The Seaforth News, 1934-05-17, Page 7}
THURSDAY MAY 17, 1934.
}
THE SEAFORTH NEWS
PAGE SEVEN,
1.11+'.enn`a11lloa.91 tl.......an le
cv
e
•
•
I
1
AO!munitu—�cu+�.nn uu�uK4
u .:-'' 1 i zat il,.•,
- ii Es j+
f
rte ps' eats
We can save you money on Bill and
Charge Forms, standard sizes to fit
ledgers, white or colors.
It, will pay you to see our samples.
Also best quality Metal Hinged Sec-
tional Post Binders and Index,
■
I.
e The Seaforth News f
Phone 84
m •0 Ni IIbIo•wwwIta
Huww...antwemiwil p
i
A DOLLAR'S WORTH
Clip this coupon and mail it with $1 for a six weeks' trial subscription to
THE CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR
Published by THE QuenneN SCIENCE PVDLISHINC SOCIETY
Boston, Massachusetts, II. 8. A.
In it you will and the dally good sows of the world from its se0 epeeist writers,
as well as departments devoted to women's and children's Interests, sports, music,
finance, edecatfon, radio, etc You .will be glad. to welcome Into your Home so
fearless an advocate :of peace and prohibition. And don't miss Snubs, Our DOE.
and the Sundial and the other features.
THE OHaisTlsN SCIENCE MONIT0a. Back Bay Station, Boston, Mass. '
. Please send mo a six weeks' trial subscription. I enclose ono dollar -($1).
A
h ell,
si (Town) (State)
(Name, please print)
(Address)
•
FIRST ARAB COLT
BORN II CANADA
Everyone has heard one ,or more
+of the legends of the +fleetness of the
Arab's horse and of .the Arab's ability
to fold his tent and steal softly away
the night,• says The London Free
Press. The praises of . the Arab's
''horse have been sung in song and
story for hundreds of years.
Out it is a far cry from the deserts
where .the Arabs dwell in their nom-
adic state atrd''live often by foray on
their n'eighbor's, to 'Landon or the
quiet peacefulness of a London dis-
irict farm.'When you saw the mot-
ion picture, "Desert Song," it seem-
ed to' paint another world : with, no
focal connection.
'But the .first purebred.. Arabian
horse ever born in Canada was foaled
Delaware on the farm of Senator
E. 'S. Little, only ten' days ago and is
the property of Dr. Septimus 'Thom-
son of this city. ' •
The little fellow is the first of his
kind born in Canada, accordingto the
'Arabian .Stud Book, published by the
Arabian Horse Club of America,
'!Where have been half-breed Arab-
ian colt foaled in Canada before,
particularly at the Ranch EP. of the.
Prince of \Valles, but little "Nantir"
is believed to be the first purebred
Arabian born here,
The little fellow's father, -Cham-
pion -Mirage, was born on the desert
and so was his grand dam. His sire,
:Mirage, was first imported into 'Eng-
land by 4Ling Faisal of Iraq who
lead the Arab tribes that assisted the
;Allies in the Great l'vTsr.
Kin(Baisal gave General Haddad
'the task of searching out good horse
flesh for the 'Arab soldiers.
‘And 'General Haddad found the
superior animal in Mirage and
bought him ' from the Dantadaliy tribe
of the Sebaa Arabs of the 'Anezeh..
Ire was purchased kr $21500 but
since he left itis native desert his va-
I c has increased -hen fold,
w iDr.' Thompson now has four Arab-
ian horses, There is Nat -nine, the "oto-,
cher of the tiny colt: 1ornrna, a "cltest-
nut, mare, stabled at the L nni0n
3 font Club; Kizatwa, a year old filly,
s'tabl'ed at the E, IS. Little farts, and
the little'fpllnw* wire is 'to be register-
ed as - "Natalia" cnntliinitig the •fi.itt
syllables of navies of lois sire Oi.tirage
and his, mother, \aiiriitat. A11 except
"Masher" were pedigreed front the
"famous Crablet.IA.rabian Stud at Lady
\Ven'tworfh's stables in England;
IDr. Th'oanptson first 'became •inter-
e,ted in Arabian hooses _20 years a;Gto.
Tie confessed that it was ,an 'article
in The -Saturday Evening Post which
.firstaroitsed hi interest although' he
has altatays been a lover of 'horses .
A year or so later he visited Fall
River, Mass„ where Col. Borden
i
maintained bis stables and then det-
ermined that he w'oiikd some day own
an Arabian horse, Thus a year ago
with Dr. Stevenson, attended the Ar-
abian Horse Show at Nashville and
when Dr, 'Thompson returned ie was
the owner of the two mares and the
year-old filly. _ li are 01 lite Seglawi
;edran Dalin strain Which is claimed
to be the superior of the five strains
of Arabian horses.
Unlike all other registered stock
the Arabian horse is given his pedi-
gree through the dant ;rather than
the sire. There is a reason for this
and it is coupled with the legend re-
garding the five strains of Arabian
horses.
iTite tAtlab used his horse in war
and hence took his mare to war be-
cause she was less apt to neigh and
give hint away in a surprise attack.
The story is then that a tribe had
been out ifighting for long'1ours and
tete horses were tired and thirsty..
The enemy retreated and; were ap-
parently subdued so the tribesmen
dismounted and allowed their horses
to go to a nearby tvatering place for
s drink, 'Batt the horses were only
approac'hiitg the watering place when
the enemy returned and the tribes-
men called to their horses, 'Only' five
mares returned and those five -mares
are -'the legendary originators of the.
five Arab strains.
'The' 'Arab has sold his horses for
}'ears, for hundreds of years in fact,
'rift not his mares, Tdis'Koran bade
hiss breed his horses Anil keep his
mares, thus he is 'still reluctant to
sell his mare. However, it is said that
with tribal warfare dying out the
Aral) has less need of +his horse and
with the advance of the amotor car
'oto the desert there is a' clanger of
the noble horse becoming extinct on
his native soil.
!l`Iowever., the Governments . of
France, of Poland, of Germany and
if the United States breed the Arab
horses and are endeavoring to pre-
serve the strain because of its special,
value as a cavalry +horse.
The lAnabian horse is snal!, only
t'1'to 115 hands, most of there are bays
and they 'weigh from 800 to 1+,0010
pounds. Their muzzle is extremely
small so that they can drink almost
from a Cap• and their throat and
brain unusually large, 'In -..uncles they
have gained fame on the race traek
and on the polo field; ThR!I , th'e.
Pince of \Vales .has been interested
in them particularly aspolo mounts, which devour. the spawn and try.' of
while eat•alary the world over prize desirable 'fishes. Thus the ignorant
the Arabian horse, • massacre of the 'cormorants made for
The Arabian is also an extremely, the impoverisdrment, not for the im-
;quiet and gentle horse as on the de- l )rnvemen't of the lishitig, The ab-
} seri he is practically a 'member of ni)ns nt nal is that man should get
the Arab's family and sleep; in the the facts of the w•eh of life beiare,
tent with thefamily,the children of- .trot after,. be has recourse rtr drastic
using ten jai
e t t � hi nn as a •pillow-. 1\'.hcu measures of interference."
abu;n.t, however, be is vicious. .Another example Rion nearer home
•1•he Arabian horse was imported may he given, 'Vice are probably re
into !Engram and became the pro- garcted by nearly everyone as linden
genitor of the English thoroughbred, table vermin, or at best of no inipor
althou h what Portion of the t t or- taint:. In r
S' p h areas where trapping is an
cugh'brecl's blood is Arabian will al- important industry, however, they
�;.ways be a point for argument, In are a mainstay of life for most of the
France his brood went to make the fur -bearing animals; .their disappear -
g Per'cheron; in America to make the ance or material reduction would cer-
{ Morgan and through the English tain'ly greatly .diminish the numbers
thoroughbred 'to make • the hackney, Of fur -bearers, Ernest Thompson 1Se-
the trotter, avid the Kentucky s'addte ton writes' of there:
horse. "What mossis to the reindeer,
Dr. Thompson states that he got What grass is to the cattle, the mause
ane of his greatest thrills when he millions of tete north are to all nor -
learned that the mare !Kamilla had thein carnivores from bear fo "Bier -
successfully foaled the "'first Arabian Ina (the mole shrew). When we shall
colt in Canada, have fully worked out the life history
• of each of these species, I believe we
GAME OR VERMIN ? shall :learn that the whole of that vasa,
beautiful, • important and specialized
iliegisl'ation dealing .with the 'wild Production that eve call the Carnivora
life of Ontario is ;very •largely donate- rests on a broad, simple basis of '71 -
a'ted 'by • the idea of 'game.' Animals rirl<te,that ill turn rests on the grass,
customarily called gene have come that rests on the earth. We shall for
to be regarded es being endowed each of these flesh-eaters:write it
with a sacrosanct first claim on life sotttethnes eats this and sometimes
in order that they may Mater be killed eats that, but by far the greatest
for sport. This distinction is implied ,'bulk Of its food is mice:'
very clearly in the worcling 01 some In the agricultural areas of south-
of the orders -in -council governing the cru Ontario, as opposed to northern
setting aside of preserves; therein is areas which are under more or .less
forbidden the 'taking or ki+llnug of any rtatural condi'ti+ons, mice aapear'
game, bird or animal'. definitely tutdes:iraiable sitieeptheyt0 are
This view that game is in a differ- one of the mast important menaces
cat •category frovu other living things to several field crops, Ohe hundred
is unjustified scientificaily and is tin meadow mice (the common imouse of
fortunate in it result. The emphasis open agricultural coeartry) eat slight -
being ou game, all protected areas ly over a ton of green grass or clover
are couunonly regarded as game pre- a year; as this is not an unusual nuin-
serves, and since game is bo be .pre- 'het to find on an acre (ani a num-
served in them, provision is made for ber which can on occasion be easily
controlling or eliminating animals increased several times), the aggreg-
supposedly inimical to the 'hest inter, site damage they iso is clearly .error-
eats of timet game, i:e., 'forms collec- mous. 13y an, irony of ignorance it is
destruc-
tively described as "predatory animals in these very areas that the destrttc-
or vermin', tion of controlling predators, tneit)ly
at is here that the confusion ittvaly- hawks, ,owls and weasels, has •beetr
ed in the''distinotion• between wild carried to an extreme,'M'ouse plagues
life and game becomes obvious. Six- in several parts of the world have
teen game ,preserves nominally pro. been. -definitely traced to the reduc-
tect any bird or animal; another thin tion in nunt'bers of their statural en-
ty protect game only; ;tut in all these envies in the interests 0''f poultry,
forty-six preserves provision is made phe'asan'ts and the like; this relief
for the destruction by special permit from normal control Inas resulted in
of predatory animals or vermin'. Pre- damage from price 'thousand:s of times.
(latory ani'malo and vermin are no --'that ,caused by the loss of a tea -
where specilfically deftued, though_ chic'leens, lit has been ' cde'tn,onstrated
lists are given here 'and there in the that on, the average each hawk and
Act of animals that May be shot;. owl, fear from 'being a liability„ is
they include groundhogs; red s+quir- worth to the farmer over whose lana
vele; hares, rabbits, foxes, skunks, it 'hunts between x'1115 ,and $20 a year.
ntuskrats ai)cl' weasels; the rAct i ex- 'Ira is granted; o'1' course, .that' any'
presstty excludes from pnotee'titair al' bird or notion! that !takes to i^nailing
halwks and owls. the poultry yawl nutst-be `destroyer!;
The regulations relating to the con- this is, however, quite a different
trol of the provincial parka are not thing from 'leil'lidng all animals ,on
essentially di(lie rent. IIs REM deaLI ,birds of that kind wherever they are
Park, authority may be given for the found: An occasional dog takes to
use in the Park of firearm:;, explos- harrying sheep and thus becomes
iv -es, nets, traps, spears, 'fishhooks, or liable to destruction; bat we rlo not
lines. In Quetico and Algonquin park on that account change OUT opinion
under special authority, wolves, betir that on the whole clogs are useful to
wolverines, wildcats, 'foxes and hawks man. It is no more reasonable t'o at -
may he killed, Regulations may br tempt to eittet miwatc a wild species
made for cutting timber and for min- of which a few representatives have
ing. The treatment of the wild lite interfered with man's immediate -i+i-
problem is essentially the same : in ;terests.
national parks; here, however, a site These examples, which could Lae.
vial clause authorizes permission .for supplemented, indicate that the dig-
the collecting ori game for scientific tittclioh hetwee" game and vermin
purposes, and makes the destruction, cannot be maintained; that the ex -
of game by -the !Park authorities con- elusive emphasis on game, even from
ditional 00 expert advice,
'Noxious, predatory or dangerous
animals ;and noxious birds', which
may be killed by wardens_and forest
„tTicers at any time, are nowhere
pacifically described in the Act.
\\'Bile vermin and noxious animals
are constantly mentioned in regale -
:Mils relating to Wild life, there is no
clear conception of what these terms
teas, but it •is'snnieivhat surprising
:0 find in a number of preserves and
parks several species of fur-bentera
included in this category and liable to
be destrni•ed under special a 11t100ty,
late biol.,giet is unableto recognize
•he e rtegery 'vermin', for he finds it
'mpo;siblc to separate sharply and
universally the desirable front the un-
desirable forms. The more fully "the
intimate .relations of animals are in-
vestigated, the clearer does it become
that i00 group of them can be con-.
iclered apart from the rest; the inter-
locicin:g,of lives in food cycles is so
intricate that w'h'at are supposed to
he vermin tea}., easily • prove to play
an essential part in maintaining the
'toptetatinn of forms considered desir-
able. ` __ few examples of Slit interre-
lations will '.itidic•ate ".the inadvisability
of making sweeping distinctions bc-
twec"n ;'pod and bade
An example given by Sir. Arthur
'31101115<m is much to the paint:
There is an Austr:a+lian story which
.:esid'; as if •wrfttei for plan's inseruc=
tint1. Go certain Murray river s'wamps.
several species oaf cormorants used 'to
t,eat-nl in ^hotl'1' ds, but ruthless
massacres, based oto the supposition
that the cormorants, were spoiling Ithe
fishing,-reci•ueecl then to hundreds..
.But .the 'fishing; did not improve; it
t•;'ran- worse. Ic was then discovered
that the cormorants fed largely on
;:.Cabs, eels, and some other creatures
the point of view of its conservation,
is wrong; that it is impossible to con-
sider game rationally apart from oth-
er animals.
MOTOR FUEL FROM 'BOGS
.Peat from Ireland's bog lands is
staking a bid to drive the wheels of
+vial proposition with little interfer-
ence, it is pointed out,
:Discussing the project in the Dail,
\air. Seam F...envass, :Minister of In-
du.stty and 'Commerce, said that the
distilleries ti•ould utilize about 25,-
0'30 tons of potatoes a year at a, price
near 33 shillings a toil. The by -prod -i
nets of the industrial •aleol'tol, be said,
were a valuable cattle food, and far-
mers would be encouraged to use
them. 71te first year's ivor ung of the
distilleries
would be taken as an iu-
d+ceti t
On of the advisability of level-
opting, the project on a big -settle com-
mercial basis,
•
AN AFRICAN SANCTUARY
\tldrile inost countries nota-.._ hav
tirade provision for the reservation o
areas of great scenic beauty, and fo
the preservation of game annuals, i
relatively few cotuttries has an en-
lightened public opinion resulted in
the creation of teal nature saaotuaties.
Perhaps in Africa has such a senti-
ment most ,fully expressed itself in
S'ou't'h Africa's great Gruger National
Park, 'where lions are given the same
protection as any outer element of the
natural life of 'the area, the attitude
of the people of South Africa int 'sett-
ing aside this unique nature sanctuary
is illustrated by .the following extraot
from a ptpalet distri'buted to tourists
visiting the park.
'If you find lions staudnng or lying
in
,the middle of the toad in from of
you, at is not necessary to do more
than slow down; •when you get close
they will get up and move to the side
oat oaf your way, But don't get with-
in a hundred yards of a lioness with
small cubs. She will think you 'mean
to harm then, and may take steps to
prevent you from doing so, Stop your
car Until she has got her cubs away,
vrhen site will quickly follow t'h'em.
Don't forget that if you "fire and
wound a lioness or a lion, you are
ntaleing unnecessary trouble For your-
self, The animal, probably tuerely.
curious before, •will become indig-
nant and may try.to .get level with
you.' .A'fte'r these 'Hints', the follow-
ing plea is put in the months of the
part: lions: 'We, the wild animals of
the Kruger !\national Park, appeal for
your sympathy and-!frien'dshsp. You,have. been: our bitter enemies for so
long chat it takes time to make us un-
derstand that. a new and 'belppier era
Inas begun :for us, Do not betray 'our
trust in you.'
DISINFECTING TUBERS TO
CONTROL R'HIZOCTONIA
ll
:A•lthouglt the stent canker ;and
black scurf disease; ('popularly known
as R'hizoct'ioia) of potato' and tubers,
respectively, cannot be controlled
completely by disinfection df lye tu-
bers this ',practice should be contiit'ued.
lite foregoing ,conclusion is based ou
a statistical analysis of a large num-
ber of field tests conducted in 119:33 by
the Don'iniou 'Laboratory +of Plant
Pathology situated at. and co-operat-
ing 'w'it's 'the +Uativersity ;of Alberta,
'Edmonton, These tests *were 'located
at the federal 'experimental stations at
Kentvfile, Ste, Anne de la l.'ocatiere,
Indian Head, and ,Saani•chtott, and at
several 'farms .in the vicinity of Ed-
ntouton, as ,web as at the University
farm 'here. Thus, a wide range of soil
types was .obtained; including condi-
tions from virgin prairie' to .old culti-
vated sbfl.
The fungus causing this disease is
common, and often abundant in prac-
tically all cultivated soils, and even in
those virgin. 11 increases with cultiv-
ation in rich soils, and evenin the
absence of a crop of potatoes. Of the
two important sources of loss, the
reduction in yields front canker an
the stent is greater than the -marlcel
ass irsm theblack scurf on the .po-
industry and transport as well a; taotoes. 'Results- demonstrate that the
varmi»g cottage firesides' and cook-
-stents may he heavily cankered vii' a
<itg'gridttle cakes. given season, atnd yet little or .no
..\
scheme for producing' industrial
alcohol froth pot'tocs and turf has
been planned by the Fianna Fail
Government, It isintendedto etix the
home -produced alcohol with' import-
ed gasoline in order to reduce the
country'spresent petrol bill of more
than 131500,000"a year, Five distilleries
and •one refinery a.re scheduled for era
ec'tion during 191311,
Further .indication of the import-
attce turf is expected to play in the
future development of the [Free State
was given at the recent annual meet-
ing of the Grand Canal Company
at Dublin], While regretting a loss of
revenue following the introduction of
noritts, \li•. jolt to 71.c'Cann, who pre-
sided, said that the company -'anticip-
ated conrpe+.satio+i 'front a big exten-
sion of turf carrying as a result of the
campaign! for increased utilization of
native product,
A committee of mtCEtioatioii has
already reported ifavorab•ly mn peau
for motor spirits, and in .118135. Irisin
tura was successfully tested in Fr:attce.
-ler this purpose. 'Farther work in de-
velop ing
e-veloping this new use fir the Free
:^'talc's widespread bog lands will 'b+'
one of the tasks 'of the Industrial Re-
search +C•ouucil which is being estab
lisltcd by 'the +Goveratment,•
Tn. the meantime potatoes are to
be used as theraw p -edict in the clis-.
ti'lleries. The scheme will ,at first be
experimental tante:' .';'an a commer-
sclerotat accumulate on the tubers,
and vice versa. Usually the disease is
present more consistentlyy on the
stenos than oil the tubers. The rea-
sons for this are not yet fully under-
stood.
113)-: killing the black, fungal masses
of scurf on the 'tu'bers, the grower is
reducing the damage to the stent
from this source, but; oaf course,' the
bettdfit front treatment roust be in
proportion to the natural infestation
of .tate soil. That is to say, where soil
infestation .is light, considerable ben-
efit 'MI l accrue, 'but where it is very
abundant the actual protection afford-
ed cannot be great. '\Vitt rete and to
scurf On the tuber, the protection is,
tut for tette tely, not always satisfactory.
In spite of these clifficttlties the..cost
int treating s'curfy.sced is repaid.
The T,rottble — Tete aired lGokitag
man sat facing the solicitor. "So you
ittt a divorce !froom your wife," said
the latter. "Aren't your relations
pleasant?;'
"Mine are," ,oame' the answer, "but
hers are simply terrible,'
,A'Bad .Guess.—/A •wife paid a sur-
pris,e visit to her husba'nd's .office,
and, creeping np behind him, put her
ha'ttrls 0050' itis eyes.
'"Guess who it is ?"
"Stop fooling," was the reply, "and
get on vrith those letters!"
Services We Can bender
In the time of need i'1ROTECTI.ON
is your best 'friend,
Life Insurance
—To .protect your LOVED ONES.
Auto Insurance—
To protect you against LIIABQLITY,
PUBLIC and' their PROPiERTY.
Fire Insurance—
To protect your HOME and Its
CONTENTS,
Sickness and Accident
Insurance—
To protect your INCOME
Any
y of the above lines we can. give
you in strong and reliable companies,
15 interested, call or write,
E. C. CHAMBERLAIN
INSURANCE AGENCY
Phone 334 Seaforth, Out
v
De H. Mcinfles
Chiropractor
Electro Therapist — Massage
Office Commercial Hotel
Hours ---Molt, and Thurs, after-
noons
fternoons and by appointment
FOOT GORRECTbON
by manipulation—Son-ray treat-
'
treat
' ment
"'Phone 227,
PASTURE IMPROVEMENT
'Five years of experimental work at
,the 'Dominion Experimental Farm at
Nappan, ';\*.IS., have resulted in a
marked increase in the carrying cap-
acity of the fertilized pastures as
compared w'i:th unfertilized adjacent
areas. Int these experiments fertiliza-
tion has given increases ranging from
311 to hr per cent more than on un-
fertilized land.
If butterfat is 20 cents per pound
sold the production 20 pounds of 5
per cent mill: per cow per clay, the
increased carrying capacity over the
untreated area would show act return
of from 114:59 to a18.411 .per acre per
year, after paying for the fertilizers
applied.
It has been found necessary to pro.
vide -"extra pasturage during August
and Septent.ber after tete first rank
growth is over. This 'has been met by
Anil wing, a clover 'field early and pas -
tuning the aftermath, This procedure
is recommended to any farmer to fol-
low, whether he is fertilizing his
permanent pasture or trot, providing
he selects a !field that is dry or nvell
tirai'itred. If pastured :when the ground
is soft, much damage may result from
punching the sod full of boles.
:The .fertilizers used in these experi-..
meet`s are- sulphate- of•-annmo'tnra, 10()
poten'ds;, superphlosphate 300 , ,pounds
and muriate of potash ',715 pounds per
acre applied early in the spring...An-
other application of 1100 pounds 'std
p'ira'te of ammonia is applied late in
jure.' This complete fertilizer should
be applied tit least once every- three
years,. while the nitrogenous fertilizer
should he applied every year.
The procedure redomniencled •for
those interested is as foll.owso
ill 'Select a field near the stable
that has a continuous supply of
water and preferably has a shaded
area connected with it.
C. Iif in poor state of fertility, ap-
ply the complete fertilizer early in,
the spring two years ih succession,
!'hen once every three years.
3. Apply the' nitrogen carrying fer-
tilizer every year and preferably in
two applications, one -in. April and one
in June. :Nitrate of soda or nitro -
chalk. stay 'be used instead of sul-
phate •of ammonia, if cheaper.
+4. 'Keep the field • pastured fairly
closely; or to about ate to 2 inches,
using heifers anti horses if necessary.
5, \I'ow a clover" field in late . June
'to provide aftermath for the stock
that will need to be removed, from
the pasture 'field • in August •'when
growth is less rapid.
6.ISicatter the droppings witha
fork or !harrow,
7. 11.1 growth gets ahead of the
stock, snow the field before the grass
starts to 'read.
HOW TO CHOOSE POULTRY.
'Fowls are at their clearest enuring
April, alas- and June, and are usually
at their cheapest about November.
Always be careful to see that the
breast -bone is not broken; this is
sometimes clone to stake a bind ap-
pear •plump. The young cock 'bird has
smooth legs and client spurs: and
'when fresh the vent is closed. Young
hens have. smooth legs and combs,
but if old these will be rough.
'After '110 Yeats of 'Asthma Dr. J.
D. Kellogg's Asthma 'IRetttedy proved
the only relief for one grateful user,
and this is 'but bane case among stttey.
+Little wonder that it has now be-
come :tate one 'rerogttlzed'remedy on
the market, It:has earne(1 its fame
by its 'never failing effectiveness. 'It
is earning, it to -clay, .as it has done for
-years. 'I't is the greatest asthma
specific 'within reach -got- suffering
humanity.
;Want attcl For Sale Ads; I time, 25c