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HomeMy WebLinkAboutThe Clinton News Record, 1928-06-07, Page 6Many Species Falsely Accused of Hurting. Crops, Fed- eral -:Bureau Finds ..Insects Principal Food . > 'bestrueticn of . Weed Seeds is Another Useful Habit , Whether_ birds are seuI 'or injurf- o>_s,' to -crops` (1613 ends -;upon what ''they. eat. Many birds are accused ofeat- .ing or destroying. this or that crop• when in reality tho accnsation is un- founded. Because of ,this the Bureau of. Biological Survey of the' U.S.: De- partment of Agriculture, says,';' The. Pathfinder," has, spent many years, in a systematic investigation 'of the food of those species which: are 'nest com- mon about the farm and garden; Within certain limits,'; says this au- , thority birdt eat the kind of food that. is most, accessible, especially when their natural foods aro' scarce.. The, investigation.revealed that the great majority of land birds.subsiet upon insects during the pe iod'of nest- ing.. and molting, and `also 'teed their yiung upon them. during the first; few weeks. ,Many species were fouird to, live almost entirely ripen in`seets, talc'„ ing ,vegetable' food 'only when the former were not obtainable. Because'" of this it is difficult, to estimate -the value' of birds to the farmer in re- -straining the great tine of insect life. Another useful function of birds is the destroying of weed seeds. Ii whiter when insects become scarce the birds turn to vegetable food such as seeds of weeds.• One of, the most familiar. and wel- come of our feathered visitors is the. bluebird. - It is one of the' earliest northern migrants,':and everywhere is. hailed as a harbinger of spring. So far as known the bluebird has never been accused of stealing fruit or of preying upon crops. Nearly 70 per. -cert. of its food consists of insects and their allies, while -over 30 per cent. is co!ade up of. various vegetable "•substances. But se'' -tar as vegetable food is concerned the bluebird i5 posi- tively harmless. The western species of this bird is even more commend- able in its food...habits than its east- ern relative. ' Robin Pays Its Way In mny parts pf the country • the robin is one of the most cherished of our birds. It is found throughout the United States, far_porth through Can- , ala and even in Alaska. The robin is an omnivorous feeder and its food habits, comettnies cause appre- 'tension to fruit growers. 'It is fond of cherries and 'other small fruits. But examinatidnof over a theusantl stomachsshowed that mote than 42 per cent. of its food is mantel matter, principally :insects, while the -remaind- er is made cup largely of small fruits, mostly wild. Although robins takeea small' amount of cultivated fruits, it must be remembered that they are'n natural .enemy of the insect world, and that they work during the whole season' to make the crops possible. ''J tri when the fruit -ripening period tomes they already have a standing account with the farmer for services rendered. ' According to a department bulletin the very character of the food of birds of the titniioe family .gives a • peculiar value to their services to tile' farmer. It, is in the winter season that -titmice do their greatest work. When there are no insects flying or crawling about these birds must feed upon such species as they find hiber-' nating in crevices or upon the eggs of Insects laid in similar •places. There are seine seventeen species of titmice In .this eountry and gs many sub- species. Nearly 70 per cent. of their food consists of animal matter: The former is made up of small caterpil- lars ami moths and their eggs.. Tit- mice are known as chickadees. Ex - emanation 'of the stomoalls of these birds'revealed that they contained in- furious insects to the 'extent of over BO per Dent. The vegetable food or this epodes seems to consist most of ;broken up seeds. House Wren Friend .of Farmer The food habits of the diminutive house wren are entirely beneficial to the ,armor. They live principally upon animal food -98 per cent. insects and their allies and only 2 per cent. vege- table matter/ Tile haus() Wren is only one of a munerous .group of. birds of similar habits. Imperial: Preference Melbourne Herald: The next gen- eral• -election in Groat Britahs is likely to he fought on the question' of -Pro- tection.... pro-tection.... if Britain has, been slower thai we would like to respond to the preference requests of the Dominions,, she has made up for hen' tardiness in other ways .. To -clay, throughout the United Klegdom, a strong bias in favor of purchasing Empire products exist. itis the strength of tient senti- ment that is promising a change in the' British, fiscal outlook. • If the hopes of many British and all Aus- IAailien people aro realized, that sen- tiutent will, heiors long, be, reduced to a' easb• basis, to the great advan- tage of those copr..tfios. Cciresp®ident Sees For ;Him ' self How'Planes`Cut 3000 Miles to 31 Hours The air mail has shortened the 3,000 miles • between few" York City and San Francisco to31'hotirs. Mail post-' ed in. Wall Streeton Monday morn- ing is delivered in`, Market Street late Tuesday afternoon., To learn how this ''.service operates The' Chrietfau .Sen Brice Monitor sent :a stair correspond- ent 'over the"lone iidr.e is his'aceciuilt of what thesir- service Is doiiug and sone of,tho plans for the near future. all o2 great interest Gamow that Ottawa, is considering a trans Canada air. way, By a Staff.Correspondent New York—"Air Mail!" Men'scurried io their posts in the National Air Transport hangar: at Had- ley" Field, N.J.. the chief air mail - terminal of the East. An airplane appeared{ overhead, circled the ,field; and' droppec.,to earth with a perfect three-point 'landing. Tnco.men.rall out.:and led it to its mooring. ' The others removed the:. mail -from its -bold, and rushed it to a station wllere,clerks =.sorted it -rapidly; Meanwhile a mechanic was warm- ing, up the, airplane that would soon, leave_tor the``West on the first lap of a flight across, the continent. 1 was strapped into a parachute•and .11oisted: into the front cockpit': The motor roared. The anchor, blocks were pull- ed away. We taxied down the' field, ;turned, and_toolc off' into the wind:' San Francisco at that moment was. 3,000 miles ai*ay-the same `destina- tion toward which the Pony:, Express' raced less than, three-quarters of a century ago. Hard -riding horsemen, dashing over short relays, spanned the 1,400 i'les from the end of the railroad at St. Joseph, Mo:, to the Golden Gate. Their'speed, thrilled the nation; they rode it in eight days.. e Call on 35 Meters Comes Out of 'North Montreal, Git,e.—Isola.teil in a far north mission, with 'acrid 'as ISIS only contact wltle the outside, Father L. Ducha'_me is anxious to get into communication with ama-1 leeirs on 05 metres. In a letter-writtereapril 10 at the Romain Catholic ll;ission at Chester- field Inlet, far nit or 'c'.is West'cobol of .lTudson' Bay, Mather Ducharme says that he has called repeatedly1 DTI the shat `t tie - lengths but could get no response. tis adds that he pla'io to conic on the -air each Satnr- Say: night- just NIS 'KDhA, Pitts burgh, signs off i,,7/ the hope of 3ettnlg a: coats CSS.. Coast to Coast - And now, from coast to coast; over more than twice this distance, a letter is delivered in 81 hours. To send a letter winging on its way by air has become as simple as buying a loat of bread- at the corner grocery, and mail- is now being carried over the country on more than a score of air routes. , I turned amid the mail sacks an' express packages carefully stowed before me in the cockpit and looked at my pilot, Earl Ward, a confident - appearing young man intent on his Joni: The fields of New Jersey, occa- sional towns, the rusty hills of 'Penn- sylvania, were flitting by in a moving panorama. We in the plane were a tiny world apart. • Only two phenomena were particu- larly noticeable. 011e was the bump- ing oaused by, air. pockets; the other, the desert-olear quality of the air. At 4.20 in the afternoon the tower of the Cleveland Union Station pierced the horizon and soon our plane settled on the Cleveland field. We had been in the air three lours and a half. "Ian 'sorry," the airport ofMeial said, "but wee can't send you en to -night.. You see, we take the mail into ;even- thea where we wouldn't think of send - leg a passenger." Air Mall Looks Ahead In spite of the; blue sky, at Cleve- land, there was rain" in the West. The air mall segs all, With its elab- orate system of radio and wire Com- munication, it can tell exactly the temperature, barometric pressure, cloud height, or "ceiling," Wind ve Molt r and visibility at any spot along the route. ' Tate offlelal said that in Chicago the/planes for the West would be delayed and by taking a train I might catch the one reserved for me. On the way to the station the chaffeur. told me about Pilot Ward, "One of the crack fliers in the serv- ice," he said. "Used to bo a lienten- ant Inthe marines. Holds the record between New York and Cleveland of two litters and 26 minutes." In Chicago I found that the west- bound plane had left only 30 minutes behind schedule. The management changed my reservation to the follow- ing day. The next night I niet Pilot Wagner, a one-time army flier and veteran of seven years in the air mail service, and "one of the best" Wo talked of expansion and im- provements in the service. National Air. -Transport operating regular 'pas- senger service tion. Chicago to Dallas, will soon extend that service over the C\licago-New York brench'cif the route. l.<i � a i t ar�n a ftl0, Po in s', e gemptof X1`; +,)i$tl a i}w il: y',` of13,'30 ; pounds al d 4 41nee weight of 5.704700. e Its engine was a Wasp, made by the Pratt -Whitney Company. ' The 26 planes operated ' by the ` line art! ahnost identical in design .and equil inept. Emel'gency Landing The ship, flew so smoothly ped the 'rotor droned so soothingly tltb till` asleep. When I ,awoke we 11I44' circling down to the revolvingbetitg�o�ii. en'tlre -emergency' .field at 17,0417,04/114up"ir. I1. Peg ahead forced us to make ole% Ives i a0 :home in a cold littl Chao . ' until morning. At 6 o'clock • ere went on -to tits' eastern bank of the Mississippi,whote, because of poor. vieitaility,, we landed on another emergency -field eureoundod by acres of cornstalks.. The-catebekel drove' us'to his farm home near by for a -substantial morning meal. Then we were off again for \Iowa City and Omaha, where mall andti' gage were, transferred to another ptiW9 and -I met ply new pilot, E1,M. Allisiill, introduced as one _of Boeing's "etas' men. We set out within 10 minutes and bucked'a heavy wind to reach North. Platte 'at 3.40 o'clock that. afternoons The farms were laid out in neat 1601 acre squares, with fences ruining" directly east and west, north and South, which. is of great assistance to' tire pilots. Two hours later the brigllta ly painted roofs of Cheyenne wel- comed ue. 7 ' There I' met Pilot 11. A. Collinson, described as "an old-timer in the air • mail in these parts and never had a serious mishap." We took off again immediately, Making for a break in the fog that covered Sherman Hill. It closed before we oould get through and ilfr. Collinsoir wheeled back to town. : `, Through to Rock'Springs• Late at night we ,got through to Rock Springs, Wgo., the halfway point between Cheyenne and Salt Lake. Red lights ofitlined the fleld against a Jet background. We ate at Rock Springs and waited until "Unlimited visibility" was re- ported. In spite of that forecast, we met a rim of fog` over the Wasatch Mountains and climbed to 13,800 feet to top it. At that height' we could see over the roof of the "stuff," as pilots, call .all water vapor collectively. The full moon, lighting the trumbiing mists, transformed them into glowing, -white: baby blankets. Mail pilots see more of the.beauty of nature every day'than the average city dweller in half a hen- 'dred two-week vacations, Crossing the clouds we circled sharply down to the field at Salt Lake City, ,a drop of 9,400 feet. As soon as the mail was re -sorted, we were on our way again with a new plane and another pilot. We sS+rh'Ped the tops of the Ruby Mountaids so closely that pebbles and leaves were easily distinguishable, and then found our- selves in Dike, Nev. WON 14,000 -MILE RACE ' Finish Barque Hergozin Cecilia reached Cardiff 96 days out of Australia, Below is Jennie Day, 24, an artist, who was a stowaway diseovered en the `ship nearly starved. Another pilot, Huking, took the ship. Ontario's Aries He informed me that the last" pilot, - Show Progress Ellis, could "fly anything, anywhere." Over Mountain -Ranges Wo Stew over mountain ranges and tan -colored valleys, where countless. Sheep nibbled and on above alkali plains to Reno, with its brave green- ery, the ail' mail gateway to the Sierra Nevadas. There I learned that hi- king, in spite of his seeming youth,' had been in the aviation "game" for 12 years and knew all about aircraft, The next pilot was C. 52. Vance. His lap in the relay led across one of the Most difficult and dangerous stretches of the entire route. NSo, You see," one of the mechanics at Reno explained, "they were bound to .pick an expert to fly from here to the coast," Mr. Vance took us over a territory in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California in which. there was no land- ing for 75 miles—only pine -covered mountains and green ravines. Val- leys, canyons and streams, which never would be seen by tourists, were it not for the air line, flitted by the little cabin windows, all too transient in their loveliness.. The plane came down` -for exactly two minutes in Sacramento to drop a packet, and then winged its way straight to the Oakland Municipal Airport -and journey's end, We were 17 hours behind schedule, but still two full' days ahead of the mail trains. Discounting my 24-hour stopover In Chicago, I'had been en route just'48 hours from coast to- coast. We had been delayed by .unfavorable weather, but never Once' by motor or other nteclianieal trouble. • Every link lit' the air mail chain,clicl its 'work perfectly. Boeing Ali:. Transport, giving mall, express and passenger service from Chicago to San Francisco is to in- stall three giant passenger planes, threeoiotored' and with accommoda- tions for 12 persons, for week -end ex- cursions. x cursions. Testing Radio Beacons; The Department of Commerce is experimenting with radio beacons,' to be .placed on .efthor side of the charted course. ' As soon as these beaconsareoper- ating, schedules will be changed so that the flying time froth : coast to coast will he two nights and one day, instead . of two days and one night, as at present. Seven -thirty, -our; scheduled leaning t lie, arrived, but not the snail' from Minneapolis. We waited. Overhead a 500,000 candle-power revolving bea- con shot its beau for miles. Finally came the cry: " "Air maill" Quickly. the sacks were stowed and we were ole. I found the passenger -'cabin like the interior of a very small' coupe, Finished iii light groan enamel, it had a narrow, leather upin01hterech seatycle- signed for: two lean passengers:','ih-: down 12 1i7 27 inches inlilt into each eloot, were aclegitate for sight-seeing. -1 small demo heat Ming abet e and xa.,,R,+ .- ,.t• , vF h e"•,: 9,:xF'B _,.S; 7 -___- _x 1 N... P"�'.@%�-'. ti..ar. '..'' aA,t.1's t�« Aa' b.. :.h• ;d::..,... „- :;: sw`yte -`..i; ':Mc s. hcaten from the. exhaust ,below kept .the little stateroom, wenn enough. grantee' " i license, ,,r „nte,<b bY, the Aeronau- tics rpreau of thc';Dep:irtciient of Com Hon. Charles McCrea is Op- timistic of Canada's Min- eral future -Ottawa.—During the first three months of this year the value of mineral output of this province had exceeded the corresponding' months last year by $1, 250,000, Zion. Charles McCrea, ,Provincial Minister of Mines, recently said. "Within the next 25 years Canada, and especially Ontario, will have reached a degree of pros- perity beyond the bounds of realiza- tion at the present time," he said: "We are only beginning to raise the curtain upon the vast mineral re- sources which lie beneath the great pre -Cambrian shield of the'earth. And fully 95 per relit. of these resources lie wholly within Canada," lie said. He then went on to speak of the pre - Cambrian layer of the earth's crust as the greatest mineral bearing stratum known to exist in the entire world. IIe told of properties lying in the Province of Manitoba which contain $500,000,000 worth of minerals, which await the spade "of the miner. • Immigration . London Morning Post (Cons.)`: Canada 'neves more slowly titan- the United States because she has a smaller population. If sbe desires to take her share in the development of the Continent, it is a little difficult to see why she follows her present policy of restricting'imm'igration from the Mother Country. Foresees British Industrial Revival American Magnate Declares Methods Will Be British and Not American New York.—Through business meth- ods that will be British and not American, the British' Empire, within the next' 20 years..wi11 experience the greatest ,industrial ---renaissance of modern history. This was the opium expressed in New 'York by Robert W. Johnson; American industrialist and vice-president of Johnson & John- son, New Brunswick, N.J., on his. re - tarn front Europe. "My tour of English industrial cities and my conversations with British in- dustrialists and Parliament members of the younger generation confirm a conclusion to which I had been moved by eight years' study of world markets for American business," said John,- son. ohnson. "I ani :convinced that Great Britain is to experience the greatest industrial revival of modern history. I feel equally certain that the methods by which this renaissance is to• be brought a'lont will be typically English and not adaptations of practices learn- ed in, America or any other country. Indian Gave Us Maple Sugar The early settlers in Canada from the Old Land learned from the Indians the art of maple sugar making, and indeed followed for many years their crude methods until modern equipment replaced ;the old. As a matter of fact, until about 60' years ago there was little improvement on primitive Indian 'methods. A Strong Addition To'Britalns Sea Power "ODIN" iS THE NEWEST OF GREAT BRITAIN'S SUBMARINES This undersea. craftwas laundie.21 a short, timeago at Chatham dock yards liy Mrs. Stirling, admiral Superintendent efthe dpcicy a1•d when this pie me lues secured wife of ,tire Coast Guard Cutter Mojave Arrives at Halifax; Daily` Broadcast Is Made Halifax, N.S.=The woilc oaf the international ice patrol this season was`reviewed -hy commander Cecil M. Gabbett, of the United States Coast Guard nutter: Mojave, :when the vessel put in here lifter Its 'sea0r14. tons- of duty oil the'Grand Banks It.w;ea the, first' time that the 'Mojave; which alternates on patrol with the cutter Modoc at fortnightl-y'�intervals, had called here. Commander Labbett re- ported that weather conditions, on the whole, had been excellent since the patrol was begun in March, altho}utgh, during the, Mojave's second tour five days of continuous fog were eneount- r The Mojave, like the Modoc, is ellec trically driven, andis one of the few vessels of that type afloat. The ship is equipped with every'madern,aid to navigation, including- a fathometer which tells the depth of water ,under the vessel by means - of sound :waves. The radio 'equipment permits'tram- leasston of IlleSELES . over . a radius ot112,000 miles, and daily reports are sent to 'Washington. On her present cruise the'Mojaye transmitted a total of 70,000 wordsbyradio. Four broad- casts aro sent out daily ,'to inform steamers of the position of icebergs south and east of the Grand Banks,. and steamers in communication with the cutter are requested to report the position and description of .any other bergs sighted. These are 'carefplly plotted' on a chart and a complete record is kept of the movement of the bergs until they melt or drift out of the trans-Atlantic steamship lanes. From the glaciers in the far north about 500 icebergs drift down into the steamship lanes during a normal sea- son, but last ysar only -350 bergs were reported as: a result of the cool wea- ther. It was one of these mountains of ice into which the steamship Ti- tanic crashed -to sink with a loss of 1,600 lives in April, 1012. It was as a result of- that disaster that the inter- national ice patrol was established by the United States under an -agreement with several other nations. As an example of the wo awe of the patrol, Commander Gabbett eported that on the present cruisethe cutter received a wireless message from a large pas- senger liner that she was in a dense fog and asking if any icebergs were near by. The steamer gave her posi- tion and sipeeda•'and by referring to their. charts the Mojave --officers were able to give warning that the steamer was in danger of colliding with a large berg. The steamer -changed her course and the danger was thus averted. The Mojave and the Modoc will re-' main on patrol until the iceberg men- ace has passed. During the patrol the morale of the 110 members of the crew is kept at a high point by frequent exhibition of motion pictures and other entertainment, and when tbe cutter is in her home port at Boston ,dances are conducted weekly aboard the vessel. Veteran- Explorer of Arctic Forgets Dispute Over Norge Trip to Help Fellow -Flyer An Arctic drains, of more than usual intensity would be produced if Roald :Amundsen veteran Polar ex- plorer sheukl go to the aid of.'General Umberto :; Nobile, nowmissing- in the dirigible Italia, since there has been= friction between the two men over since the famous flight ,of the' Norge to 'the North Pole in 1026, says the Asgociateil Press; After the flight was all over, the published memoirs of the two men showod_,lhat all ,had not been smooth between .them, Nobile as the builder ;and captain of the Norge referring to Amundsen' as megaly a passenger, while Amundsen accused the Italian flyer with "attempting to appropriate for Italy',the-last great undertaking of his life, the flight of the dirigible over the North Pole. NORGI1 ALSO WAS MISSING:` ' On that trip. the Norge also was Missing for many hours. Radio com- munication had been maintained be tween'the dirigible: and land stations_ until the Norge crossed the.Pole where-: no fu,es rther messages were intercepted g p 'or many holies the fate of the expe- dition was unknown and the world waited' anxiously: for news at length= to hear that the dirigible had landed, safely at the tiny village of Teller, Alaska, about ninety- miles from None. ,. After 'that air voyage Amavndsen' said that his exploration days were over and recountedhis discovery of the Northwest Passage into the Arctic Ocean, the Northern Magnetic Pole ,and the South: Pole. ' Lincoln Ellsworth, of New York, who had financed, at least in part, the two air expeditions of -Captain Am- undsen, was the first to denounee No - bile after the Norge flight by saying' tbat others had, been responeible for the safe navigation of the dirigible from Spitzbergen to Alaslca. AMUNDSEN CRITICIZED NOBILE For a year Amundsen had refused to be drawn into the controversy. In that year Nobile had been promoted front colonel to general and was de- corated by the Italian government Then Aminn,clsen published his auto- biography and dwelt at great length on 3iobile's conduct while in the air' over the Pole Ho said that while he and Ellsworth had limited themselves to two tiny Norwegien and American flags to save weight and space, Nobile took armfuls of small Italian flags to oast into the air over the Pole and finally let loose a huge flag which, Amundsen said, threatened to tie up a propeller.• Britain to Compel Food Profiteers to Show ACCOILMIS IRRESISTIBLE It features the moulded hipline that Paris decrees is the smartest move- ment of. Fashion. Style No. 928 is cle- cicledly feminine, and is irresistible developed in sheer 'figured georgette crepe with harmonizing bows of can- ton faille crepe ribbon. Chanel red georgette crepe, Marine blue silk, lus- trous fiat 'silk crepe and black can- ton faille crepe. Pattern in sizes 16, 18, 20 years; 36, 88, 40 and 42 inches bust measure. Size 36 requires 2% yards of 40 -inch material with 1%, yards of 2011 -inch ribbon. Price 20c tho pattern. HOW TO. ORDER PATTERNS. Write your name and address plain., ly, giving number and size of .such patterns as you want. Enclose 20c in stempt-or coin (coin ;.referred; wrap itcarefully) for eailt number and address your order to Wilson aPettern Service, 73 West Adelaide St., Toronto, Patterns sent by return mail. • I1Hternational Finance • London Referee (Cons.): 'There: will soon be no tine: in control of oreciil who Isnot also; an international. financier. Are iut'ernational finan-jI ciers desirable custodians of. tine fate of ciatioiis? " Will their activities tend. ,to worldtpeace or to world war? Ob -i Serve Trow two groups of thein isve,' one another when they fall ut! Ob serve their callousness towards' colli, Lontlon.—The Governlnent has de- cided to 'compel merchaltte to disclose then• accounts where food profiteer- ing is charged. Replying to questions In the House of Commons regarding the difiicplty in obtaining information experienced by 'the Food Council, the official bod3c commissioned to investigate prices, Stanley Baldwin, the Premier, said: "The Government 1s prepared to give the Food Council all the support re- quired to enable them to obtain es- sential information, and they are so informing the council. Unless, there fore, within a reasouable period, the requisite information is supplied by those traders who have so far failed to do so, the Government proposes to ask Parliament to grant the necessary powers." This announcement is'understood to mean that the Food Council may be armed -with authority to compel the attendance of witnesses and the pro- duction of books, refusal carrying- penalties arryingpenalties of a fine and imprisonment. Scots Australians Tour Industrial Towns in Britain Plymouth, Eng.—Six hundred Scot- tish Australians have arrived hero for a tour of British industrial towns. Every 'one is of Caledonian descent,. aril the tour will end in Scotland after visits to ]ixeter, Salisbury, London, York, Newcastle and Scottish towns, finishing 1n. Inverness. .Each indi- vidual. selected has been successful in his particular calling. Sugar, cotton and 'fruit growers from Queenslandwheat heat farmers from South and Western, Australia, Victoria wool farmers, wool mamtfacturers, cattlemen, • timber merchants, dish eanhers, iron and steel diasters from the big cities are mixed with bank- ers, 'merchants and industrial saless men- ante ien.,.aTrio object of the visit Is to bring similar typos of business men in the British" Isles into contact for their mutual benefit. " It is also felt that actual testimony from those who. have succeeded will do mutclr to dispel misgivings among possible intending entigraiits: • The American Move Loncion Times (Ind): The United States Is for the first time for years entering upon an international negotf- ations. That is all the greater roe• son why the ;British - Government should' strongly support this initiative,,, Cariadlu Boys Win Cup. in �. Shoot London.—Canada won the. Ring's Special Challenge Trophy for 1927 in the iiiniature'rifle shooting con - Petition for boys, of the British ifiMpirc:-Canada's average' for 3,000 boys who competed Was 79.2 pointe nut of a possible 100. munities yvheii they work together;