HomeMy WebLinkAboutThe Seaforth News, 1917-09-27, Page 2Henry G Boll
Conducted by Professor Henry G. Bell
The object of this department Is to place at the ser -
of pun farm readers the advice of an acknowledged
authority on all subjects pertaining to soils and orops.
Address all questions to Professor Henry G. Sell, in
care of The Wilson Publishing Company, Limited, Toronto,
and answers will appear In this column In the order In
which they are received. As space is limited It is.advis.
able where Immediate reply Is necessary that a stamped
and addressed envelope be enclosed with the question,
when the answer will be mailed direct.
WINTER WHEAT POINTERS
Ontario farmers at this time are 100 wheat seeds. Place them between
busy with their preparation of the damp blotters, and keep them near
winter wheat areas. They are taking the stove, in about four or five days
special eare to give the ground the the wheat should have sprouted euf-
very best preparation, since winter ficiently for you to count the number
wheat this year means money. Prices that are going to grow. IP you find
are high and there seems every indi- that the wheat sprouts but 80%, in -
cation that they will remain 80. In crease your quantity 20%, if you ex -
fact, wheat prices have but a very few peat to get a normal stand.
times surpassed that obtained at the
present time, The United States has
lust harvested a moderately large crop
and the government is calling for an
increase of over 80% of the crop pro-
duced in 101?. Uncle Sam aims at
over a billion bushels of wheat this
corning year.
Now, there are ways and means by
which the average farmer can increase
both his wheat and his net profits. Be
sure to see that the seed -bed has very
thorough preparation. A rough, lum-
PY wheat seed -bed leads to uneven
planting, slime many seeds are buried
too deep and others fail to get suf-
ficient covering.
If, after the ground is plowed, it has
been carefully disked and harrowed,
Possibly rolled and harrowed also, the
kernels of soil are peeked sufficiently
so that the moisture supply for the
young growing wheat will be sufficient.
This moisture supply is all iniportant,
because it is the carrier of plantfood.
The plant obtains nearly all of Its be obtained.
food through its roots, and this food Many farmers are interested in for.
can be taken up only when it is dis- tilizers this year, but unfortunately !frames where a rich soil is necessary
solved in the soil moisture and root not all understand what fertilizers are, in order to give quick action. The
compost is mainly used for top dress -
juices. If this very simple explana- or how they should be used. b'ertili
HIGIIESt PRICE$ PAID
For POULTRY ,1 OANIE,
EGGS- ee FEATHERS
Pliniee write for particulars.
/0011X4N & 00.,
3D BOugeoeuve Market, Montreal
-of the ton is made up of the earriere
of these various plant -foods.
Fertilizers will not supply humus,
as manure does. They induce rapid
root grceith and consequently adcl to
the humus of the soil, in so far as
they produce this result, but they are
not essentially a source of humus.
They should be used then intelligent-
ly, knowing that Goy pre conceutrated
plant -food.
Fertilizers may be new to some On -
tale° farmers, but they are not now in
their use in wheat -growing sections.
England has been using Immense
quantities of fertilizers for nearly 100
years. So have the eastern provinces
of this country end the eastern states
of our neighbors to the South. The
State of Ohio, which produces large
quantities of winter wheat, makes
wide use of fertilizers. Prof. Thorne,
Director of, Ohio .A.griculturel Expert -
Most farmers have wheat drills, but mental Station, has recently pointed
many good farmers have to rely upon out that if the farmers in the county
sowing the winter wheat on the har- where the experiment station is
rowed ground and then covering it by located followed the fertilizer prac-
harrowing and rolling. If such is the Sees of the station, they would have
case, be sure to take care that the Increased their wheat yields 14 bush- source of food for hogs, but should be
oa
Even though the lio$. ternislies the
most meet for a, given =omit of feed
and will produce it in the quickest
time, it is pointed Mit that this meat
Methees and daughters of all ages are cordially Invited to write to twhol,s,
Should be produced mainly -roue food
WaStOS add net from gOOd 0' ------------"V"' that department, Initials only will be published with each question anIts iannseach
would furnish food directly to man. as A means of identification, but full name and address must be given
The great economy in pork Prerluetioa. letter, Write on one side of paper oniy, Answers will be mailed direct If
stamped and addressed envelope la enclosed.
conies feom the fact that pigs furnish'
a food by -prated from these wastes Address all correspondence for this department to Mrs.
Woodbine Ave., Toronto.
and do not need the high-grade feeds
that beef cattle must have.
Wastes on, farms and in the towns
make good hog feel; eyeproducts froni
canneries, bakeries, fisheries, packing
plants end the like can be, utilized as
hog feed and to better economic Ad-
vantage than in any other way. Dairy
wastes are particularly valuable as
hog feed and promote rapid, growth
with a good money retuin for 'every
gallon fed.
The fearm orchard furnishes large
quantities of wind -fallen or defective
fruit .which is relished by hogs, and is
benefielel if fed in small quantities1
frequeutlee and not all at one feed.
Garden wastes, tops of vegetables,
culls of all sorts, even weeds, are read-
ily eaten, and such as may not be
eaten will be worked over, going into
the bedding and adding to the manure.
Kitchen wastes are an excellent
seed is thoroughly covered. There els per acre. It is not a question of
should be very little difficulty this itheory, it is a point already demon -
year as to the seed sprouting after it I strated. Ohio Experiment Station has
is planted, because the land has been
blessed with seasonable showers. increased ha wheat yields from 12 to
14 bushels per acre by proper ferti-
In preparing the seedbed, be very lization; Indiana, 11.6 bushels; and
careful to avoid using sprouted seed.iMissouri, from 4 to 10 bushels where
In sprouted seed the little germ cover- i careful testa have been carried out.
ing is broken. If seed has been ' If such an increase can be accomp-
sprouted and the sprout has been ' lished on the Ontario farms this Year,
broken off, there is little likelihood the farmers ofethe province can take
that it would produce a good.healthy
plant.
You took good care to feed up the
young calf or the young pigs early in
the spring, because you determined. to
have strong, vigorous stock. The same
care should be taken in the feeding of
the wheat crop if best results are to
great advantage of the high prices
'which must, prevail this coming year.
Compost,
Well rotted manure or other organic
matter is known as- "cqmpost," or
when mixed with soil as "composted
soil." This last is invaluable for use
in greenhouses, hotbeds and cold
ing a growing crop, for fertilizing the
tion were fully comprehended by allood In snob
Ontario wheat growers, it would eli-
minate a great number of failures.
•Winter wheat cannot grow in a pool
of water. It has to face the rigors ot elements of the milk which the calf
a rather severe winter, hence bad drank went to building' its flesh.
drainage conditions tend to retard Its Other food in the milk went to build -
development and subsequently weak, ing the bone of the animal. It is
ill -nourished wheat makes an ensue- somewhat similar in the food of the
cessful attempt to face the severity of plant. So that the farmer may know
the Canadian winter, It will be of the relative amount of plant -grower, grass sods turned upside down, or if
little avail to seed winter wheat in plant -ripener and plant -strengthener this cannot be had use earth. The
ground that is poorly drained. Use that the fertilizer carries, the Dentin- sides of the pile should be made as
well -drained ground so that the plant ion Government in 1909 decreed that nearly perpendicular as possible and
may have suitable growing conditions. this should be stated on the bags in the top flattened to permit of the
Volumes have been written about which the fertilizers are sold, and 'that rains soaking in. It is well to build
best varieties of wheat. The Cana- the analysis should he guaranteed. the pile in a shady place and, if the
dian farmer is fortunate in that he can Now, the farmer reads that the fer- water is available, to give an oc-
refer to his provincial or Dominion tilizer contains 2 to 4% nitrogen, we casional good soaking.
tests. On both the experimental fields shall say. That means that the mix- After the pile has been built and
of Ontario Agricultural. College and ture contains 40 to 80 lbs, of that kind has bean allowed to settle for a couple
the Dominion experimental farms, of plant -food, which causes the wheat of weeks it should then be spaded
leading varieties of wheat are care- plant to grow rapidly. Manure con- over; that is, throwing the entire pile
fully tested year by year. Only those tains to the ton about 15 lbs. of this a shovelful at a tirne over into an -
that show superior value are retained. kind of plant -food. Of course every other place, in order to thoroughly in -
After these have been carefully , bit of stock manure should be care- corporate the manure with the soil.
studied, recommendations are made fully spread on the ground and worked All weeds and other vegetable de -
on the basis of the results obtained. in, in order to increase the growth of bris from the garden should be thrown
For Ontario the following varieties the crops. Fertilizers should be used into the pile. There is nothing bet -
have been found to give good results: to supplement the manure, or to make ter eor this purpose than leaves, Do
Banatka, American Banner, Imperial it go two or three times as tam not burn leaves that fall in the
Amber, Yarroslaf, Crimean Red. The We said that some of the food in the autumn; rake them into a pile and
first variety of wheat is especially milk which the calf drank went to permit them to decay, as they make a
good milling wheat, since it is hard building the bone of the animal. Bone splendid fertilizer. If a neighbor
and flinty and makes strong flour. is composed of a combination of lime wishes to dispose of leaves induce him
Most farmers know that Dawson's
Golden Chafe is one of the good varie-
ties. This is a heavy yielder, but pro-
duces a rather soft grain.
There is something beside variety,
501'form that the plant -food quickly dis-
solves in the soil moisture and can be If it has not already been dohe as often as twice during the week. Do
used by the crop, Now, some of the
measures should at once be taken by not use a common salt box in the yard
the gardener who contemplates pow- unless all the cows are absolutely free
ing vegetables under glass next spring from 'disease,
to provide himself with a pile of com- It pays in dollars and cents to give
posted soil. * Composted soil is pre- the cow -extra care. The cow that is
pared by making a long flat topped kept comfortable will give the beat
pile of alternate layers of manure and returns. •
soil in seed beds and for melon hills,
heother:—Ilere is a sample day's
diet for a three-year-old child. Break-
fast, scraped fresh apple or orange
juice, strained oatmeal and top
milk to erink. Morning lunch, milk,
biscuit, Dinner, poached egg, tender
Vegetable put through -.sieve, Stale
bread end butter, corn starch. pud-
ding, Milk to drink, SePlier,erice and
toprt rollaki;tilscoediess jam sandwiehee,
'School Girl: -.-Try the following
games at ,he party for your school
friends:—
Bands and feet guessing—To play
this game divide the party into two
bands. One is sent out of the room,
the other stays in it. Place a screen
(one of the folding kind) in front of
an open door. The members of the
band that has been sent out of the
room there walk past the open door
behind the screen holding up one of
kept at a minimum, because practical- their hands as they pass. The mem-
ly all food prepared for man's uso bees of the band left in the room must
should be eaten by him.
!then guess whose hand it is, For
every hand guessed correctly a point
Is scored for the band. After all of one
' side has shown a hand it Is the turn
of the other side to go out and do the
same. The side scoring the most
Do not feed the dairy herd as a points in the end wins.
heed, for cows differ in their food re- If the feet are to be guessed instead
quirements just as human beings do. of the hands, the screen 'should be
By feeding all cows in the herd alike, raised a foot or so from the floor so
some are sure not to get enough for that the shoes may be seen under -
the greatest profit and others will get neath and the rest of the body hidden,
more than they can use to advantage.. Obstacle Race—There is plenty of
Cows need much water and should- laughterin this, game. Those who do
be induced to rink two or three times not know it are sent out of the room
a day if possible, The average milch and let in one by one. The boy or girl
cow requires nearly t:n gallons of wa- who is called in. is shown two or three
ter a day and more than two-thirds of smale objects, such as a footstool,, a
that must come as drink and the bal- vase, milk bottle, etc., that have been
ante from water in the food. Always placed in a line on the floor. The or -
provide clean fresh water. ' der is, "walk blindfoldedeepast these
Salt should be supplied. at the rate objects without touching them." The
of five to seven ounces a week, given player is accordingly blindfolded, but
before the hazardous trip is begun all
the obetacies are removed. The boy
or girl will pick steps very carefully,
trying to sidestep what is really not
there at all. Ateeehe end of the game,
when all the players who have been
tricked except the last one whose turn
it then is are present, there a very
great deal of merriment.
and phosphoric acid. Now, strange to to dump them on your compost pile
say, it is the phosphorus from this Maple leaves make fine material for
same kind of a compound which is the compost heap. Pile them up and
used by the plant to give strength to let them rot over winter and they will
be ready for use as manure in the
spring. A little lime spread after the
leaves..have been turned under will be
sufficient to neutralize the soil. Oak
leaves are more acid and a propor-
tionately larger quantity of lime will
be required.
Proper gardening requires a long
period of preparation. Now is the
time to begin preparations for another
year.
•
the growing plant and to hasten its
however. All cows are not record- maturity. The per cent. of phosphoric
breakers. There are some that give acid (P205) shown by the analysis on
ten, twelve and fifteen thousand the bag, will tell you how much of this
kind of plant -food there is in the
mixture.
lender present international condi-
dons, there is a great scarcity .of the
next plant -food ingredient, potash,
Some fertilizers offer one per cent.,
but many are sold with only the first
two ingredients of plant -food in them.
Potash causes the formation of starch
or the filling of the kernel. ' It also
gives the plant power to resist disease.
Speaking generally, wheat soils are
fairly well supplied with potash, so
the lack of this plant -food for wheat
is not seriously noticed, as yet.
Now the plant never uses pure nitro-
gen, which is a gas, or pure phosphor-
us or potassium, which are metals.
We said a ton of fertilizer carries
from 40 to 80 lbs. of nitrogen, from
160 to 200 lbs, of phosphorus and pos-
sibly 20 to 40 lbs. of potash, The rest
pounds of milk in a year, and then
again there are some that do not give
enough milk to pay their board and
are an actual expense to OA farmer.
To counter -balance this, there are a
few that produce extraordinary high
milking records, upwards of twenty
thousand pounds or over a year. These
are very valuable and their calves are
eagerly sought as breeding stock.
It is just the same story with wheat,
Just because a sample of wheat is of
a particular variety is no criterion
that it is of first-class quality. You
should use a fanning mill to sift out
the small and shrivelled grain, be-
cause inferior plants take up soil
room, absorb moisture, consume plant -
food and fail to return the good re-
sults obtained from superior seed, It
you have time, by all means test the
'vitality of the seed, that is, count out
A man without a plan is like a ship
without a rudder.
We are all in the habit of condemn-
ing the man who has some sin of
which we are not guilty, but may be
the reason we are not guilty of his
particular sin is because it does not
appeal to us so strongly as some oth-
ers do. We all have weaknesses, and
what appeals to you might not tempt
me. Instead of condemning our
neighbor let us look to some of our
own defects and see how far from per.
fection we may be.
There is no advantage in cooking or
steaming feeds'for dairy cows. Some
unpalatable feeds may be consumed in
larger quantities if cooked but Cook-
ing does not ordinarily add much to
the palatability of grains and may ev-
en decrease their digestibility.
THE WAR SPIRIT.
The sights and sounds of summer
nights
Have changed; the steely stars '
Are glinting bayonets around
The crimson flag of Mars.
,The bullfrogs in the reedy pond
Are pounding the big bassdrums„
The -fireflies in the dewy fields
Behold! are bursting bombs.
'The cricket on the fife,
Along the misty hill
The waving branches simulate
A regiment at drill,
Soft bandages as white as snow
The garden -spiders spin,
The katydid has turned her tune,
And now command, "Pall in!"
—Minna Irving.
Destroying Poison Ivy.
Poison ivy will not be killed by a
single cutting, as neW shoots or suck-
ers are persistently sent up from the
root stocks. The root stocks must be
exhausted by destroying the foliage as
fast as it appears, either by repeated
mowing or by spraying with'e strong
salt brine made at the rate of three
minds of common salt per gallon of
water. If the weed it cut or sprayed
in June and the treatment repeated
about three times at intervals of ten
days or two weeks the root stocks will
become exhausted and die. Arsenite of
Soda (a violent poison), one-quarter
pound per gallonof water, "or crude
oil may be substituted for the salt
,spray. Spraying does not affect the
roots directly, but is simply equiva-
lent to cutting. However, there is the
advantage that one need not come into
actual contact with the plant.
Helen
LaW,
233
Wore game—Choose sides and rm.
Point a scorer and a timekeeper. A
player from A's party ie sent mit of
the room while B's party picks out a
letter. The A player is then celled in
and the timekeeper says 'Go." The
letter Is told and then he must 'my as
faet as he can as many words begin-
ning with that letter as he can think
of on the spureof the moment, At tee
end of a minute the timekeeper stogie
him and his score is counted, One of
Bb side then goes out and does the
same thing, So on the game goes un•
011 all players alternately have had a
turn, The scores of eanli side are
then counted, the one with the great.
esenumber of words winning. and
X may not be chosen,
Mrs, S. a:—Lunch-box bills of fare
are very impertant, and you are a
wise mother to pay special attention
to them. Pennies spent in the candy
store at noon -can undo all the good of
the nourishment taken under watchful
eyes in the morning and at night, and
a nice lunch is the very best rival of
a penny candy store. Here are some
bills of fare that can be made up.from
dinner left -overs;
Crisp rolls hollowed out and filled
with chopped meat or fish; , season
with a little salad dressing; a peach
and eh apple.
Cold slices of meat loaf, soda crack-
ers, buttered; stewed fruit put in a
plittetleee joatr ginwgiothr,berceraed•w-on top, and a
Baked -beans sandwiches, orange and
a couple of pieces of candy.
Hard boiled eggs, rye bread and
fruit.
Minced -beef sandwiches; apple
sauce (In jars) and cake,
Honey and nut branfrauffins are a
valuable addition to ththe lunch box.
Here is the receipe: % cup honey, 1
cup eflaosupio.,ou
from to teaspoon soda,
salt, 2 cups bran, 1. table-
spoon melted butter, 1% cups milk, %
cup finely, chopped English walnuts.
Sift together the flour, soda and salt,
and mix them with the bran, Add the
-other ingredients and bake for 25 or
30 minutes in a hot oven in gem tins.
This will make about 20`muffins.
Teasing a baby to 'make it laugh is
a orying shame.
"Gladness of heart is the. life of
man, and the joyfulness of a man pro'l
longeth his days."—Ecclesiasticus.
The farmer in Japan who has more
than 10 acres of land is looked upon
as a monopolist.
The farmer grows his crops without
any practical help from the govern-
ment, and his right to them is indis-
putable.
The silo originated in the southern
part of Europe somewhat previous to
1845, and there are five or six still
standing, have done constant service
and are made of wood.
THE ChiLDREN'S FOOD
Questions Every Mother Should Ask Herself.
Did each child have an egg or an
equivalent amount of meat, Dab, or
poultry ?
Did any child have more than this
of flesh foods or eggs ? If so, might
the money not have been better spent
for fruits or vegetables ?
If I was unable to get milk, meat,
tee, poultry, or eggs, did I serve dried
beans, or other legumes thoroughly
cooked and carefully seasoned ?
Were vegetables and fruits both on
the child's bill of fare once during the
day ? E not, was it because we have
not taken pains to raise them In our
home garden? •
Did either the frnit or the vegetable
disagree with the child ? If so, ought
I to have cooked it more thoroughly,
chopped it more finely, or have re-
moved the skins or seeds ?
Was th.e..child given sweets between
meals, or anything that tempted him
to eat when he Was not hungry ?
Was he allowed to eat sweets when
he should have been drinking milk or
eating cereals, meat, eggs, fruit_ or
vegetables ?
Were the sweets given to the child
simple, 1. e., unmixed with much fat
or with hard substances difficult to
chew, and not highly flavored?
Was the food served in a neat and
orderly way and did the child take
time to chew his food properly ?
Did each child take about a quart
of milk in one form or another ?
Have I taken pains to see that the
milk that conies to my house has been
handled in a ()jean way 7
If I was obliged to serve skim -milk
for the sake of cleanness or economy,
did I supply a little extra fat in some
other way ?
Were the -fats which I gave the child
of the wholesome kind found in milk,
cream, butter, and salad oils, or of the
unwholesome kind found in doughnuts
and other friectfoods
Did I make good use of all skim -
milk by using it in the preparation of
cereal meshes,- puddings, or other-
wise 7
Were all cereal foods thoroughly
cooked ?
Was the bread soggy ? If so, VMS it
because the loaves were too large, or
because they were not cooked long
enough ?
Did I take pains to get a variety of
foods from the cereal group by .serv-
Mg a cereal mush once during the
day
lDid I keep in mind that while cer-
eals are good foods in themselves,
they do not take the place of meat,
milk, eggs, fruit, and vegetables
Did I keep in mind that children
who do not have plenty of fruit and
vegetables needwhole wheat bread
and whole grains served in other
ways ?
Regularity Vital To HOAR!). ,
Regular hours for retiring Must bo
considered as one of the best metleade
for securing good sleep.
The imam body has n wonderful
periodicity in all its spontaneoue
tions, and by litinlying these much of
the machinery of health may We're:1de
to work smoothly.
Witness one habit of walking at a cer-
tain hour to which we have been eccus-
torned.
Regularity of eating is'Inost import-
ant for health. The digestive tract
Will respond at regular times just hs
other habits will repeat themselves,
Proper food properly digested will
do much for one's "health and happi-
ness.
It is a mistake to eat too much. We
should try to enjoy our ineale-by pay-
ing attention to the testa of food. Do
not gulp it down. It should be
masticated and tasted so as to stimu-
late..those nerves which reflect their
sense _en the other nerves, controlling
the glands of digestion.
When you feel indigestion after eat-
ing a meal, note the ingredients eaten,
arid should it repeat itself try to con-
vict the guilty food and dismiss it from
your dietary.
Don't make eating a task, but a
pleasure.
Youth demanda greater variety
and quantity of food than does old
age, and especially does it require
more protein and meat.
Learning what foodstuffs best suit
is one of the great educational tasks
man has before him, for he no longer
has the intuition of the lower animals.
The latter seem to inherit a sense that
directs them to :what is best for their
bodily wants. The vast majority of
animals can. differentiate between
poisonous and nonpoisonous • food-
stuffe.
e"eeeeee".......'"ee"""e"ereeeeeeeeleeeeee=eee.
The Human Skin
The human skin possesses a very ex-
tensive sewerage system.. Microscopic
examination of the skin, shows it to
contain numerous minute tubes, each
about one-fourth of an inch in length.
The greater part of this tubing is
coiled up in the fat just beneath the
skin. The tubing opens 'upon the
surface and continually discharges a
watery secretion known as sweat.
Under ordinary circumstances the ,
amount of liquid discharged through
the sweat glands is small, according
to the best authorities, amounting to
an ounce and one-half an hour.
When the body is exposed_ to great
heat, and especially during muscular
activity, the amount of perspiration
may be increased to thirty or forty
times the ordinary amount, or two ,or
three pints an hour. The average
amount is about forty ounces, or one ,
and one-half pints, each twenty-four,
hours.
The anatomists tell us that in the
entire twenty square feet of skin with
which the body of a full-sized man is
covered there are about three million
sweat glands, aggregating twelve
miles of tubing.
Each one of these three million
sweat glands produces during a life-
time of sixty years about one-third
of an ounce, or three hundred dropZ
.of sweat. A little computetion. will
show that iitakes a sweat gland from
two to two and one-half months to
manufacture one drop of sweet.
The skin absorbs also. Hence it
must be kept clean as well as active.
Porous clothing, light, and preferably
white in .color, is best because it per-
mits light anti air to reach the skin,
The daily cold bath and bi-weekly
cleansing bath at night (daily in warm
weather) are essential means of "skin
hygiene.
•
----e
EFFECT OF HIGIT-PRICED COAL.
Many Old Steam Power Plants Being
Replaced by Modern Ones.
We are possibly just as wasteful of
coal as is the United States, whore,
according to V. H. Manning, Director
of tlie United States Bung,' of Mines,
fully 9500,000,000 were wasted last
year, through inefficienty in USG. Not-
withstanding the higher efficiency ren-
dered possible by the constant im-
provement of modern power equip-
ment, the waste is increasing and the
higher price' of the commodity is sub.
jading the country to a still heavier
penalty, Every 'pound wasted is that
much less available to put into energy
to win the war.
In the modern, efficient power, plant,
20 per cent, of the heat in the coal
consumed is converted into power,
whereas in small power- stations the
efficiency 'frequently drops below 10
per cent. 00 is quito probable that, on
the average,, only about 5 or 6 per
eent. of the energy of the coal is
transformed into useful energy rendy
for distribution. Were it possible to
increase the average efficiency to
something near the maximum' tow at-
tainable, about throe thnes as much
energy would be available for the pro:
dilative industries of the country': The
increasing price of coal is causing
many old, inefficient steam pewee
plants to be replio_
cedby modern ones
that convert a higher percentage of
the feel coesumed into power". •
It takes the constant labor Of 60,-
000 peopleto make match.% for the
worlde,
One
kind of curiosity is a small boy
with two grandmothers who isn't spoil-
ed.
•
-Com,`?okiRE
TReN Wg-1 IR 114s vlogi_cs
IlacAusE \tot) FORGOT
DIDN01) MAIL Nei LETTER.
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The Human Skin
The human skin possesses a very ex-
tensive sewerage system.. Microscopic
examination of the skin, shows it to
contain numerous minute tubes, each
about one-fourth of an inch in length.
The greater part of this tubing is
coiled up in the fat just beneath the
skin. The tubing opens 'upon the
surface and continually discharges a
watery secretion known as sweat.
Under ordinary circumstances the ,
amount of liquid discharged through
the sweat glands is small, according
to the best authorities, amounting to
an ounce and one-half an hour.
When the body is exposed_ to great
heat, and especially during muscular
activity, the amount of perspiration
may be increased to thirty or forty
times the ordinary amount, or two ,or
three pints an hour. The average
amount is about forty ounces, or one ,
and one-half pints, each twenty-four,
hours.
The anatomists tell us that in the
entire twenty square feet of skin with
which the body of a full-sized man is
covered there are about three million
sweat glands, aggregating twelve
miles of tubing.
Each one of these three million
sweat glands produces during a life-
time of sixty years about one-third
of an ounce, or three hundred dropZ
.of sweat. A little computetion. will
show that iitakes a sweat gland from
two to two and one-half months to
manufacture one drop of sweet.
The skin absorbs also. Hence it
must be kept clean as well as active.
Porous clothing, light, and preferably
white in .color, is best because it per-
mits light anti air to reach the skin,
The daily cold bath and bi-weekly
cleansing bath at night (daily in warm
weather) are essential means of "skin
hygiene.
•
----e
EFFECT OF HIGIT-PRICED COAL.
Many Old Steam Power Plants Being
Replaced by Modern Ones.
We are possibly just as wasteful of
coal as is the United States, whore,
according to V. H. Manning, Director
of tlie United States Bung,' of Mines,
fully 9500,000,000 were wasted last
year, through inefficienty in USG. Not-
withstanding the higher efficiency ren-
dered possible by the constant im-
provement of modern power equip-
ment, the waste is increasing and the
higher price' of the commodity is sub.
jading the country to a still heavier
penalty, Every 'pound wasted is that
much less available to put into energy
to win the war.
In the modern, efficient power, plant,
20 per cent, of the heat in the coal
consumed is converted into power,
whereas in small power- stations the
efficiency 'frequently drops below 10
per cent. 00 is quito probable that, on
the average,, only about 5 or 6 per
eent. of the energy of the coal is
transformed into useful energy rendy
for distribution. Were it possible to
increase the average efficiency to
something near the maximum' tow at-
tainable, about throe thnes as much
energy would be available for the pro:
dilative industries of the country': The
increasing price of coal is causing
many old, inefficient steam pewee
plants to be replio_
cedby modern ones
that convert a higher percentage of
the feel coesumed into power". •
It takes the constant labor Of 60,-
000 peopleto make match.% for the
worlde,
One
kind of curiosity is a small boy
with two grandmothers who isn't spoil-
ed.
•