, but is suspended in the water. After the sand has thus been thoroughly mixed with the water the pan can be tilted sliglvtly, at the same :time giving it a slight circular motion so beetthe water and sand will pour over the edge, This tilting and oscillating causes the gold and any other metals to collect at the bot- tom of the pan, When but a small handful 'remains, nearly 'all the water can be poured off. Due to the tilting of the pan, the sedi- ment will collect in the fortis of a small ridge, Tilting the pan quickly from side to side, so beat the water always flows in the direction of the ridge, it will be found that the sand will collect at one end, while the gold and other heavy metals will gather at the other end. The .go'ld and 'heavy metals thus ob- tained car now be removed; from the pan and stored in a receptacle, after being permitted to dry. Olbvious'ly, this residue is not pure gold, If the mold is ,coarse enough, a-ith a magni- fying glass and tweezers it can be re-, moved by hand. Another method is to add tothe residue a few , dope of quicksilver, which will unite with the told and form an amalgam that niay he removed wihetu' the panning is tin- ished. 'When the quicksilver : thickens and no longer "rime easily, it is a sig- nal that it will dissolve no more gold and 'must 'be replaced with a fresh supply. Much of the gold can be sep arated from the quicksilver by press Mg the amai'gain through a cltaanois skin or buckskin. ISilo'w, wasteful, labontous, the .only advantage of the panning method i that the rqu iplment costs but a trifle can be transported anywhere a mean can go, and no preparation is neces nary aside 'from procuring . the grave and dipping up the water. 'Tat is why the pan is so necessary When search- ing for gold. But when a gold -belting placer leas been located, and by means of the pan it has been proved that the gravel is rich enough to yield a profit other methods are adopted. The . cra- dle, bhe "tom", 'the: sluice box- eats these were used by the p'ioneer Min- ers. Then came the hydraulic process, and later •bhe dredge. 'The (basic meth- od of all these devices is the same- passing the sand over quicks!lver by means of water. IWlhere, then, should one search' for a placer? 'Geologists have es'tabl'ished the fact that nearly all of the Rocky Mountains, from Mexico to Alaska, contain gold. To find it in profitable quantities is the problem, While In the past expensive searches have been tnade, these have not always' been very thorough. Then, too, bhe conforma- tion of the motuetains is changing to a ,certain extent, The stream that half a century or more ago yielded but a trace 00 gold may today give worth - While results. A study df some of the standard works osi geology, as well as the maps and pttblicatioh's will give one a clue where to venture. All this brings up the question as to what sort of men should undertake to gain a livelihood as placer miners. One should have a certain amount of money. Nat a great deal. 'Wlhen one cooks his own food, and carries all his belongings on his back, or that of a burro, it does not cost muchto live, k hundred dollars will finance a long prospecting trip. The young man, accustomed to rough, heavy work slcillful with pick and shovel, and with average intelli- gence, would appear to be the ideal person to undert'ake placer mining. 'Assum'ing that the gold standard is to be adhered to, instead of the bart- ering me'thod's of a century ago, the size of the gold reserve must be in- creased. Production and consumption of all the things we use are new on such a large scale that much more bank credit is required than ever be- fore. It must be obvious that one way to increase this credit is to increase the production off gold. * * * * * * * * * * * * NEWS AND INFORMATION * * FOR .THE BUSY FARMER * * (Furnished by Ontario Depart- * meet of Agriculture.) * * * * * * * * * * * * Organization Needed. "The need of the toour to the fruit and vegetable industry of Ontario is organization of the growers and co- operation 'between the -growers, job- bers and shippers of 'this .province," said 'W. 'B. Somerset, chairman, On- tario Marketing Board, at the Fruit and Vegetable jobber's Convention. "The disorderly marketing of these products, as carried an last season, was close to chaos. One outstanding exa'mple of what could be done, how- ever, was explained to the convention by 'Mr. Atkin, president of the South Essex group of co-operatives, which handle their 'marketing through one central organization at Leanvitigton. "In the •Leamington district there are four Co-operatives, or Co-opera- tive A'sso'ciations of Growers, .which have erected central packing plants and which camlbine 'forces through a central organizattion for the purpose of securing orderly distribution. "The efforts of these organizations were very successful last year, their entire output being sold at good prices, and jobbers were enthusiastic in their praise of this work, Some time ago the Ontario Growers' Mar- kets Council offered to co-operate, in every way passible, with other dis- tricts farming similar organizations for the same purpose. "The 'Ontario Growers' Market Council is at present endeavoring to give leadership toward organizing the Niagara District 'far similar purposes, ei 1933. Jobbers and .shippers_ as- sembled at the convention from. all over: Canada offered to assist such organizations, and give their active support. `'Finally," 'fir. ,Somerset said, "it is suggested that all the dis- tricts of the Niagara 'Penins•ula should organize to pack and grade uniform- ly, and do all of their .marketing through a central distributing organ- ization, which they would support vigorously." For some years a group of Heidi - mend County farmers under the dir- ection of L. IB, Mehlenbacher of Cay- uga, have been developing a, special' selection Of Liberty Hitless oats. The seed was originally secured from. the Experimental Farm authorities at Ottawa and gradual.ly,,spread over several 'farms around Cayuga. As a result of careful cleaning, the seed each year has been brought up to the higher government, grades, tIn normal years the 'Liberty ";Hulless in• Hladimaitd has been "found to ex'cee'd the Yield of ordinary oats, .returns up to 40 buslh, per acre, weighing close to 50 lbs. to the busthel, being re- ported. 'When it is considered that the ordinary oats is made up of 20 per.'cerut. hull and this hull. has a feeding value only equal ` to straw, shill more weight must be given the argumenit for the hulliess. D'urin'g the,. past season; the oat crop in. Western Ontario, was one o'f the poorest in years and bhe Liberty 'Hatless along with the other varieties suffered, As a result, the expectations of the hudl- ess growers , in 'Hai,'dtmand to produce a large' seed supply 'have not been ful- 'fi'lled though there will be same sum- p'ius over 'local' requirements. The !British 'West Indies " ane .grow- ing cotton with some •success. The islands ,of 'Montserrat and St Kitts, the former famous for lime juice, have reported a good planting but no ex- pansion of acreage, due to the general depressio'n. No better 'protection against worms can be got. than Mi'ller's Worm Pow- ders. They consume worms . and ren- der 'the stomach 'end intestines .un- tenable to them. They heal the sur- faces that have become inflamed by the attacks of the parasites and serve to 'restore the strength of the child that has been undermined • by cue upon it. !Want and For Sale Ads, 3 times 50c. • Here aria There "The decrease in freight car loadings which began in -1930 has continued almost uninterruptedly. In 1931 up to the end of the first week of December, 550 359 less freight cars had been loaded on alt. Canadian Railways thrm for the same period of the previous year. During the same period of this year 376,016 less cars were loaded than in 1931. The decline in pas- senger business has been rela- tively the same. The resultant ef- fect 'upon f-fect'upon railway earnings has been naturally disastrous. For the first ten months of 1931 Canadian Pacific gross revenue declined 22.1 per cent. as compared with that of 1930. For the first ten months of this year now closing there was a further decline of 15.4 per cent. The decline con- tinues, and there certainly ap- pears' to be no evidence in sight that for many years shall them entirely eliminated and our earnings back where they were in 1928."--'kl. W. Beatty, K.C., Chair- man. and President, Canadian Pa- cific Railway, is his review of. 1932. In the vanguard of the winter vacation traffic to the South Seas and the Orient, the Can- adian Pacific liner "Empress of. Japan" cleared the Narrows at Vancouver January 14 with a list ck 411 passengers. Recent payment by Great Brit- ain of $95,550,000 war debt instal- ment, reminds old-timers of the war days when $96,000,000 in gold was shipped by Canadian Pacific Express from Asia to England, via Canada, and was carried across the Dominion on a special Can- adian Pacific train, having abso- lute right-of-way. The train trav- elled without lights' and was pro- tected bY. scores of armed guards. "Dark and uncertain as the out- look may appear to ,the casual ob- server, i still think that in this, wider field the year has not been without important developments leading towards trade stabiliza- tion and encouragement."—E. W. Beatty,'K.C., Chairman and Presi- dent, Canadian Pacific Railway, in his review of 1932. "Through intelligent education the economic and social futility of war will eventually be recog- nized," is the view 01 Sir Norman Angell, British economlat and dis- peeler of war illusions. He sailed recently by Canadian Pacific liner'. '*Montrose" after a lecture tour in the United States. 01 the 4,046412 pounds of can- ned pineapple consumed in Can- ada between April 1 and Novem- ber 30, 1922, all but 158,583 lbs. came from countries within the Empire, nearly "half the total be- ing from the Straits Settlements. Illiteracy in Canada isnear the vanishing point. According to the last census in 1931, 92.34 per cent, of the population of Canada over five years of age could either read' or write. Students enrolled in Canadian schools in 1531 number-. ed 2,642,747. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company's tax bill for the year was almost six milllcu dollars. bringing its total contriltutioo. to Canada's tees collections since fu - corporation to about $116,000,000,' —E. W. Beatty, K,C., Chairesan., and President, Canadian Pacifdu Railway, in his review of 1082.