HomeMy WebLinkAboutThe Clinton News Record, 1920-5-13, Page 2qwgroommo.
' Address communications to Agronomist, 73 Adelaide St. West, Toronto
The Cow's Udder in Health and
• Disease.
' ThiS'oow's udder is divided into our
WOOS, two on each side, with a well -
marked Lino of separation between the
two odes, Each quarter is separate
kr independent of the others, but the
• aivlding wall of tisaue can !scarcely be
seen.' Plaid containing:coloring twit-
ter injected into one quarter has:been
found net to PM 4A)p another qu.arter.
A teat connects with each quarter.
•, Each teat hap pee 'opening, contains
folds. of mutrope menebeene, has mue-
cular, bbres stcengthening as walls,
and also acting ai drawstrings to keep
the opening shnt.
. The .upper end of each teat enters a
xxiiik cister, . into whieli open numerous
• large tabes. The large tubes lead into
• many .smaller tubes and .myriads of
• tiny ones which .eriter the true gland
'time Of each quarter, each of which,
' ends' in' a little reservoir or space
•'where milk is manufacttired.
Cong4tion of the 'udder. '
When the udder 'becomes engorged
with' arteriel blood at milking time, Or
just prior to calving, the condition is
normal; it is 100.1 a symPtorn of dis-
ease, If such a condition 'should con-
tinue, however, and Were not Telieved
by eacape of venous blood through the
veins- to the heat, inflammation would
ensue. That is what happens in gaw-
get, which means inflammation of the
'mannnaz"ry, gland,
Cons,;L deyahle • Milargernent of the
udder before calying, especially ,in
heifer, is indicative of milk .produe-
lug capacity. Mainly 11 48 accompan-
ied be escape of bliisod serum into the
surrounding tissues and this &uses a
doughy swelling which extends to or
beyond the 'inlet and ,npwards be-
tween the h:rid• legsarometimes as 1 ar
, at the villva,
Overfeeding and lack of exercise
tend to induce or aggravate excessive
congestion of the udder. • Better man-
agement usually will obviate ...this.
Should it occur, the heifer or cow
should receive much less feed, have
her bowels opened with one or more
foes' to six -ounce doses of Glauber's
salts in warm water. She should be
well exereised daily and have her
udder well massaged several times a
• day. If the congestion then 'persists
or seems alarming, a little of the milk
- or seruin may be stripped away twice
daily' and the udder rnaY be given' a
thorough rubbing with a mixture of
equal quantities of compound soap
liniment, alcohol and extract of witch
hazel. Blood may be present; but
usually subsides under the treatment
ad elsed, •
iShople Mairemitia or Garget.
Wfien congeetion laphes into inflam-
ntatiiiii, the mricous menibrane-lining
of the large duets in the teatsand
quarters, or of one teat and its emir:-
teiS 'swells, reddens and discharges
enucce. just as happens when' 011.4 has
a cold in the head evidenced by run.
nine: ,of the nose and redness and irri-
tation of .tbe membranes. If the in-
flaminatioa spreads to the small tubes
• and tubules, a condition similar—to
• branch:Us is caused. When the reser-
• voirs. become involved the trouble is
, like eeyeee bronchitis; 'and when all
of the tissues surrounding the reser-
• iroirs . are affected and the reservoirs
and tubules fill rm reed the gland solidi-
• flee. the condition, •approximates that
ol prounionia. loevee rarely is pres-
ent in :simple mammitie, while the
appetlte may be unimpaired and the
caw may show little discomfort.
Common caws of simplemanunitis
are chili, brialeing, incomplete, rough
or irregular milking, coming in heat,
indigestion., excessive feeding of pre-
tein-rieh feed, Injury. Unprotected
concrete floors tend to induce slight
chronic -garget. Bunning of cows in
• summer followed by standing hi .cold
water, or bruising of the.,distendeci
udder between the thighs, when the
tea is made to run before milking, are
ether causes,
Treatment consists in giving one
mead of more of Glauber'e or Epsom
atlas, along i,Mlth one-half cupful each
• of salt and molasses in three pints of
warm water, slowly and, carefully
from b long-neckea bottle. This may
be followed oriee or„twice daily, ac-
cording to severity ' of attack, with
. one-half „ounce epchof powdered
• liekerael.'-nnd saltpeter in soft feed Or
water:. 1.0001 -treittm'ent 'consists ill
• ',ertillcieg pleats. every •, two or three
.-lseur.e,' bathing the . udder at euch
'time • for fifteen .minutia with hot
wetly, end once or tevide dailY rub
bi;' ih a miXture of enie part each of
turnentrine, and Paid extracts of peke-
• root and belladOnna, • -
*• kettle and Contagious JVIaritinitis.
Gersn infection is the common'canaa
et, aeyere or acute 'nuanmitie which
aerter,,Ca'sa riee in •tertmetatueef less of
erepnetitee lameness,' stiffness. and 'bah],
•,.111"Q.. bill]: aerates, Whey fornis;• the
milk' te brown in colOr and after a
time may contain PIM, Alseeeesee 111051.
form mid discharge. The, cow inieameh
weak and thin and rarely makes' a per-
fect recovery. Vsually the quarter of
the adder attacked either continues
to discharge thin, ,pus-like pr blid-
smelling brownieh flint', or all secre-
tion ceases and the quarter harderis
and loses its function. The discharge
from :the udder, cor the 'lint secreted,
.contuins the infective germs and narie)•
causethe samci disease .111 a Mari cow.
The infection iney be carried by the
milker's bands or be contracted from
contanthrated flopre,
The cauies are those • of Simple
marmaitis when infection follows, or
infection may be the cause from the
start;' usually it is., Another diseased
cow in the stable' may be to blame,
.but the disease may be brought in by
0 now niiiker and be carried by his
hands or bYthe cups of a milking mall
chinel not properly cleansed and
sterilized.
Milking tubes, not sterilized before
insertion in theetests, commonly teed
to the worst 1 orms of maeuratis.'When
the disease spreads—from cow to cow
and ramains in 'a stable month eater
month, the •disease is termed Con-
tagious maminitis. In this form the
udder may become gangrenous and
the affected parts slough off, if' the
cow does not tlie of poisoning, shock
and exhaustion.
Treatment consist e in instantly
isolating the affectedpow,and keeping
her separate until perfectly well. This
should -be •made the invariable rule
wheneenything goes wrong' with a
cow'g uclder.. Such practice would pre-
vent a host of troubles in the dairy
stable. Internal treatment is the same
as for simple mammitis, but tincture
of =mite is used to abate the fever
and 'belladonna is used to.„,ease the
pain and reduce inflammation of mu-
cous membranes. Doses •of pokeroot
also are larger and -more frequently,
• given. The udder may be kept in hot
poultices .of antiphlbgistine, spent
hops or oatmeal porridge, or may `he
covered with clean cotton waste to be
keptasaturated with hot water. Milk-
ing should be done often, accompanied
by massage of the udder, Twice daily
from the first, the veterinarian—for
•one should always be employed in such
serious cases—rubs in some favorite
preparation which he has found effec-
tive. -We like a mixture of equal
quantities of carbolized oil, camphor-
ated off and compound soaLliniment
at first; if not effective, use one part
of mercurial ointment and three of
lard, lanolin or soft soap. Later full
strength mercurial ointment may be
used, or campho-phenique, while iodine
ointment often is helpful. Iodide of
potash also is g•iven after the first
symptoms pass ,off, and ib all cases of
contagious mammitis a trained veter-
inarian will giye hypodermic treat-
ment with—serum or bacterins against
pus. The stable should be thoroughly
cleansed, disinfected and whitewashed,
under direction of the veterinarian.
Affected 00{VS should be milked last
or by one who does not attend to the
other cows. •
Teat Troubles and Treatment.• '
Filth and germ infection cause most
teat troubles. Cleanse teats and udder
each time before milking. Keep floors
clean and disinfected. Supply plenty
of clean bedding, Milk with clean,
dry hands. Keep the finger nails
trimmed short. Sterilize milking
tubes if they have to be used. Often
these instruments are a chief cause of
ruinous 'inammitis. A large glean,
clove, on which carbolized vaseline or
benzoated oxide of zinc ointment has
been applied often serves well as a
teat plug, between takings; or a
lead dilator or plug may be used. '
When sores form on the •bips of the
teats jinn -terse the teats twice daily
for live minutes orso in hot water
containing all the boric acid the water
will dissolve; then apply iodine oint-
ment to all sores of the teats that are
-Obstinate in healing. Benzoated oxide
of zinc ointment is excellent for chaps
and slight sores; so is carbolized
vaseline.
To ibres of more severe character
apply glycerite. of tannin, after the
boric acid solution bath, or use a three
per cent. solution of balsam, of Peru
and alcohol, or carbolic acid and
glycerine,
False openings or fistulae of the
teats require an operation by a veter-
inarian when the cow is dry; mean-
while, coat them with flexible col-
lodion or cover with a strip of sur-
geons' piaster. This treatment, some-
tinies helps; often it fails.
Leaky teats sometimea stopfleaking
if immersed in strong alum Solution
twice daily, or if coated with melted
wak or paraffin, or Collodion, , Cloves
are sornetavnes used as plugs in such
'cases. •
Put an old horse -cellar oti the•neck
of the self -sucking oow..
I have found that fresh milk helps
to keel) down digestive disorders ise
young turkeys for the theft three
• weeks, "After that it paysto keep dour
imelk before them at all times. Toasted
bread arid milk le a good starting feed.
The pouffe are seed eaters, and sloppy
cornmeal mashee Nometimes cause
aerioue doses% ,
f Atter the fleet few de•ye I feed crack,
et' wheal; and corn, Beta a little floe
• dry oatmeal The potato meet ,not be
' stuffed' but fed frequently on. light ra.
I '
tiOna, which le 'the way they eat when
following the turkey mother on the -
range. Green food is essential in their
diet, Prat grit and treah weter must
,
be available at all times, Stmitation
I 14 very linportent, and it pays to aecikl
the feed diehea frequently. The tut°.
key le naturally a wild bird, used to
a wide range, • Whele raised ole the
feria every effollt )(fleet lee made -to
, keep the food dIsh80 and the roostaig
pleees Cleat end, flee from poste:
Somewhere.•
I want to go somewhere, far awey,
And watch the birds and the chip
minks play;
I want tp go where there's .something
free,
And the H. el. Ls can't ehoot at lee,
•
I want In go somewhere, far away,
AO live in it tent from clay to daYP
With never a lax bill lurking near,
Or the greedy clutch of a profiteer.
I want to go somewhere, far royale
'Where nobody atrikerefor highea paY,
Where a Tan ,,can rest and the enlY
light
TS the cheerful fire! that burns et night,
P1048 toidiromewhere, far away,
And when I get Dion 5 wafit to Stay
Till things Ten eanooth as they dld be,
' fore,
And this 'old world is mine Once Inore.
• There are three partiee to a farm
lease: the tenant, the landlord and the
taint Set the latat teen* has to go
earepeetented.
Whenfloincing iamtie 1 hold the feer
feet tegether, and tightly aimittet IllY
body, ffiliere are two inetneee of deck-
ing—one is• by wetting' off with eheep
Iteife, end the other is by burning
with it hot iron, • The ,latter le aref •
abiC3, OcieefilellY if the lamb 410014 larise
tall. The hot , hoe ' 'viers over the
Wound end prevente bleerling. If the
teethe are dla, it is well to tie a tithing
armind theY stump to 'help stop the
flop 01 i31001,
have 540.0tiCOli shearing aheep ear-
ly foie number of yeare, tied Thetas:ire
It the •best,plan, 4 fieureathet I cens
not .afforel l cauee the fleek .animeath.
• six 'week' fer the sake
of an onion or: Iwo of wool or My ex-
tra Mee -eighth • inch in the lengthet
the fleee,e, s • e
My experience has been that early -
shorn sheep are no more eubject to
cold than 15 1118 wool ie on. Tho rea-
son- for owing colds to Usually ex-
poisure to cold rams, mid ghee') should
be kept out of such rains, :whether
shorn or not. • I always shear ley
own sheep. Net being able to get
the work done; when I wanted
paused me to unaertake the job, end'
pow I do not depend pa someone else
doing it ,fori me. I shear whenever
the weather becomes- warm enough to
cause the ;sheep discomfort.
To shear, 4 set tab saeep up on 115
rump on a clean platform or floor. I
begin. at thehead, eplitting the WO Di
dow,n the throat, breast, aurbelly. I
shear the entire head and neck Mist,
with the sheep resting against me. In
this way, if the' sheep doesnet kick
too much, the wool comes off in one
unbroken fleece. At no time - d•uring
the operation must the sheep get- Its
feet on the floor. If it dee% trouble
is Sure to start. , As long as all four
feet are off the door the sheep will
make no effort 0 get away.
To tie the wool I use the old pool
board, as it leaves the fleece in bet-
ter shape than tying by hand. In the
absende of this 1 use a half bushel
and, with tree), large fleeces, a bushel
measure. I piece three strings, of
wool twine acmes this measure.
Working the fleece Into a little ball,
flesh, side out, I start It into the mea-
sure with tbe bank of the fleece down.
"When 11 15 in the measure the belly
will be well worked 'in toward the
centre. The twine is then, worked up
and tied on top, and when taken out
the fleece will brim a neat, compact
bundle, flesh side out, and the work
• ollit:YetilislIte°0°11411aree '‘vb oo 62,
(4 11'0C Erom helee anti creeks rte pce.
olbielarge eaough to Isola the wool.
I Ihimthe box witheale or MOTO 1)1004,
Ins', arid Atha Peeking weel in the
bottom arsetightly ea emirate, When
the wool le all in, 1 piece aneltieme
blaaket over the WI/ and put on
lid tiehely. e
The; box oliould be Placed mi bleeke
at least e foot off the floor, to tenon
Itvheclicoof 01100 'oi'1dn 1nQ I.
teilitZtd1i t4Io ,'uy wool p411
010Y Ili prime 'condition a long time,
end I have never had any Wee from
shrinkage, 1 liave weighed the wool
wlieei Put alto satoyage, and again
when it Came pat Several weeks later,
and when well' Peeked it. has never
lost weight. e
1.•
Dark w• ails Waste Light.
The color selected for walls arid
ceilings has e deekted effec upen the
lighting of raoins and upon our light
bills.. Ylvern where the darker shades
are used for artistic or, other reasons,
infoematien to t110 exact value of
each color to reflect light is useful.
The illumipation required. In a room
depends ku•gely upon" the amount of
light absorbed by the walls and other
ourfaces. Dark ourfaces, absorb ;light,
while light surfaces reflect a good pro-
portion of the light back into a room.
If the scarce of light is not changed,
the effective illumination will vary
avith the reflection facteee of the sur-
faces in the room. If, onthe other
hand, it is desired to maintain a fixed
intensity ea Illumination, • Wien 'the
amount er light reflected by the walls
on which the different colors are used
will be in the following percentages,
of the light used; Enameloid, white,
80; fiat torm, white, 79; flat tone,
ivory white, 76; flat tone, cream, 71;
enameloid, ivory, 64; flat -tone, buff,
59; enameloid, pink, 51; fiat torte, tan,
37; enamelaid, tan, 27; enameloid, sky
blue, 81; enameloid, cardinal red, 27;
flat tone, forest green, 21; enaneeloid,
wine, 12; enameloid, grass green, 10.
Wheal hatching eggs are shipped. by
Parcel post _It is not necessary to
'taffy the customer, as the goods are
delivered at the door, but even then lt
is good business to promptly acknowl-
edge and inform the buyer concerning
the time of shipment.
A Chicago business firm pays a
bonus of $100 to any employe who an-
nounces a nevv baby in his family.
NO FARM IS COMPLET E •
WITHOUT A VEGETABLE GARDEN
If the old statement, that a penny
.Savdd isa penny- earned, holds good
anywhere, I find that it holds goad on
what I•get out of a garden. The vege-
table crops you grow for your oevu use
can rightly be credited on your becks
at just what it would cost you to buy
the meat dr canned goods DadY take
the place of—that is why ita pays me
handsomely to grow my own. vege-
tables for my own table, even whets it
might not pay ma to grow them fot
market
First of all, let me say, I have my
garden near the house. That • may
seem, first off, like a fool Sort of thing
to do when 4 have half a dozen spots
on other pints of the farm where the
soil' is as good or better, and which
could be prepared for planting mare
conveniently, but I only have to pre -
pave the garden for planting once In the
entire season, and I have to plant and
cultivate and keep careful watch of It
P4014 in and week out for many
months:
Ferthermore, as the chief object sit
the garden is' to help cm& with the
table, I want it htendy; whereathe wo-
meeefolks ;can slip out -and get a mess
of vegetalilese Without haviag to upset
the whole mormingis svorki let the flee
go 'out, and run a chalice 01 the baby's
falling down the well whlte. a trip is•
being made over into the- lield beyond
the pasture- to pick a .basket of peas
or string beans, or get a couple of sum-
mer &calash.
Incidentally; leo, many of the
treubles •which I would :experience
with rebbits and -wood chubks and
some other garden pests which are not
likely to he serious unless they get an
iminterrupted start, I don't have with a
garden that is right neae the house.
. In the second place, I realize at the
steel: that my gieedeli epot is Capable
of yielaing me more profit in propor-
tion to the •epace it .occuples than any
other crop Igrow On the farui and fer.
Mize accordingia.
Fertilize Generously.
1 sin n•ot stingY with the manure, but •
pick out the hest there is foe this purs
peat —the old, well -ratted, powerful
etuff from the heart of. the Iserep, and
even after ahayegivemit a good dress.
ing of manure, I'm not afraid to use
same fertilizer a have • got, tar a, half -
acre patch, 'heat, of course, costs a
few dollars in. real citell money, but it
is, a good investment, When Manure
As well totted, and flue enough, I pre-
fer to eut it cm and harrow it in atter
plowing, otherwise plow it entitle The
fertilizer I alwaye barrow
I get the garden patch •plowed just
14e early ae I mar work the soila
don't keep putting it off until after I
net th.e farm crees 10.- I plow it all
end berme/ It thoroughly, even though
O can Sant Dilly part vi it right off:
The Part I do 001 plant will sprout
Nine Weeds, but they 04.0 be killed
with another harrowing, or by raking,
in one tenth o•f the time it veotild take.
nee to hoe lillein•elit Of 4.-91'ow1efe erop,
lVfoteceVele gettilig.Alie entire Mitch
pleerea eittl actiroWed thoroughly the
that thilig In the stibeen, I am saving
all the moisture poeeible agahist tho
dry weather theake.Pretty Sere to come
solvelline dereig the mailmen
But gettleg eilotigh plant toed alto
the 'facria le Only halt the etory, The
first tere or three yeara t tiled to Ilene
g reel gardefis a good many of the
thingeHt planted' failed to 0011) 01141
satlefadterily,, Ot 'course, 4 blairted the
ifeedeniall I 'got the 'geed teem I WU
seirelta yettee belore 5 0001.0 5.0 eettlize
jest hoes flepertallt It fa to prepare the
ground, before planting, with absolute
thoroughness, •
The kind of a seed bed that answers
every purpose for oats or field corn,
or a potato planter, isn't ready for
galaden seeds, such as lettuce or car-
rots or onions,
When I learned better, 5 harrowed
msayegetable garden', until it dould be
made no finer with the harrow, and
then raked It over with an iron rake,
before planting. Small seeds that ate
to be covered only one-fourth to 000'
hall inch deep, if they are to ,have
any fair show toward coming up even-
ly, must have a smooth, rakecnover
surface for planting.
Alter I found tbis out, I didset have
trouble in getting good "starts," of the
different vegetable& I planted.
, Pays to Plan Garden,
have found from experience that it
pays to plan the garden in advance of
planting. An hour or two of an even-
ing is ample' to jot down on a piece of
paper the amount of space I have to
devote to my garden, and just how to
use it. How many rows et beans and
peas, how many tomato plants, how
many rows of beets and carrots, etc.
I have found that the advantage of
making et plan is that it enables you
to 'have things in the right propor-
tions, instead ot all together—too
much of one thing and not enough of
anerthera—The plan should show also
what things: to plant a second and
third time ill-orderi to keep up the sup-
ply. •,
One reason whi Satin gardeners of-
ten do not succeed, is that the plant-
ing le delayed until most of the field -
crops have been- pet In. Early planting
is one of the chief lectors ot success.
As a matter of fact, the eerly things
can be planted in; the garden Just as
soo11, as the groundele dry enough to
be worked'—long before it is safe to
plant potatoes or corn,
Plow the garden just as early as it
is tit to turn over, and then get in your
onion sets, smoeth peas, spinach,
radish, beets emit carnets as goon as
you can—cabbage and other plants
0011 go in a wet • or eo laten also
Wrinkled peas, '
Muds of the euecess with early cab-
bage, and other tbings of which- grow.
404 plants are set out, will depend on
the oharacter of t5 plants. Most fel-
lows look for thee biggest -Neat& they
can get; I knowi because I've sold
many thousands. of plants.. Size, how-
ever, Is of only Secondary censidera-
tion, It's "more important to have
Mem stocky and welt hardened. Solt,
greeit plants, direct from a warm
'greenhouse, will be put back so much
when set out that it takes them weeks
to get over the cbmilc, even if they
surviva
le setting old Dimas,' I use bone
meal, or 41 ninctere of bone' and tank-
age, in the kills. This mixture will
give them a quick startand Watt dark
green color every gardener likes to
see, without any 'danger oE bunting
tho roots, which there la. somethnea
when miXed chemical fail:HNC/4S 040
used,
If the larger leavee tiee• cat baok le
half ui time of planting,faspecially 1E
the weather is dry mid Warm)
be set back tem." Cut oet a good
ball of roots, and soil wfth each plant,
Of mime, the Nettie should he 548 411
verY firarlY mid deep oneugh to bring
tho lower learee well down le the
ground, .
It the toll is so dry as to melte the
use of Witte nemeseary: pet it In the
bottoin of Mee hole when setting the
elants, not 00 the atlefeee lifter sea
• seseare'
Mg,
• Pc651)11-E P! -.AY
GROUNDS
,The rcolors of thee)) artiCiele do 00
51104.14) bo 'convinced ,e( the ielleeet
We and edlloational Value o( (Mild
ren's plaY. Anueng tile latelligeet
parents, of today 11 18 now largely a
questioa et vielYe aria mead, Play
apparatus, ouch as slider!, BWITIgfi, 00Q -
5'9W5 84144 MO boxes are being Pun.
chased and, set up in yardei and 901'-
11000 -00 everY 8100 and rnoRit 4011001$
ere now well egeipped with causal 41
540(48, • This provtsion for occupation
is good—very goodereas far 00 it 9000,
14u815 doee not ge fur entatgb.
Jan, observer M children at play
knows that the metal typo of' appara-
tus fuvnish them many well' ocimpled
home, but It is a common' occerrenee
for these expensive atalelee to be de-
parted for the etrest, tab Vacant lot,
the buildingln, process of cenearuction
eround the mamma the forbidden,pond
or the lake. How can we add to the
attraction of the home yard so as to
Incrcape the number of hours ef 0071.
tentekeilay there ana decrearie those
undesirable wanderings 5( To aneet
this need I offer the suggestion which
comes to, me from my observation of
te school in my vicinity. In the ground
surrounding the building theee is a
so-called Construction Zone, a strip of
land where any child 04 group of
childeen may works according to in-
clinaticre. Garden tools, hammers,
nails and beards of various sizes -were
furnished,. Within a 58W'months a -va-
riety of houses, huts, tent e and other
nameless 'contrivances appeared, each
one representing haul's, of honest ef-
fort and moments of great setliffaction
to the Rale carpenter who •had con-
structed it.
Last spring one of my neighbors
turned over astract of land in her yard
to the boys, for constructive purposes
and thelv entire vacation was devoted
to the excavation of a lake into which
flowed a river, having its source un-
der a distant hose connection. 18 was
September before the water could be
turned in and the building of•rafts be -
'gull.
If the parents of youeg children will
give them paving blocks, boards,
boxes, a ladder, a pair of trestles, a
clothes line and pulleys, hammers,
sews, nails, and shovels, the children
will do the rest. But they should not
be given too many tools at ance.
In this clay of combinations a, ppm-
munity play yard of thie description
could easily be put ieto operation. It
would be necessary to place the tools
in the care of some responsible per -
DIM who could give them out and put
them away. Of course ground so oc-
cupied would leak like chaos, come
again, but the result would be worth
the price, If the chosen. spot could be
surrounded by a vine covered fence or
a hedges of elder, willow or other
quick growing greenery, it would pro-
bably be a gratification to the migh-
barhood, but a community play yard
is a co-operative possibility.
Twenty:One Things Every
Farmer Should Know.
To be a good farmer a man:
Must have good knowledge of soils.
Must have knowledge ot proper soil
drainage.
Must have knowledge of location
and contour.
, Must have knowledge of sail in the
isiay of physical condition—soil adffil-
ty, etc.
blunt have knowledge of crops in
relation to soil and climate,
Must have Imewledge of crops in
relation to each other (rotation).
Must have knowledge of needs in
the tvay of tertilizer, etc,
Must have knowledge of the best
WELY to handle the crepe he grows.
Must have knowledge of care, feed-
ind and attention, of livestock.
Must have, knowledge , of livestock
In relatipn to climate and type of land.
Mut have knowledge of manures,
fertilizers, and their proper handling,
Muat be 4.901)11 mechanic on gen-
eralefarm machinery.
Must not only be a good mechanic
but must be ingenious, so that tom -
popery repairscan be made with bal-
ing wire, binder twine, pieces of wood,
etc.,' till time is amenable for better re-
pairs to be made.
11/lust havegood knowledge of gas
engines, trucks, tractors, and automm
biles—thetruses, handling, and care.
Mast be a geed carpenter.
Should be a good blacksmith, plumb-
er, and have some knowledge of elec..
tiqalet
Bes all this he muet be a good
buyer and a good salesman.
He must be enough of a manager'to
lay out his crops—not only in relation
to soil and clima,te, but also in rela-
tion to salebility and the, greatest, pos-
albite final -mica return; that is, a crop
not so ,eminently suited to his farm
may pay better, duo to local or pe-
culiar coedit -Ione, than one that oan
be grown to perfection.
, Should be, euough et a bookkeeper
so that he can tell what his preclude
ere costing told he can change his
methods, 11 81187 are costing too micas.
Also, he must have some executive
ability, se that 110 can distribute labor
and uee'inachinery to the hest advent.
age,
In order to .accomplieh this, wak-
en in Mose personal coatact with hit
help, he must have such personality
and manlier that he will be popular
with hilltmem,
Sometimes the forces of nature, in
the Shape of 41 hest, &ought, exces-
sive Wee semen, cloud -burst, hail, or
any one of a half dozen ether causes,
'might make a whole year's work' go
to naught A farmer must be Man
enough to start, all over again with -
Out hang defeated.,
, Rani eehoot Mechem, who have
planned to suPpleaselateilie cold Innen
,rearried, from home, with some itOt
501.11) 4100000 1)10114.8011 et schoch teak
tify that ptmilla are healthier and make
hotter progressin their solteol work.,
• Two English soldiers, both belong-
ing to Stissele regimentria have been
giVen by the French Government the
French "Agrioultuval Order of Merit."
They evidently did some noteWorthy
Work.
Let Us Eat More Intelligently,
ihiy 31 Pran• ntilb
re inlleirgi4etIlltyqmo
indeetiolroodef 0:41t;
Iiig W(4 food 114111991 114 these •claYa 05 inflated
Prieee. There can be:no doubt that
the ever-inertateing high east otfiving
cir _decreasing purchasing Power of
the dellar has boiler the grefiteet Magle
factor la bringing about induetriel,
eoeial mid labor wriest Mumma 00
even with the materially .iitereased
revenue of the wage eerner, he finds
that at the °ea ea the m00% he ie110
better off than in pre-wartimes adieu,
ile ivas oely receiving about erielnelf
the wage that .he receives now, • It
must be aPParent :then that we me
quite, mere accurete kneerleage—as re-
gards intelilgent eating. '
13y this wo mean from 3 to 4 ounees
of proteins, or muscle -building ma-
teriel, such as meat, eggs, milk, cheese,
'peas and beenesead amirtatimetely the
Ekarne amount of fete, such aa batter,
fat meats, 01e., ,n114 abot 1 pound of
carbo•hyclratos, spelt as coreale, bread,
Vegetables, 8U484 '(11114 certain fruits,
To this must be added,. howirter, the
ingredients essential for supplying all
the needs .01 tile body; in addition to
thtee a:treacly mentioned, ouch as the
various, Mate and so-called le:tam:Ines,
and these are found plentifully M the
various Made of green vegetables,
.such as spinach, S-wlss cherd, beet
taps, cabbage, carrotseeato. Hence
the great necessity of growing these
vegetables abundantly in our back
yards' and on our leacent lots, Where
they can be indelgea in unsparingly all
through the Summer months at least.
We no longer leak upon fruit and
vegetables as luxuries, but ai" abso-
lute necessities. They aee requisite
for health, and, consequently, for ef-
ficient labor, If we' are goring to main-
tain our bodies in a flt °maiden and
with preper development, •vre must
use fruits and vegetables freely and
give them to the children in an ap-
petizing and healthful form. If our
children 'are•net fond of vegetables,
PC must put forth eaery effort to cul-
tivate In them the taste for them,
It 14 estimated byfood experts that
we should use at the very leastone
pound a day of fruit and vegetables
for each 'member of the family. To
this, end 111s advised by these same
experte that we do not spend more
504 0100.8 0.4105 eggs tegothei
vegetablea and fruit. There ia little
danger of •eatlag 800 0111011 vegetables,
meet, people do not ear enough, wo
care materielly eave 'on Our moat bill
by using more potatoes, mere beens
arld Peas, and more , fruit, An-
other excellent subetitete for riterrt
Is Inacerone and (Meese. POrtierie at
vegetables! Met mieni to be inedible ne
such for the thine may bo ueed to ftde
ventage for seasoning wipe, The
P5101' that vegetables are belled
ehould he lute& as far ue possible 10
the making OE soups'as it ((011804410o
much or the salts which aro essential
for priiper nutrition.
Other valuable eubsittu1e.e for meat
are beano, parte and the verities kireds
I wonder how many of the coin
mussel of the banana, have any idea
of its, freed value? The banana consta
• tutes the chlef carbohydrate food, in
fact, the prirrelpal food of" enormous
numbers of people in many perte of
the tropiCia thus tatting the Place 01
cereaes and tubes% sates as wheat, rye,
barley andapotatoee,
Furthermore, thla fault is eurround-
ed by a thick envelope, which effec-
tively protects .ft aga.thst dust, dirt
.and fly contaminetloa, ana, therefere,
when. the skin is net Molten, It consti-
tutes one at the mast hygienic artlelea
ot diet we have.
Of all the stamitutes.ror meat, milk
and eggs and the varieue milk pre -
ducts constitute by all menet; the
most valuable. In face, milk is the
only feed—tame contrana all the re-
quisites for naivete and bane buntline,
and for energy producing, and in ad-
dition to that, it containe other 000:
stituents which are 01)0011110V 054.03 -
tial for the efficient develcpment cf
the child, For inetanece lho3,e is Ire
clispeneable in the developmept cf the
child, and In fact is en essential cut-
stituent in the food of the adult.
Everybody neeas lime, and milk is by
all mecum the meet efficient and the
most economical way bywhich this
can be supplied to our bodies. Child-
ren need lime to build banes. Adults
require it to keep their bones in good
conditieu. • Everyone requires it in or-
der to keep the bloodin a proper con -
attain,
World -Famous Highways.
The shortest street in the world is
the Rue Ble, in Paris; the widest is.
Market Street, in Philadelphtee the
highest is Main Street, in Denver,
Colorado; the realest is, Fifth Avenue,
in New York City.
The dirtiest is that of Tchangeti, in
Nankin; the cleanest is the Via Cas-
tile, in Seville, Sains theemost aristo-
cratic one is Grosvenor Place, in Lon -
den; the meet beautiful is the Avenue
des Champs Elysees, Paris. •The nar-
rowest street Is till. Via Sol Havana,
Cuba, which ha e a width a only forty-
two inches; andethe oldest re the Ap-
pian Way bitilt by Julius ,Caesar in the
days of the Remade, Mut still in use
and good repair.
•
--a-es--
Even pianos have been made from
paper, and one specially manufactur-
ed for the late Sultan pf Morocco cost
more than $5,000 to put together.
Tame snaked are used ise Morocco
to clear houses of rats and mice. The
sight of a snake seems to terrify the
rodents.
Bay Thrif t Stamps.
Poisonous Plants of Canada.
The old saying thee "One mana
meat is another man's poise's" ap-
pears to be true in the case e/ differ-
ent kinds of live stock. It is a fact
Mat some planta which polsen horeee
are nerinjurioes to cattle or sbeep,
and some which cause loss among cat-
tle.and sheep are not eaten by swine
and aorses. In Bulletin No, 39, Second
Series of the Experimental Farms,
"Principal Poisonous Plants. of Cana-
da," by Miss Faith Pyles, B.A.,' °Male -
able free upon application to the Pubk
cations :Branch, Department of Agri-
utture, Ottawa, a list of plants. Which
do. Injury to the Various claws
animalsis given. The bulletin., which
is prepared for live stock owners,
gives information regarding poisonous
plants and enables the termer to dis-
tinguish the moat harmful species iv,
his neighborhood so that he may be
able to avoid, pasturing anima1s. on in-
fested areas until the danger is. past.
The yearly loss due to plant poisoning
Is known to be oa the increase, but
the amount of the loss is not ester-
tainablo becanse manry fatalitiesare
attributed to other causes, through
lack of knowledge of poieonous plents.
THE SpNDAY SCHOOL
•=11.5=••=161•11111
INTERNATIONAL LESSON,
MAY ,16.
Victory Under &rattail, 1 Sons. 7: 2-17.
Golden Text -1 Sam, 7: 3.
2-4. In Kirjath-jearim. This town
is mentioned also in Josh. 9: 17. It
was directly west of Jerusalem, on the
bolder of the Philistine country. Here
the ark remained in the house of
Abinadab, whose son, Eleazar, was
made its priest and custodian. Twenty
years passed and still the arlc was in
the little town whose people hall' re-
ceived and treated it with such res-
pect and reverence. And throughout
all the land, both because of the hum-
iliation which they had suffered at
the hands of the -Philistines and be-
cause of the return of the ark, the
sacred symbol of Jehovah's presence,
the people repented and "were drawn
together eIter the Lord."
Samuel became, during this period,
Israel's great spirituai-. and national
leader. He wasnever a seldielin or
leader of armies, like Saul or David,
but he was a prophet of God, He was
a man whose blameless life and high
sense of truth and justice commanded
confidence and respect. But above'all
it was his piety,'his sense of nearness
to God, and his obedience to that di-
vine Voice which had not ceased to
speak within him since his boyhood
days in the temple at Shiloh, that gave
him his strong hold upon the minds
and hearts of the people of Israel.
It was from the thne of Saninel and
01101)14(1 1111111 the prophets came to oc-
cupy a large Place in the common life
of Israel.- There appeared then, tor
the first time, those companies, or
guilds, of the prophets, sometimes
dolled "selfoors of the prophets,"
which continued down to tho. end of
the Iewish kingdom, Therepre-
sented a religious and patriotic move-
ment ol the greatest importance, arid
'a revival of the national apirit which
prepared the way and made possible
the overthrow of the Philistine power.
bY the armies of Stall -0111d David.
While there was fanaticieni ex-
travagance of enthusiasm/ in these
schools, which led the people some-
times to deapise them or to call the
propheta madirten, yet the 'great in-
fluence of 11)e11 liko Samuel and
Nathan, and, at a later time, Elijah
and kligha, Made for rationality Mid
sanity, and establithed the, prophetio
order as the most powerful instru.
ment of good. The prophets main-
tained the authority of the ancient
law, they stood for Jehovah as Israel's
King and Lord against all false gods,
and they became counsellors of both
probably about
kih5g4s2andmpizeoppehle.,was
six miles north-west of Jerusalem.
Here Samuel called together a nation-
al assembly, made up of representa-
tives of all the great tribes and
families, or clens'of Israel. His pur-
pose isms definitely a religions one, to
unite all the people in loYal service
to Jehovah, their God. That service
of Jehovah and their sense of kinship
were all that held the tribes together,
for otherwise they werejealous of
their separateness and independence.
They drew water and poured it out.
The meaning of this act of worship is
not certainly known, but it was prob-
ably of the same nature as libations
of milk and wine, an offering to the
Lord of something precious and good,
such as water was alwaye regarded
in that country.. Thoy fasted also as
a sign of peniterice.
Samuel judged. So great AFRS the
influence which he had .acquired and
so high was the esteem in which he
was held as a true prophet of God,
that the Israelite chiefs brought their
disputes rind quarrels to him for set-
tlement. No judge had hitherto gain-
ed or exercised such' authority over all
Israel. We can imagine that many a
feud and many a difference were set.
tied on that auspicious day.
The Philistines heard. The Philis-
tines had strong garrisons at various
places by width they held Israel hi
subjection anti exacted tribute. Sup-
posing that this gathering of the men
of Israel had some political en' war-
like purpoae they made 00 attack upon
them. Now the Israelites had been
beaten so often 10 thgr encounters
with this dreaded enemy that they
'were afraid, Moreover they had not `
collie prepared to light, although they
evidently had 50/110 weapons with
itto°;alwen11,104 41)3t'g
5tiiaccutyldnieftcluetonttlghlbitle;
t° °Li cried unto the Lord, They
o eyed sunrise, prayed, and preparett
to fight—an exoellent order Of pro-
ceeding, The Lord answered their
proyd,
libenez.or means "stone of belie!'
This genie beemen a memorial, well
known in after years, of the 114,
Which Clod had glven 10 0 44141.10 a
great need,