HomeMy WebLinkAboutThe Brussels Post, 1917-7-12, Page 2What .An Auto Engine Is.
The essential parts of the motor are
few and easily learned, Every one
has heard of an engine having, four,
six, or more cylinders: The cylinder
is the important part of the engine.
Inside it are the moving parts which
give power. The more cylinders em-
ployed the smoother the engine is sup-
posed to run, The moving parts in-
side are first the piston, then the
wrist pin passing through it. This
serves as a hinge for the connecting
rod which transmits the I ower to
the crank shaft running the length of
the engine and receiving power from
all the cylinders.
The purpose of the piston is four-
fold: First, to draw in the fresh mix-
ture on the suction stroke; second, to
compress it on the compression stroke;
third, to receive the force of the ex-
plosion on the power stroke and trans-
mit it to the cranio shaft, and fourth,
to push out the burned gases on the
exhaust stroke. The wrist pin serves
as a hinge and the connecting rod
passes the power along, transmitting
it to the crank shaft and causing same
to revolve. The action is almost
identical with that of the foot on a
bicycle pedal, The leg moves up and
down in a reciprocating manner and
causes the pedal to revolve." In the
same way the connecting rod and
crank shaft change reciprocating mo-
tion into motion of revolution.
The four strokes .fthe engine, just
mentioned, however, cannot fully be
understood until the valves are ex-
plained. There are two of these to
each cylinder, one to let in the fresh
gas, called the "inlet valve," and the
other to let out the burned gas, called
the "exhaust valve." They are held
tightly closed by springs and are only
opened when occasion requires. To do
this a cam shaft is necessary. It is
a. long shaft, running the length of
the motor, with as many cams as
there are valves. A cam is a projec-
tion on the side of a shaft, smooth in
outline, which revolves with the shaft
and so opens the valves. It does not
touch the valve directly, however, as
there is a small part called a "valve
lifter" which reaches from cern to
valve stem. This gives a more direct
push to the valve, gives a broad sur-
face for wear, and has an adjustment
which enables one to secure best re-
sults in operation,
The necessary connection with the
crank shaft is provided by the "two -
to -one gears," or "half-time gears," as
they are sometimes called. The gear
on the cam shaft has twice as many
teeth as the gear on the crank shaft.
Since this arrangement drives the cern
shaft at half the speed of the crank
shaft, it will be readily seen why they
are called "half-time gears."
Now that we have arranged for the
operation of the valves, it will be easy
to understand what follows. The pis-
ton goes down with the inlet valve
open. This sucks in the 'fresh gas
and is called the suction stroke. Hav-
ing filled the cylinder with explosive
mixture, the piston now rises, forcing
the gas into the top of the cylinder,
the "combustion chamber." As both
valves are tightly closed, the gas can-
not escape but is compressed in the top,
of the cylinder. So this is called the
compression stroke. Now comes the
electric spark, setting fire to the com-
pressed gas, which burns, expanding
as it does so. The pressure develop-
ed by the expanding gas drives the
piston down, setting crank shaft and
flywheel in motion, thus producing
power. This is the power stroke.
Both valves remain tightly closed un-
til the piston nears the end of the
power stroke, when the exhaust valve
opens to let out the burned gases. As
the piston returns upward it drives
out the burned gases effecting the ex-
haust stroke. This is followed again
by the inlet stroke, and the series of
operations is repeated so long as the
engine runs.
CATHERINE BRESHKOVSKAYA
Scene at the Trial in 1910 of the
"Little Grandmother of the
Revolution."
I was present in the grim court in
the Liteinyt Prospect in Petrograd in
the spring of 1910, writes a corres-
po.ndent to the Manchester Guardian,
when sentence was pronounced on
Catherine Breshkovskaya• I shall
never forget the stoicism of this won-
derful old lady. The judges, repre-
sentative of the various social order.,
each dressed in the uniform or cos -
tune pertaining to his class, filed into
their places on the bench. Mme.
Breshkovskaya and her fellow prison-
er, M. Tehaikovsky, stood when the
president rose to read the sentence.
The stillness was unearthly.
After a brief resume of the case the
president announced the acquittal of
M. Tchaikovsky, Turning to Mme.
Breshkovskaya, he said that, as she
had pleaded guilty to and even grori-
fled in her membersip in the Central
Revolutionary Committee, there was
nothing to do except to pass sentence
of banishment, Throughout the read-
ing of the sentence the dignified old
lady looked straight at the president
and only momentarily lowered her
eyelids when the decree of banish-
ment was pronoaneed.
A well-known press correspondent
and I were permitted to talk to her
for a few minutes. She was plainly
gowned In black, with a cameo brooch
at the throat. .ler hair was quite
white, but she had a pink complexion
that a debutante might have envied.
She smiled most sweetly and, speak-
ing perfect English, but pronouncing
each word separately and distinctly,
said:
"I am so glad to greet you, and to
speak English with you. It Is many
years ulnae I have spoken your lang-
uage. I am so happy because you
have come and spoken to me."
In reply to our expressions of sym-
pathy, she remarked:
"Do not let this trouble you. I have
been through it ail before."
The guard intervened, but just be-
fore she was led away Mme. Bresh-
kovskaya leaned over the edge of the
dock, kissed each of us on the lore•
head and cheerfully wished us "Good -
by I" Friends in 'England and Ameri-
ca sent her gifts of money and cloth-
ing to her faraway place 61 banish-
ment, but she gave the money to her
fellow exiles, and all she would accept
of the clothing was a set of woolen
garments.
THE OLD SUN -DIAL.
In a sweet old English garden,
'Midst the lilies tall and fair,
Crimson cloves and damask roses
Breathing fragrance in the air,
You will find a moss -grown sun -dial,
And with patient care may trace
Wisdom in the Latin motto
Qauintly carven on its face.
On the lichen -covered marble
Where the ivy tendrils twine,
"I will number not the hours
When the sun forgets to shine,"
To our hearts we take this wisdom,
Garnered in the days of old,
We will keep no recollection
Of the moments grey and cold.
But will treasure in remembrance
All the happy, halcyon days,
When the way of life was sparkling,
And its sun was all ablaze.
Golden light of Iove shall linger
In its glory all divine,
We will number not the hours
When the sun forgets to shine.
—Charles H. Mansfield.
tip---
-
REMEMBRANCE.
I plucked a primrose sweet this morn; 1
I rested on a grassy mound,
And marked the land, from heaven
crown'd
With fiow'rs of gold, I heard no
sound
In that dear haven I had found,
Save an the wind, a huntsman's horn,
HOW TO. BEAT THE
U-BOAT PIRATES!
SUMMARY BY EXPERT OF:SOME
COMBATIVE MEASURES
The Navies of the World Are Battling
With the Sternest Menace In
Britain's History,
There is no infallible remedy against
the submarine at the moment, but
there is Just as couch reason to be•
Revs that we shall ultimately master
the U-boat as there was that we
should master the Zeppelin, writes an
English authority. And we know now
that the high -flying, swift -travelling
aeroplane is more than a match for
the gasbag.
The submarine will be conquere
not by one means, but by a variety o
means, cleverly co-ordinated. Th
problem, while it calls for new 1nven
dons, also demands the intensifica
tion of existing antisubmarine mea
sures.
Hussars of the Sea.
d
e
What are the ways in which the
submarine can be fought ? There is,
to begin with, the simple expedient of
destroying its frail carcase with shell-
fire. The armed merchantman that
gets its shot in first stands a good
chance of sinking its U-boat assailant.
That is why the properly -armed ship 1
with expert gunners has ten lives com-
pared to the one life of the unarmed
ship.
The U-boat positively loathes the
armed trawler
u boon yq.
for our trawlers have sent many of
the sea -pirates to their doom, either
with well -directed fire, or by crashing
into them. But more than the armed
trawler, the submarine hates the thir-
ty -knot destroyer, at the sight of which
she at ouce'prepares to submerge, and,
happily for us, often too late. There
are any number of instances where 1.1%.
boats have been cut in two by violent
collision with the Hussars of the
ocean, and it can be imagined what it
must be like for a U-boat commander
to see the sharp, ominous form of, a
destroyer racing towards him, its
track marked by a ribbon of white
foam.
Duels in the Deep.
Catching the U-boat in nets is a
source which worked successfully in
the earlier days of the war, when the
submarines specialized in local waters.
The advent of the ocean-going U-boat,
however, has limited the possibilities
of ,netting the pirates, since it is
obvious that there are not enough
nets in the world to apply to the sea -
lanes of traffic,
The U-boat fears the mine, and it
generally moves in the daylight to
avoid it, resting at night below the
surface of the water, on the sea-bed.
Mines, nevertheless, take a substan•
tial toll of submarines, and it may be
that in a far greater extension of
mines lies a much more effective U-
boat menace.
The submarine can also be fought
by the submarine. If when tice war
broke out we had had Zeppelins, they
would certainly have been used to
fight their kind. An. Italian submarine
has shown how practicable it is to op-
pose submarine to submarine. Each
can seek the other out, and in the
dramatic duel below the water victory
will go to the better boat and the bet-
ter crew, which, after all, is all that
any sportsmanlike and fair-minded
nation could wish for. We shall sure -
y live to see not isolated encounters
between U-boats and E -Boats, but act-
ual battles, in which hall a dozen units
on either side may participate,
Importance of Aircraft.
I gazed into dear eyes this morn;
Clear eyes of blue that vainly tried,
Through burning tears their fear to
hide;
Sweet trembling lips to cheer me lied
A fragile form clung to my side,
And pray'rs went out for Peace Days
dawn
For ere to-morraw's sun is born,
I go to France, to blood -red skies,
To hear no sound save hell -sent
cries,
Perchance to gaze in glassy eyes,
Perchance to sever love's sweet ties
And I plucked, a primrose sweet this
morn 1
—Leon Pollock,
Tell your pleasant experiences but
keep your troubles to yourself. b
Seaplanes are a splendid means of
combating the submarines. They can
spot the U-boat, and attack it with
bombs or with charges, the tremen-
dous violence of whose explosion must
destroy any light craft in the immed-
iate vicinity, and there is no more deli-
cate floating craft than a submarine.
The importance of aircraft in warning
merchantmen of the presence of U-
boats can hardly be exaggerated.
'If we sum up the generally known
means of fighting the U-boat, they are
as follows :
(1) Sinking by shell -fire.
(2) Destruction by collision.
(3) Catching with nets.
(4) Blowing up with mines.
(5) Destroying by submarine attack.
(6) Sinking by aircraft bombs or
'depth charges.'
In addition, there are other devices
elongjnlg to anti-submarine organize -
tions, snail as fouling the periscopes
with fatty or resinous matter, Over
which a veil must be drawn,
The U-boat, in presence" of all these
measures aiming 'at ite destruction,
seeks safety largely by"avoiding, as
far as possible, the jnrotectec areas,
or by piercing the cortin of protec-
tive measures, It is a reasonable ar-
gument, then, that the more the scope
of the anti-submarine measures is
widened, the greater the menace to
the pirates.
Seen in this light, the problem re-
solves itself into ,one of constructing
combative means quicker than the
Germans can build or replace sub-
marines, and the greater encourage-
ment of those restless, mechanical
geniuses—"mechanical" here being
used in the engineering sense—who,
when called upon by Mr, Lloyd George
at the time he was organizing the
Ministry of Munitions, helped us first
to cope with, and then to eclipse, the
trench warfare material of the enemy.
A Wise Warning.
The U-boat, wit}4,tita travel radius of
three thousand miles, must ever have
some successes; but the number of
then can be reduced in time as
scarcely to affeet the issue. If a dozen
Zeppelins come over England to -day,
cue or two may still hope to escape;
the fact that heavy losses, however,
are practically inevitable makes the
game hardly worth the candle. When
the day in which far more U-boats are
sunk than can be built arrives, that
day sees the German submarine pro-
perly countered, and in. the belief of
competent judges it is not so distant
as some people imagine.
We are told that in default of a
sovereign remedy against the U-boats,
our best and only plan is to reduce the
demands on available shipping by cut-
ting down imports to the utmost limits,
and build new ships as fast as possible.
This is a wise warning, but it would
be folly to argue from it that it im-
plies any cessation in the efforts to
fight the submarines.
The Uuwearying Hunt.
Thi U-boats must be hunted with
an ever-increasing number of patrols,
destroyers, seaplanes, and submarines;
there must be hundreds of seaplanes
to spot them and bomb them, and
many more minefields to make their
movements in the lanes of traffic far
more precarious.
The genius of Allied inventors
might, in the course of their experi-
ments, devise more effective means of
betraying the presence of U-boats,
and, with their location, a more effec-
tive means of securing their destruc-
tion,
What man builds, man can destroy.
In essence, the problem of the U-boat
s no greater than the problem of the
Zeppelin, which we have successfully
countered. It is a question of tireless
study—concentration—just as air as-
cendancy is a question of increasing
improvement and experimentation.
Given a multiplication, even of exist-
ing anti-submarine measures, and,
with confidence, it can be said that
the U-boat menace loses nine-teenths
of its gravity.
The destruction of U-boat lairs;
needless to say, enters into the pro-
blem; but that is rather a matter of
Grand Fleet stategy.
THE BEGINNING OF THE TANKS.
li
Had. Their First Trial in the Bogs of
Lincolnshire.
It was the Foster prairie -engine
for agriculture] purposes, with its
huge travelling wheels, that was the
germ of the Tank. A plan was sub-
mitted' to the authorities by Messrs.
W. Foster & Co., a Lincolnshire firm,
and in time, after much labor and dis-
cussion, two uncouth mobsters took
shape. These were tried on Lincoln-
shire bogland first„then, at dead of
night, over a slippery hillside, a
trench, a” shell -crater, and barbed'
wire.
Finally, there was an official test
"somewhere in England." Secretly,
the tanks were taken to the trial
ground. Over a piece of ground
which had been made to resemble the
worst part of the war zone they were
driven, and the keen, critical eyes of
British and French military experts
watched the two tanks clear trenches,
crush clown parapets, ignore barbed
wire, and negotiate a big, muddy
puddle.
Numbers of tanks were then built
with admirable speed and secrecy,
and the crews trained. Then one day
there came a report, dated September
16th, from Sir Douglas Haig, that
"we used a new type of heavy -armor-
ed car, which has been of great as-
sistance." The tank had made its de-
but. ;4
CONTROL OF SEAS
IS CHIEF --FACTOR
PEACE WILL COME WHEN SUB.
MARINE IS CURBED;
Concentration Which Prgduced Ef-
fective Army Must be Applied
to Combat Sub Warfare.
Three years of the war have'served
two purposes:
First, to push all reasonable pros-
pect of a decision further ahead than 'On July first Canada celebrated the
it seemyd at the beginning; and, semi -centennial celebration of Con -
Second„ to turn the whole situation federation,
Piano firm 18 Yearn
Older than Confederation
topsyturvy.
At the beginning Britain's navy was
the dominating maritime factor,' •GeL•-
many's army was all powerful on land,
says a London writer.
To -day the British navy hap lost
control of the sea,
and the Germany
army has lost control on lard.
In this reversal of form, however,
decision has not been brought closer,
The German army is not supreme; but
also it is not beaten.
The British navy is not ruling the
seas; but the German navy has by no
means won the struggle for maritime
control.
If it has taken three years to revise
the understanding of what a modern
war is without bringing decision in
sight, how long may it be expected to
take to organize and win a decision un-
der the new conditions that are just
beginning to be understood?
Submarines a Big Factor.
It is only since the unrestricted sub-
marine campaign Peached its present
stage of continuing and increasing ef-
fectiveness that the public at large has
been brought to realize the probability
of a long war. -
The German submarines are inflict-
ing more damage upon the Allies
through the destruction of shipping is looked upon as probably marking
than the allied armies in France are the beginning of the war's end. The
inflicting on the Germans through the public is indulging in fascinating
gradual destruction of the German, dreams of an early victory through
positions and the slow recovery of 00- success in that quarte:. Attention
cupied territory. There is good res- is being given more .and more to the
son to be1ieve,that the Allies' super- maritime problem, while the military
iority in artillery and other equkrnent situation is considered in a satisfac-
makes it possible for them to con- tory position.
duct offensive fighting with less loss The same energy and enterprise
than the Germans are compelled to devoted to the submarine problem that
sustain on`the defensive. That has made it possible for England to raise
been, indeed, the rule of this war, re-
versing the rule of former great con-
tests, because this is so greatly a war
of machinery. The Allies are estab-
lishing a distinct superiority in ma-
chinery.
But the great outstanding develop-
ment to this date is the fact that there
is no such thing any longer as control
of the sea. The Germans cannot sail
their merchant shipping on the seas
and the British . cannot 'protect and
support their merchant marine. The
sea is no longer the safe highway for
either side.
The British fleet can blockade Ger-
many to the extent of driving German
ships off -the ocean, but cannot shut
up the German naval bases so tightly
as to prevent the submarines coming
and going. If the German fleet would
come out and fight a real naval supre-
macy presently might be established
by the Allies, because if the fleet were
once substantially destroyed it would
be possible -for the allied naval Powers
to attack the German naval bases. But
those bases are so powerfully defend-
ed by mines, by submarines and by
land fortifications that a direct attack
on them even by the greatly superior
British fleet would involve too great
chances. To make that attempt and
lose would be to forfeit the last claim,
to control of the sea.
Britain Recognizes Situation.
Unless the submarine can be de-
finitely subjugated it must be accepted
as having completely revolutionized
the whole art of naval war: There
will be no such thing as a free ocean Jing a source of income, are well
highway in the future. There can known to be one of expense.
be no reasonable guarantee of security As for the millions of dollars the
Many has made in this war and so
in war time under the rules that Ger- Emperor is stated to have invested in
Il,00king back over the progress ac-
complished in Canada during those
years, the many remarkable achieve-
ments seem hardly, possible.
The Industries of Canada have pro-
gressed step by step as the population
increased. Among the older "truly
Canadian" firms is The Williams
Piano Co„ Ltd„ of Oshawa, Ont.,
makers of the famous Williams New
Scale Plano,,
It., S. Williams came from England
and established this concern in 1849-
68 years ago. Canadians will feel
proud to know that they have such a
"truly Canadian" piano—the Williams
New Scale, which they can be proud
to place in their home. The Williams
Plano Co, at Oshawa will be glad to
send interesting, points concerning the
"Artist Choice" piano, free upon re-
quest.
somehow or other be kept going long
enough to get time and opportunity
to devise means of coping with the
submarine. •
Attention Focussed on Sea.
The most encouraging feature of the
situation is that at last there is a thor-
ough appreciation of what the problem
It that must be,,dealt with. The cam-
paign in the north of France no longer
and equip its army of 5,000,000 men in
fewer than three years will bring a
solution of the submarine problem and
restore something like the original
relationship of powers on the sea.
Tardily, but with all zeal and deter-
mination, the British Government is
turning its attention to this problem
of the sea. There is no thought of
failure, no hesitation in any quarter
in insisting that there must be only
one result—the conquest of the sub-
marine and the restoration of- the
right of a free sea.
THE KAISER'S INVESTMENTS.
German Emperor's Reported Foreign
Holdings is a Fairy Tale.
The story of the German Emperor's
investments hi America and else-
where, ,as given 'in a London Sunday
paper, meets with small credence in
circles most likely to know some-
thing reliable about such subjects,
says an English writer. To begin
with, it has long been a, matter of
common notoriety that the War Lord
has repeatedly been in financial
straits. For, large as was the in-
coine he inherited as King of Prussia',
—the dignity of German Emperor
does not bring him in a red cent—his
"out -goings" are enoithous. It need
be only recalled that he has between
fifty and sixty chateaux to keep up,1
several of which he has repeatedly
tried to dispose of. Also his various
industrial speculations, far from be -
long as the submarine continues as ef-
fective as it now is. The effects of
this development will be far reaching
and more important than can yet be
realized,
The British Empire depends for its
stability on the maintenance of
supremacy at sea, alacl if that suprem-
acy is definitely lost the empire can-
not permanentlybe held together.
Englishmen realize, and the most far
seeing of them adroit all this. But to
them it means not that the empire is
to be abandoned, not that the sea as
the world's highway is to be surrend-
ered, but merely that the war must
Hamburg, -American and North Ger-
man Lloyd shares, the directors of
'these two important -.concerns could
tell a very different tale, namely, that
they have had to pay heavily for the
"booming" which he has, in many
ways, given them from time to time.:
-Altogether these fairy tales of the;
foreign investments of sovereign
princes are to be Incepted for what'
they are worth—nothing at all.
1'
The heavy horse produces the most
power for feed consumed when draw-
ing a load at the rate of two and one-
half -miles per hours.
i IMONDEi Wi4AT.TOM
DID WITH YHE MAGAZINE
--LI WAS READING
.GE) MOOire. am co lax teb X7z.fres .
LTo M .DID YalJ TAKE
;y MAGAziaEe
KING GEORGE WINS
SUBJECTS' HEARTS
MANY RECRUITS GAINED BY HIS
SOLICITUDE.
War Has Brought Sovereign Into
Closer Touch With 'His- People
Than Ever Before,
IKing pdwai'd and Queen Alexandra,
during the nnany years they were
Prince and Princess of Wares, had
long lived in the country's affection,
and the present Ifing and Queen had
before thein' a difficult task in filling
the place vacated to them by the
death of King Edward and the tem- /
porary retirement from social life of
the bereaved Queen Mother,.
But the war brought them into
closer touch with the people than ever,
any sovereign had been. Their in-
terest in the work and welfare of the
people, their kindly sympathy with
the suffering and the bereaved, quick-
ly won the hearts of their humblest
subjects. Their heartfelt solicitude
won thousands of recruits from among
the stubbornest shirkers,
-Their Majesties' Sympathy
Again some touching stories are
told of the recent tourof the King and
Queen to tate industrial towns of the
north,
At one large plant the Queen asked
a woman, "Flow long have you been
working here ?"
"Ever since It started, Your Majes-
ty," she replied.
"And are any of your family at the
front ?"
"Oh, yes, Your Majesty. All my
men are fighting, or have died fight-
ing. My husband and three sons are
at the front, two in Egypt and two in
France, and I have lost a nephew."
No doubt Queen Mary has heard
many such replies to her questions,
but it was with deep emotion and with
an impulsive hand clasp that the
Queen said, "What a splendid record."
The King's geniality is illustrated
by his brief conversation with a
workman who had lost his leg is
action.. Going straight up to hint and
shaldng bands, the King asked,
"What regiment did you fight in ?"
"In the Royal Weleh Fusiliers," was
the reply.
"Oh," said the King, "that was my
old regiment."
`Learning that the nun was wounded
in Gallipoli, ;the King asked had he
not got an artificial limb. "Yes," re-
plied the man, ".but I can't wear it—
my leg is too tender.".
The Duke of Lancaster.
The King, on the occasion of hi°s
last trip to Lancashire;" in 1913,
aroused great enthusiasm and no lit-
tle consternation at a banquet by sug-
gesting that during his tours in the
county he should always be referred
to as the Duke of Lancaster, which is
one of his right titles. The idea did
not appeal to some of the court of
&vials, however, and in subsequent
correspondence with the Lord Mayor
of Manchester, the King's Secretary
stated that while it was His Majesty's
wish that he should not be called the
Duke of Lancaster oil formal oc-
casions,lie nevertheless hoped that in
the County Palatine he should be
toasted In those terms, and this prac-
tice itis been unanimously followed
ever since that time,
The Princess try
There are increasing indications
that Princess Mary!is'to play a larger
part as her mother's "deputy" in the
Royal family's association witlioh`aiit-
able efforts than has heretofore been
the case, Recently, while the Queen
has been touring in the North with
the King, the Princess represented
her mother at the Duchess of Wel-
lington's variety entertainment at
Apsley House for the benefit of the
Mesopotamia sufferers, and after-
wards of war medals.
Iter Royal` Highness las now
reached her twenty-first year, but up
to the present she has seldom been
seen in -'public except in company of
the Queen.- indeed the Princess has
no "household," and is only mann-
panted by one of Nes• Majesty's maids
of honor,
GUARDIANS I TEE PEACE.
Federation of English-speaking Races
Would Ensure Peace.
Some people are optimistic enough
to think that, by this present war,
war itself has committed suicide, has
destroyed itself. That is a large hope,
and perhaps does not take sufficient
account of the vagaries and follies of
human nature.
But the best guarantee of the
world's peace Is undoubtedly a feder-
ation of the English-speaking' races
of the world. United, they bold the
key of: the gates of war and peace.
Whether any alliance is made or not
between all the English-speaking e
conimunities,of the globe, and main-
tained ;through the centuries, the
friendship of true freedom, untram-
melled by dynasties anti autocracies,
will be all on the side of peace, and
the time may pome When British ideas
of justice and toleration will become
universal.
Two Paris surgeons have discov
erect the germ that causes gangrene,
and they have prepared a aernni to
combat it,