HomeMy WebLinkAboutThe Seaforth News, 1924-11-27, Page 7A�
Address communlcatioos to Agronomist, 73 Adelaide St, West, Toronto
WINTER FEEDING AND I-IOUS CHANGING SEED GRAIN.
ING FALL LITTERS.
The fall' -farrowed litter must be
housed, and fed under more or less
artificial conditions in this climate
during the winter, The rapidly de-
veloping pigs demand mineral matter
for the 'building of bone and muscle;
meal and other feeds in a relatively
concentrate form, and also some form
of succulence to assist in the normal
functioning of the digestive organs.
There are many mineral feeds'avaid-
ablea in both organic' and inorganic
forms and these include charcoal, bone
meal, tankage, woad ashes, bone black,'
ground limestone,' earthy matter or.
sods, etc, These may be fed in hop-
pers, or if finely ground, may be added
to the meal ration at the rate of a
few pounds per hundred of meal
)
Succulence may be aupplied to the
hogs in. the form of roots, or potatoes.
if roots are not available. The pota-
toes give better .results when boiled
and mixed with meal. The roots may
be pulped and mixed with the meal ra-
tion or fed whole, but for the younger
pigs they should be pulped, 1
A meal ration composed of equal
parts of .shorts, middlings and finely
ground oats is suitable for pig's of 2%
to 3 menthe of age when supplemented
with about 3 per cent, of linseed oil
meal and skim -milk. A well developed
pig of that age will consume about 1'
pound of this meal mixture and 6
pounds of milk per day. Tankage or,
meat meal may be substituted for the
milk at the rate of 0 to 8 per cent: of
the meal ration but seldom gives as
good results. For older pigs a meal
mixture composed of ground oats, 3
parts; shorts, 1 part; middlings, 1'
part; bran, t part ;'barley, 1 part; and
linseed oilmeal 3 per cent. gives good
results. A variety of meals .is usually
better than a single meal. An equal
quantity of roots may be added to the
meal ,ration after the pigs are 3 to 4
months of .age, but carefully amid)
overfeeding.
In housing, the main features to
keep in. mind are cleanliness, suitable'
ventilation and the supplying of a rea-I.
sonably•dry-sleeping berth. If this
berth is situated in a shed or draughty)
building it should be enclosed. Pigae
will do betterin a shed than in al
dark, damp, eoorly-ventilated corner
of the stable even though the stable
is coneiderately warmer,
Cramped quarters are to be avoid
1
ed, as daily exercise is as desirable
as proper feeding..
A common question asked by farm-
ers is,"Does it pay to change seed?"
The inference here is that where the
same seed has been used on the same
farm for a few years, it may deterior-
ate in its ability ,to produce a profit-
able crop. It is also a common belief
that one operating a farm character-
ized by 'relatively light' soilshould ob-
tain his 'seed frequently; :from a crop.
which is produced on soil of a heavier
character and vice versa. Some
authorities have stoned at the idea
that a -change of seed is everrneces-
eery, They argue that seed grown
year after year in a district mzxst of
necessity become acclimatized and
better adapted to the eoil conditions
of that district. It is safe to say that
many farmers have followed this ad-
vice to their financial loss. Investi-
gation and, observation have revealed
the fact that it is not possible to lay
dowu any definite rule as to when
seed should be changed. It is obvious
that certain circumstances may arise
to make: the champ. of seed appear
imperative; even to the casual ob-
server. For instance, a crop may be
so badly damaged through lack of
moisture or by some condition which
has forced premature ripening, as to
cause the resulting grain to be very
light and poor. Under such circum-
-stances it would, of course; be: folly to
think of using this grain for seed.
This, however, is an extreme case.
The problem to determine is whether,
under normal circumstances, one may
expect a larger crop from the use of
seed grown elsewhere than on the farm
on which it is intended to be used.
Without going into detail, one may
safely follow the rule to change, seed
only when seed may be obtained which
possesses a higher degree of develop-
ment and vigor than the home-grown.
This is assuming that the home-
grown seed belongs to a suitable var-
iety £or the district andis free from
noxious impurities. If these latter
provisions are not complied with, the
seed, of course, should not be used
under any circumstances. Farmers
who contemplate changing their seed
and whose seed is reasonably good, at
present, would be well advised to pro-
cure some first class registered seed
through the Canadian Seed Growers'
Association at Ottawa and test this in
comparison with their own. This is
a relatively inexpensive practice which
might well be adopted periodically by
every farmer and with all classes of
I crop.
DO FARM WOMEN TRAVEL?
Amazing Results of An Unusual Experiment.
Some would answer this question at
first thought with a negative answer.
Some would hesitate to answer such
a Recut= question at all, while not
a few, perhaps would be amazed at
the correct answer, It is indeed. true
that the farm woman does travel and
in several cases farther than many of
the folks that we look upon as "travel-
ers."
In a number of farm homes we find
an inconvenient arrangement of living
room, dining room, kitchen, pantry,
cellar and other rooms whichcall for
her presence many times each day: In
such a ease as this, an unusual ex-
periment was performed to determine
to just what extent a farra woman
traveled. She wore for a length of
time a pedometer, an instrument
which records the distance a person
walks. The results were amazing and
without proof .might have been doubt-
ed. This woman doing ordinary house-
work on a:farm walked on the aver-
age of • twelve miles a day when she
was doing only her regular .daily
work about the house and farm. On
such days as threshing day,-Thanke-
giving, Christmas and the other days
that call for extra steps she averaged
between fifteen and eighteen miles of
walking. When we make the total,
we, are suepeised to find that she cov-
ers nearly four hundred nines in one..
month, and now—wake up—in: six
years she would walk the distance
around the world in her own house.
A short time ago the following con-
fabulation was overheard:
"What have ya been loin' to -day,
Molly?",.inquiringly asked John as Ire
returned from the field.
"Just ° the housework," ' wearily
answered Molly. • i
"What makes you so tired to -night
then?" he again ventured.
"Just the l ouseworl ," Molly repeat-
ed, and went wearily on with her sup-
per preparation.
Thele is a goodly number of men
who regard housework inthe same
light as John did. Undoubtedly many
housewives have .speculated'a good:
deal on what would happen if John
were to take their -place in the kitchen
forone day. Some- have stated that
they believe that if it were ,to be on
Monday and there was re :washing
machine with which to do the family'
washing, therm would be a new wash-
ing machine in the home before an-
other wash -day arrived. Or, ie it were
a warm day in August, and the iron-
ing was to be done, art oil stove would
undoubtedly • be Forthcoming to talce;
the place of the cook stove on warm
Idays before the week's ironing had
to be finished.,
In the majority of cases men do not
realize the inconveniences .of the
house. They may have many of the
modern labor-saving devices to lighten
the labor about the barn and in the
fields. It is all very well, too, that
the farmer should have just ae many
as he can afford, for who needs to
have their labor lightened more than
those who work on the farm?
But often, the farmer's wife is left
to do her work' on thedarm with old
devices rather than have new ones
installed' for her. In •some cases,- if
the farmer could be given an object
lesson by being obliged to do the en-
tire housework himself, for just one
day, he would soon acquire a - new
viewpoint. The tables would be turned
andinstead of "just the housework" it
would be "just the workhouse."
A great many farm homes now_con-
tain conveniences similar to those
found in the city homes, but on many,
many farms the old-fashioned meth.]
ods are still used. If a questionnaire
were to be sent out to each farmer's
wife on "What do you consider: the
most helpful thing to have in your
kitchen?" the answers would undoubt-1
sd'ly come back, "Running hot and cold
water."-' This is something that one
uses at every turd and can he had
at a moderate expense. Various
methods for installing such a system
depends upon the ultimate needs and'
facilities of each case.
Next, a furnace or. steam plant;
would be second' choice.for the farm`
woman in many eases.. The average
man will manage a furnace,. but he:
seems to take it for granted that his
wife will manage the stoves. There'
are many very adequate heating plants
on the market that can be installed at
a small cost, considering, their prac-
tical value.
Then comes electricity, frons muni-
cipal or individual 'plants, which is
net a neceesity on the farm but a
wonderful •convenience, .not alone to
the ,farmer's wife but •also to the
farmer. It is valued not only for
lighting but for power. The house and
barns can all be lighted by simply
pressing a button, while the farmer
can use the power for running• his sil-
age cutter, wood saev, mill: separator:
and other machinery and his wife can.
have the •power for the washing ma -
"1 e oted Dan eb explorer; Peter Frenchem ofewhonernoth7n,g•.b,sd•been
chino, electric iron, churn, vacuum'
sweeper and numerous other house- beard for foals years, has returned honie-after being tolled rll ineslime jeeed.
hold devices which are operated by lte is shown with his little daughter, Who had not see", him since 1920.
■
WILLIAM :E.'eEEDS, JR„ HUNTS IN'CANADA
Photographed at the-CanadianPacific Windeor:Station, is the •young
multareiilionaire, son of the late 'tin plate King; and closely connected with
the deposed Royal family of Greece, with, on his right, Albert Hopkins, on
his left Nils Merman, infront, a third pal. of his, ars they appeared when,
flashed with triumph, they returned to Montreal, after securing three mcose
and a deer in the Kipawa district of Ontario. This was Mr. Leeds' first hunt-
ing trip in Canada' andhe made the most of it.
electricity, It is by no >means an ex
pensive convenience for the service
it renders,
These are only a few of the needed'
home conveniences for' the farm home,
but if Mr, Farmer would just look
around a bitandsee the extra labor
of 1VIrs. Farmer, because of the lack
a some of the modern conveniences,
he could very wisely invest some of
his spare cash for this purpose.
Marquis Strains Under Test.
Mr. L. H. Newman, Dominion Cer
ealist, in his report forthe year 1923,
to le of experiments made in tom-
parative trial, both at the Central Ex-
perimental Farm in Ottawa and on a
number of the western branch Farms,
of five strains of Marquis wheat.
Marquis Ottawa 16 was sown in an
adjoining plot: for comparisons At
Ottawa -each strain was sown in tn.
plicate pieta, ° While the test, as the
Cerealist says, has not as yet been
conducted sufficiently long to record
definite results, and that'•the work
must be carried on for several years
before this is done, it is. interesting
td note that so far indications are to
the effect that difference of greater or
lesser importance actually exist. In
the meantime, Mr. Newman urges
growers who wish to produce register-
ed seed of Marquis to secure the pur-
est strain available. This may be ac-
complished by communicating with
e Canadian Seed Growers' Associa-
tion, 114 Victoria St., Ottawa, •
It is estimated that at the present
time approximately 90 per, cent,' of i
all the spring wheat grown in West-
ern Canada consists of Marquis, while
in the United States statisticians
claim that approximately 70 per cent.
of the spring' wheat growing areas:
of that country is devoted to the pro-
duction of the same variety.
A knot in a shoe -string does not,
look well; but if the broken ends are
cut clean, one of them with a slanting.
cut, lapped and stitched on the ,sewing -
machine, it will do nicely until a new
one can be obtained.
Horne Echicabon
'The Child's cepa jeeeee0, reeet a Feireeir at•Feelbeee -
The Significance of Christmas --By :lane Carpenter.
I"Gee, I hope I get eine new skatee sacred origin but becauee of their A woman unites that her father,
for Christmas," said Tom, as he rub-' own happy experieecese Was Christ- sixty-two years old, is hopelessly ill,
bed vigorously at the nine months', imus a season 'fraught With so much' Ile has been given up by all the doe, -
accumulation of rust on his old oneea gladnesa and 'enjoyable 'activity that tors, The prayers of his nnniee •s
•
"And z hope I get a new book -bag," i no matter what they might wish for, avail hili nothing. He is in constant
answered his sister. "this one's pa- or really receive,this was after all distress aed she and all of the family ;
thetic." i °nil a very delightful side issue?� are worn to mere shedowe taking rare
"I wonder how many times you When children think tommuch aboutiof him.? Ts it not right to bring aboet
children have. said, 'I hope I get . presents it is because their concept of en end. Why not?
for Christmas,' " said their mother the Day :and its meaning is so lean
irritably. _ and barren that if it were not for
these there would be nothing to it ea
all: But no profusion of presents can
make the twenty-fifth of December
Christmas..
If the parent "makes the Christ-,
The mother was shocked out of her mas," as itwere, and presents it to a:condition in •winch he knew no one,
irritation. Did the child really mean the family •a finished production, what wee conscious of nothing and was a
that? It had seemed to her, since the is there for the children to do but tol burden to every •member of his family.
children both knew that their father receive it? And how can they be ex-• I could. have given him a drug six
had just met with a serious financial petted• to know or to think of any- l weeks ago that would have saved his
loss, they ought not to expect much thing beyond or above that act? Often I family many sleepless nights and seta
for Christmas. To be sure, a pair of when they are given money to buy; eral hundred dollars of eypense, arid
ideates and a book -bag might be man- gifts for ,their relatives and 'friendse apparently have lost notating to ' him
aged, but these were only two of the they are over -advised with regard tolor the world. Why not?
many things for which they had ex- the selection; sometimes they are Human life is sacred. That old
pressed a wish. She had not for a given no choice at all. How then can man's life ended yesterday, not six
moment thought of saying, as she knew they be expected to understand the weeks ago. Is it for me to say, that
some can bave no Christmas tera would his done,year," or joy of The vise giving?'because
lets the because 1p lay through' those six
y" children weeks, helpless in mind and body as
to her Christmas held a •significance, prepare the Christman festivitieat a little babe, there was no purpose
that mere giving or receiving could under her guidance. She helps them' served thereby?
not affect. How was it that Tem and to make gifts for each other and fox, A. few ,years ago a woman who had
'Catherine had such a limited concept? their friends. She plans with them been given up to die, yet lived on in
She felt very unhappy about it. means for providing relief .and cheer agonies of pain, wrote in her despera-
Now was she not taking the boy's for those who are in trouble. When it *ion to the newspapers clamoring that
remark much too seriously? He had is possible, she encourages them to laws should be passed allowing eu-
spoken in an attempt to justify him- earn the money for the things they thanasia (easy death) to those afflict -
self. mug not have elf. This really ht e ant buy. She :lets them do'most Led as she was. Her letter came to the
w to y
beennecessary for his wish had been of the decorating; if there is to be al attention' a a specialist who thought
childishly natural. It did not mean tree, they dress it; and, if ehe cooks he recognized in her symptoms a con -
that he was selfish or that he wanted it hereelf, she allows "them to help in I dition not absolutely hopeless. He
more than his parents could afford. the preparation of the dinner. She hiss `wrote to her, and under his care she
P P P
Probably neither of the children had secrets with each one of them, and the' went through a surgical operation
the least expectation of getting many surprises that are planned are always which gave her complete recovery.
of the things they had said they want- throwing them into a state of glee,, Then she wrote again to the news -
ed. Whether or notthis mother had She reads with them tho best Christ -i papres, confessing how greatly mis-
real cause to be troubled, however, mas stories, and :they sing together taken had been her outcry.
depended on the answer to the quer the carols that never grow old. Presd Who dares say when the time has
time: What was the significance of ents? They like them, of course, but, come to end a sufferer's life. Not I.
Christmas to these young 'people? receiving is quite a secondary matter There are ways to bear pain and to
Was it a Day to be cherished by them after all --only one of many pleasant stand weariness, with. a strong look
always,: not merely on account of its incidents of a very happy . season. ahead to the time of sure relief when
"there than be a more death, neither
some protection at a very low cost. sorrow nor crying, neither shall there
Rodent poison applied to 'bread or be any more pain."—Dr. C. H. Lerrigo..
grain and enclosed in a container into
PUTTING Alst EASY ;
END TO LIFE .
F
n
THE CH1LDP,EN'S
HOUR
BURNING THE MIDNIGHT OIL.
Bill was a senior in high school Not
much different from other boys, he
liked to play basket ball on the school
team and was not particularly keen
about spending too much time on his
books. But there was at lease one
commendable quality about Bill -his
strong determination to accomplish
{what he set out to do. He played
basketball in that spirit, as many an
opponent found out when he tried to
I evade Bill's splendid guarding of the
,basket.
IOne day Bill Was assigned 'a diffi-
culttask for a class in °ivies. He was
to draw a map of the "county in which
he lived on which he was to show the
cities, villages, railways, highways,
and oher things commonly shown on
a good county man. The day before
the map_was due was a holiday, and
Bill started to work on the map' early
that morning. He took notes on the
town maps shown him at the library;
he looked up new boutndary lines at
the registry of deeds; he rode on his
bicycle to the cut-off made by the river
during the spring flood and added to
his map an item not shown on any
other. All day long he was busy, and
when supper time came he had the
map almost done. There it Tay, care
fully worked out, an accurate map
about twenty-four by thirty inches in
size. Bill looked at it with some pride,
Just then his mother called him to
supper. As he turned to go, he un-
consciously moved the map and there-
by knocked over a bottle of ink, which
quickly ran all over ,the paper. The
work was ruined.
The next morning the civics teacher
met Bill on the way to school. He was
carrying a roll of something under his
arm.. As the two walked along Bill
said, "Do you know, I have not had
my clothes off since yesterday morn-
ing." "So?" asked the teacher. "What
was the matter?" Bill then told the
The girl shrugged her shoulders
and the boy scowled. "I thought that
was what Christmas wa's for," he
muttered,
I leave the legal side of this prob-
lem alone. I admit that there are
very ,many cases of Tong -continued
sufrering that end only in death. A
patient of mine yesterday closed hie
eyes. in death, at eighty-eight years
of age, after lying for six weeks in
story of the map, and continued,
"After supper I got another piece of
stock and started again. I forgot all
about time apd everything until the Winch mice alone can e_ntor is an feedn for
�tE.
r Eggs,
,.
got the map almost done,
alarm went off this morning. Taut I{ve fective way of protecting berry patch= Winter eggs cannot be obtained un-.
And he es and shrubberies. Poison placed for
•
did finish it in time to hand it in when rabbits must be watched or at least, less the fowl are properly fed. Re -
it was due. placed where it is safe from farm ani- teens for winter feeding should be
Those who know Bill are expecting main. During periods of deep snow achosen with three factors in mind—
great things of him. They expect close watch should be kept onallitheir nutritive value, palatability and
them becalnee they believe that he will trees and shrubs, with the view oe,varrety.:Poultry :foods, apart: from ,
carry that habit of seeing things checking damage' at the initial stage green feed, are F evv tinvided info
through into his lifework. You can -'At the O,A.C. tve use the wire pro_ Benda feed and .dry mash... The
not beat a man who does not know tectors, tramp the snow, and use the scratch feed mii� be purchased ready .
when he is beaten, and no man is shotgun on rabbits when necessary: mixed, but quite as satisfactory re
beaten until he admits it.
sults can be obtained by mixing to-
Jun Smuts, the great Boer leader, 811®S�Y$a� g�r3C�i Children d t T th birds
once had an early morning visit from Hospital Y �j 4 1
he commander of the military school
that he was attending, because the
officer had seen a light in his window:
"You are an early riser;" said the
officer. "No, sir," Smuts, "I am
just going to bed." He had been work-
ing most of the night on his lessons.
67 COLLEGE ST„ TORONTO
Dear Mr.. Editor:—
Your readers bave probably had
their appetite for statistics satiated
during the .past few months, Still
No wonder that the man who fought they will, no doubt,, want to know
the British so valiantly in the Boer something of the work accomplished
War became one of the members of by the hospital to which they have
the famous War Cabinet that Mr. so generously contributed in the
Lloyd George appointer) to govern all past They, are shareholders in a
Britain and bring the war to a sue- Mission of Mercy. Their -dividends
easeful w close.- are not paid in coin of the realm.
It was said of Demosthenes' by his
opponent JEschines, "His orations 'May I trespass upon your space to
smell of oil." That was only a way outline what those dividends are?
of deriding Demosthenes because he Firstly, the daily average of chit -
spent long hours; of the night prepare dren occupying cots in the Hospital
ing .his speeches. When :Eschines for Sick 'Children was 266. The
made a speech; the people said, "What total cared for as in -patients was
a wonderful speaker he is l" There 8 ggq That is equivalent to the
attention was all for the man and his
actions. But when Demosthenes spoke population of a good-sized Ontario
the people cried, "Let us march town,
against the Spartans."—Youth'a Com- And secondly, the out-patient de -
anion,
P pertinent. This is in of offs es
Ip aw g c
overt consultation d minor
Protect the Trees.
given
o an m n
' operations, On an average there
Preventive treatment applied now were 190 young callers a day.
to the orchard trees, raspberry patch That is where the dividends are
and ornametsl shrubberies to offset earned—in the difference made in
the usually very destructive work er the lives of thousands of children
mice and rabbits during the winter,
months will save you disappointment, i through the voluntary contributions
some labor and same money) which render it possible to main.-
Building paper costing one cent,) Lain an institution where pallid
placed around the trunk of the tree cheeks become rosy and twisted
for which you paid the nurserymmn. limbs are nnade straight.
$1.60 wily give protection at a testi If that war. nob dirideud enough;
that seems reasonable. If your tree one might try to estimate the
is ten years old it is worth many times enormous salvage of child -life in BLttterlhllili Versus Tankage
$1.60. The cost of protection is so low Ontario which has taken place since g
that a tree owner can afford to feed "Sick Kids" doctors and "Sick Kids and Water.
mice and rabbits.
The building paper protector can be nurses have been going out through
easily prepared from. -a roll of 'tar this province equipped with a
paper. With an ordinary saw cut the knowledge of children's diseases,
roll into ten -inch lengtha, handy to which they could not get except in
work with. Wrap once around the some such `highly specialized and
tree trunk and tie securely, then preeminently efficient institution'
mound a little soil up around the as the Hospital for Sick Children.
lower end to hold it in place over. win- On this year's service the ren.
ter. Remove when cultivating in theHosi were reedy for market. The •pens re -
spring. tel expended ;345,126 and finds •cefved the •cams grain xatfon, so that .
The expanded metal protector can itself in the hole to the extent of the difference in the results is large-
be used; it will last for years if taken ;134,284. What comes in around ly due to the value of buttermilk,
care of. These can be purchased frem. Christmas -time keeps the Hospital Valuing the buttermilk at 2% cents
supply houses. They are easy to.ap- going. So long tie the word "Christ- a gallon and the tankage at market
ply ,and cost about $8 per hundred for mils" retains its original significance price, it cost 8 cents in food per pound,
small sizes: •could any charity possibly enlist of, gain with those fed on buttermilk
The galvanised mesh' chicken wire more of the sympathy of your and 8.1, cents with those fed with
is very efficient and durable. The tankage and water•. The hogs that re-
readers or entitle itself to inose of
wire can id purchased is rolls es a cefvod the buttermilk made a pound
their ' support?
suitable width and cut into lengths to P
gether . equal parts of .wheat, cracked
corn, an oats. o give the it s
necessary exercise, which is not only
good for their coxnfoxt but for their
health; the scratch grain should al-
ways be fed in a deep litter. When
given in this way it is not eaten hur-
riedly and the nation is improved by
the: variety it provides. The day
should be started with a light feed of
scratch mixture, which should be re-
peated at noon with a heavier feeding
tower* evening, so tient. the birds
will go to zest with a full crop. Dry
mash is kept , constantly before the
birds in a hopper. A 'small feed of
this moistened with milk and mixed
with table scraps may be fed at noon. .
The Dominion Experimental Farms
have proved equal parts by weight of
bran, shorts, cornmeal, and oatmeal,
with twenty per cent. of beef meal, to
be an economical and satisfactory dry
mash mixture.
Birds running at large in the sum-
mer season are greatly benefited by
the grass and other green feed they
pick up. It is therefore important ,
that some :form of green feed be used
during the winter. Cabbages, dried
clover leaves, sprouted oats, or man -
gels may be used and the birds should
get as much as they will eat. The
birds must have drink and as much
of it as they desire. If they can be
given skimmilk or buttermilk so much
the better as these foods supply valu-
able nourishment. If given oppor-
tunity the birds will use grit, oyster
shells and charcoal. These materials
placed in hoppers take the place of
similar products picked up while run-
ning in the open during the summer
months.
A feeding experiment with two lots
of five pigs each, all litter mates, on
a ration of buttermilk versus tankage
and water,. was Conducted at the In-
vermere, B.C., Experimental Station,
front October 6, tvhen the pigs were .
taken from the alfalfa pasture, until
December G, at which time the pigs
of gain on 3,16 ounds•of meal while
-
suit the trees. • It is more expensive' Faithfully yours, - those that received the tankage re-
to buy than .the expanded metal- pro -1 I El ROBERTSON, quired, 4 pounds of meal to make a
te•eter.
Chairman Apical Committee
pound of gain. The Superintendent
The trampling of snow around the of the Station concludes from this ex -
tree, so that it will create a hard ar:.••r periment that buttermilk costing 24
I A MINUTE Ote MERCY COSTS
through which the mouse cannot reed.
ily penetrate, is a means of givint ' �, _ hogs.
to s a profitable cents a ellen x ro tab)° fee for
p d
FIFTY CENTS
P
1